Triola Pullout Card Left 4/25/01 11:10 AM Page 1

Formulas and Tables

for Essentials of Statistics, by Mario F. Triola
©2002 by Addison-Wesley.

Ch. 2: Descriptive Statistics Ch. 6: Confidence Intervals (one population)

Sx x2E,m,x1E Mean
x Mean s
n (s known or n  30)
!n
where E 5 za>2
Sf . x
x Mean (frequency table) s
(s unknown and n  30)
!n
Sf or E 5 ta>2

S(x 2 x) 2
s p̂  E p p̂
E Proportion
Å
Standard deviation
n21 p̂q̂
Å n
Standard deviation where E 5 za>2
n(Sx2 ) 2 (Sx) 2
s
Å n(n 2 1)
(shortcut)
(n 2 1)s 2
(n 2 1)s2
n3S(f . x2 )4 2 3S(f . x)4 2 Standard deviation , s2 , Variance
xR2 x L2
s
Å n(n 2 1)
(frequency table)

variance  s2 Ch. 6: Sample Size Determination

Ch. 3: Probability za>2s 2

n 5  B R Mean
E
P(A or B) 5 P(A) 1 P(B) if A, B are mutually exclusive 3za>24 2 . 0.25
P(A or B) 5 P(A) 1 P(B) 2 P(A and B) n5 Proportion
E2
3za>24 2p̂q̂
if A, B are not mutually exclusive
P(A and B) 5 P(A) . P(B) if A, B are independent n5 Proportion (p̂ and q̂ are known)
P(A and B) 5 P(A) . P(B 0A) if A, B are dependent E2
P(A) 5 1 2 P(A) Rule of complements
n! Ch. 7: Test Statistics (one population)
nPr 5 Permutations (no elements alike)
(n 2 r)!
x2m Mean—one population
n!
s> !n
Permutations (n1 alike, ...) z5 ( known or n  30)
n1! n2! . . . nk!
n! x2m Mean—one population
s> !n
nCr 5 Combinations t5 ( unknown and n  30)
(n 2 r)! r!
p̂ 2 p
Ch. 4: Probability Distributions z5 Proportion—one population
pq
Å n
  x . P(x) Mean (prob. dist.)
(n 2 1)s2 Standard deviation or variance—
  [x2 . P(x)]  2 Standard deviation (prob. dist.) x2 5 one population
n! s2
P(x)  . px . qnx Binomial probability
(n  x)! x!
n.p Mean (binomial) Ch. 8: Test Statistics (two populations)
 n p q
2 . . Variance (binomial)
(x1 2 x2 ) 2 (m1 2 m2 ) Two means—independent
  n . p . q Standard deviation (binomial) z5
s 12 s 22 (1, 2 known or
Å n1
1 n2 n1  30 and n2  30)
Ch. 5: Normal Distribution
d 2 md Two means—matched pairs
sd> !n
xx x t5 (df  n  1)
z or Standard score
s 
x   Central limit theorem (p̂1 2 p̂2 ) 2 (p1 2 p2 )
z5 Two proportions
 Central limit theorem pq pq
x 
Å n1
1 n
n (Standard error) 2
Triola Pullout Card Left Mid 4/25/01 11:12 AM Page 1

Formulas and Tables

for Essentials of Statistics, by Mario F. Triola
©2002 by Addison-Wesley.

Ch. 8: Confidence Intervals (two populations) Ch. 10: Multinomial and Contingency Tables

(x1 2 x2 ) 2 E , (m1 2 m2 ) , (x1 2 x2 ) 1 E (Indep.) (O 2 E) 2 Multinomial

x2 5 g (df  k  1)
E
s 12 s 22
where E 5 za>2
Å n1
1
n2 ‹ x2 5 g
(O 2 E) 2 Contingency table
[df  (r  1)(c  1)]
E
(s1, s2 known or n1 . 30 and n2 . 30) (row total) (column total)
where E 5
(grand total)
d 2 E , md , d 1 E (Matched Pairs)
sd
(df  n  1) Ch. 10: One-Way Analysis of a Variance
!n
where E 5 ta>2

ns 2x2 k samples each of size n

(p̂1 2 p̂2 ) 2 E , (p1 2 p2 ) , (p̂1 2 p̂2 ) 1 E F5
sp2 (num. df  k  1; den. df  k(n  1))
p̂1q̂1 p̂2q̂2 MS(treatment) ← df  k  1
Å n1
where E 5 za>2 1 F5
n2 MS(error) ← df  N  k
SS(treatment)
Ch. 9: Linear Correlation/Regression MS(treatment) 5
k21
nSxy 2 (Sx) (Sy) SS(error) SS(total)
Correlation r 5
"n(Sx ) 2 (Sx) "n(Sy ) 2 (Sy)
2 2 2 2
MS(error) 5 MS(total) 5
N2k N21

nSxy 2 (Sx) (Sy) SS(treatment) 5 n1 (x1 2 x) 2 1 . . . 1 nk (xk 2 x) 2

b1 5 SS(error) 5 (n1 2 1)s21 1 . . . 1 (nk 2 1)s2k
n(Sx2 ) 2 (Sx) 2
SS(total) 5 S(x 2 x) 2
(Sy) (Sx2 ) 2 (Sx) (Sxy)
b0 5 y 2 b1x or b0 5 SS(total) 5 SS(treatment) 1 SS(error)
n(Sx2 ) 2 (Sx) 2
ŷ 5 b0 1 b1x Estimated eq. of regression line

explained variation
r2 5
total variation
S(y 2 ŷ) 2 Sy 2 2 b0Sy 2 b1Sxy
Å Å
se 5 or
n22 n22

ŷ  E  y  ŷ  E

where E  t2se 1

1
n

n(x 0  x)2
n(x 2)  (x)2

6Sd2
rs 5 1 2 Rank correlation
n(n2 2 1)
acritical value for n . 30: b
6z
!n 2 1
Triola Pullout Card Right Mid 4/25/01 11:13 AM Page 1

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1. Identify the specific claim or hypothesis to be tested and put it in symbolic form.
2. Give the symbolic form that must be true when the original claim is false.
3. Of the two symbolic expressions obtained so far, let the null hypothesis H0 be the one that
contains the condition of equality; H1 is the other statement.
4. Select the significance level a based on the seriousness of a type I error. Make a small if
the consequences of rejecting a true H0 are severe. The values of 0.05 and 0.01 are very
common.
5. Identify the statistic that is relevant to this test, and identify its sampling distribution.
6. Determine the test statistic and either the P-value or the critical values, and the critical
region. Draw a graph.
7. Reject H0: Test statistic is in the critical region or P-value # a. Fail to reject H0: Test statis-
tic is not in the critical region or P-value . a.
8. Restate this previous conclusion in simple, nontechnical terms.

FINDING P-VALUES
Start

Left-tailed What Right-tailed

type of test
?
Two-tailed

Is
Left the test statistic Right
to the right or left of
center
?

P-value  area P-value  twice P-value  twice P-value  area

to the left of the the area to the the area to the to the right of the
test statistic left of the test right of the test test statistic
statistic statistic

P-value P-value is P-value is P-value

twice this area. twice this area.

m m m m

Test statistic Test statistic Test statistic Test statistic

Triola Pullout Card Left 4/25/01 11:10 AM Page 2

0 z

TABLE A-2 Standard Normal (z) Distribution

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 ∗ .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936
2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 ∗ .4951 .4952
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986
3.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990
3.10
and .4999
higher

NOTE: For values of z above 3.09, use 0.4999 for the area.
*Use these common values that result from interpolation:
z score Area
1.645 0.4500
2.575 0.4950
From Frederick C. Mosteller and Robert E. K. Rourke, Sturdy Statistics, 1973, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA. Reprinted
with permission of Frederick Mosteller.
Triola Pullout Card Left Mid 4/25/01 11:12 AM Page 2

Student t distribution
Left tail Right tail Two tails

a a a/2 a/2

Critical t score Critical t scoreCritical t scoreCritical t score

(negative) (positive) (negative) (positive)

TABLE A-3 t Distribution

.005 .01 .025 .05 .10 .25

Degrees (one tail) (one tail) (one tail) (one tail) (one tail) (one tail)
of .01 .02 .05 .10 .20 .50
Freedom (two tails) (two tails) (two tails) (two tails) (two tails) (two tails)

1 63.657 31.821 12.706 6.314 3.078 1.000

2 9.925 6.965 4.303 2.920 1.886 .816
3 5.841 4.541 3.182 2.353 1.638 .765
4 4.604 3.747 2.776 2.132 1.533 .741
5 4.032 3.365 2.571 2.015 1.476 .727
6 3.707 3.143 2.447 1.943 1.440 .718
7 3.500 2.998 2.365 1.895 1.415 .711
8 3.355 2.896 2.306 1.860 1.397 .706
9 3.250 2.821 2.262 1.833 1.383 .703
10 3.169 2.764 2.228 1.812 1.372 .700
11 3.106 2.718 2.201 1.796 1.363 .697
12 3.054 2.681 2.179 1.782 1.356 .696
13 3.012 2.650 2.160 1.771 1.350 .694
14 2.977 2.625 2.145 1.761 1.345 .692
15 2.947 2.602 2.132 1.753 1.341 .691
16 2.921 2.584 2.120 1.746 1.337 .690
17 2.898 2.567 2.110 1.740 1.333 .689
18 2.878 2.552 2.101 1.734 1.330 .688
19 2.861 2.540 2.093 1.729 1.328 .688
20 2.845 2.528 2.086 1.725 1.325 .687
21 2.831 2.518 2.080 1.721 1.323 .686
22 2.819 2.508 2.074 1.717 1.321 .686
23 2.807 2.500 2.069 1.714 1.320 .685
24 2.797 2.492 2.064 1.711 1.318 .685
25 2.787 2.485 2.060 1.708 1.316 .684
26 2.779 2.479 2.056 1.706 1.315 .684
27 2.771 2.473 2.052 1.703 1.314 .684
28 2.763 2.467 2.048 1.701 1.313 .683
29 2.756 2.462 2.045 1.699 1.311 .683
Large (z) 2.575 2.326 1.960 1.645 1.282 .675
Triola Pullout Card Right Mid 4/25/01 11:13 AM Page 2

Formulas and Tables

for Essentials of Statistics, by Mario F. Triola
©2002 by Addison-Wesley.

TABLE A-4 Chi-Square (x2 ) Distribution

Area to the Right of the Critical Value

Degrees
of
Freedom 0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.90 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005

1 — — 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879

2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.071 12.833 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.299
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.042 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.194 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.257 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.954 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490
60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952
70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215
80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169

From Donald B. Owen, Handbook of Statistical Tables, ©1962 Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA. Reprinted with permis-
sion of the publisher.
Triola Pullout Card Right 4/25/01 11:14 AM Page 2

Formulas and Tables

for Essentials of Statistics, by Mario F. Triola
©2002 by Addison-Wesley.

Linear Correlation (Section 9-2) Rank Correlation (Section 9-5)

TABLE A-5 TABLE A-6

Critical Values of the Pearson Critical Values of Spearman’s
Correlation Coefficient r Rank Correlation Coefficient rs

n a  .05 a  .01 n a  0.05 a  0.01

4 .950 .999 5 — —
5 .878 .959 6 .886 —
6 .811 .917 7 .786 —
7 .754 .875 8 .738 .881
8 .707 .834 9 .683 .833
9 .666 .798 10 .648 .794
10 .632 .765 11 .623 .818
11 .602 .735 12 .591 .780
12 .576 .708 13 .566 .745
13 .553 .684 14 .545 .716
14 .532 .661 15 .525 .689
15 .514 .641 16 .507 .666
16 .497 .623 17 .490 .645
17 .482 .606 18 .476 .625
18 .468 .590 19 .462 .608
19 .456 .575 20 .450 .591

20 .444 .561 21 .438 .576

25 .396 .505 22 .428 .562
30 .361 .463 23 .418 .549
35 .335 .430 24 .409 .537
25 .400 .526
40 .312 .402
45 .294 .378 26 .392 .515
50 .279 .361 27 .385 .505
60 .254 .330 28 .377 .496
29 .370 .487
70 .236 .305
30 .364 .478
80 .220 .286
90 .207 .269
100 .196 .256

NOTE: To test H0: r  0 against H1: r  0,

reject H0 if the absolute value of r is greater
than the critical value in the table.
Triola Pullout Card Right 4/25/01 11:14 AM Page 1

HYPOTHESIS TEST: WORDING

OF FINAL CONCLUSION
Start
Wording of
final conclusion
“There is sufficient (This is the
Does the
Yes Do Yes evidence to warrant only case in
original claim contain
you reject rejection of the claim which the
the condition of (Original claim (Reject H 0 )
H 0? that . . . (original claim).” original claim
equality? contains equality is rejected.)
and becomes H 0 ) No
No (Fail to “There is not sufficient
(Original claim reject H 0 ) evidence to warrant
does not contain
rejection of the claim
equality and
that . . . (original claim).”
becomes H 1)
(This is the
Do Yes “The sample data only case in
you reject support the claim  which the
H 0? (Reject H 0 ) that . . . (original claim).” original claim
is supported.)
No
(Fail to “There is not sufficient
reject H 0 ) sample evidence to 
support the claim
that . . . (original claim).”