Assignment.

Course: Electrical Machines

Topic(s): Transformers
1. Test data on a single-phase transformer with the secondary terminals short cir-
cuited is given below.
Applied voltage: 60 V, current :100 A, power input: 1.2 KW.
(a) Calculate (from the primary side) effective (equivalent) resistance in Ω
(b) Calculate (from the primary side) leakage reactance in Ω.
Solution:
Power input, Psc = 1.2 kW
Voltage, Vsc = 60 V
Current, Isc = 100 A

2 = 0.12 Ω
(a) Effective (equivalent) resistance, Req = Psc /Isc
(b) Zeq = Vsc /Isc = 0.6 Ω
q
Leakage reactance, Xeq = 2 − R2 = 0.59 Ω
Zeq eq

2. A 50 Hz single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 6. The resistances and re-

actances are 0.90 Ω and 1.5 Ω for HV winding and 0.13 Ω and 0.1855 Ω for low
voltage winding respectively.
(a) Calculate the voltage to be applied to the high voltage side to obtain full load
current of 200 A in the low voltage winding on short circuit.
(b) Calculate the power factor on short circuit.
Solution:

Turns ratio, a = 6
Impedance on HV winding, Zhv = 0.9 + j1.5 Ω
Impedance on LV winding, Zlv = 0.13 + j0.1855 Ω
Eq. impedance of transformer referred to HV winding, Zeq = Req + jXeq
= (0.9 + 0.13 × 36) + j(1.5 + 0.1855 × 36) = 5.58 + j8.178 Ω = 9.9∠55.69 Ω
(a) voltage to be applied on SC = 9.9 × 200/6 = 330 V
(b) power factor on short circuit, cos φsc = cos(55.69) = 0.5636

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3. The test results of a single-phase, 4 KVA, 200/400 V, 50 Hz transformer are given
below.
Open circuit: 200 V, 0.7 A, 70 W on low voltage (primary) side.
Short circuit: 15 V, 10 A, 80 W on high voltage (secondary) side.
The equivalent circuit is given below.
(a) Calculate the value of R0 in Ω.
(b) Calculate the value of X0 in Ω.
(c) Calculate the value of Rt in Ω.
(d) Calculate the value of Xt in Ω.

Solution:
Open circuit:
No-load current, I0 = 0.7 A
V1 = 200 V
f = 50 Hz
No load power, P0 = 70 W
Power factor on no load, cos φ0 = P0 /(V1 I0 ) = 0.5
Real component of no-loadq current, Ic = I0 cos φ0 = 0.35 A
Magnetizing current, Im = I02 − Ic2 = 0.606 A
Short circuit (Referred to HV winding):
Voltage, Vsc = 15 V
Current,Isc = 10 A
Power input, Psc = 80 W
2 = 0.8 Ω
Effective (equivalent) resistance, Req−hv = Psc /Isc
Zeq−hv = Vsc /Isc = 1.5 Ω
q
Leakage reactance, Xeq−hv = Zeq 2 − R2 = 1.27 Ω
eq

(a) R0 = V1 /Ic = 571.43 Ω

(b) X0 = V1 /Im = 330 Ω
(c) Rt = (200/400)2 × Req−hv = 0.2 Ω
(d) Xt = (200/400)2 × Xeq−hv = 0.3175 Ω

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4. The efficiency of a 400 KVA, single-phase transformer is 98.77% when delivering
full load at 0.8 power factor and 99.13% at half load and unity power factor.
(a) Calculate the iron loss in kW.
(b) Calculate the full load copper loss in kW.
Solution:
Transformer rating, S = 400 kVA
At full load 0.8 power factor: Efficiency, η = 0.9877
Output power, Po = 400 × 0.8 = 320 kW
Input power, Pin = Po /η = 323.985 kW
Total Losses, Pcu + Pi = Pin − Po = 3.985 kW

Pcu + Pi = 3.985 kW (1)

At half load unity power factor:

Efficiency, η = 0.9913
Output power, Po = (400/2) × 1 = 200 kW
Input power, Pin = Po /η = 201.76 kW
Total Losses, 0.25Pcu + Pi = Pin − Po = 1.755 kW

0.25Pcu + Pi = 1.755 kW (2)

Solving (3) and (4);

(a) Iron loss, Pi = 1.01 kW

(b) Full load copper loss, Pcu = 2.97 kW.

5. 16A, 200 kVA single phase transformer is in circuit throughout 24 hours. For 8
hrs in a day, the load is 150 kW at 0.8 power factor lagging and for 7 hours, the
load is 90kW at 0.9 power factor. Remaining time or the rest period is at no load
condition. Full load copper loss is 4 kW and the iron loss is 1.8 kW. Calculate the
all-day efficiency (in %) of the transformer.
Solution:
Transformer rating, S = 200 kVA
Full load copper loss, Pcu = 4 kW
Full load iron loss, Pi = 1.8 kW
For 8 Hrs:
Load,= 150 kW at 0.8 power factor
Output, P1 = 150 × 8 = 1200 kWh

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 Load kVA, S1 = 150/0.8 = 187.5 kVA
Load factor, x = S1 /S = 0.9375
Loss due to copper loss, Pcu1 = x2 × Pcu × 8 = 28.125 kWh
For 7 Hrs:
Load,= 90 kW at 0.9 power factor
Output, P2 = 90 × 7 = 630 kWh
Load kVA, S2 = 90/0.9 = 100 kVA
Load factor, x = S2 /S = 0.5
Loss due to copper loss, Pcu2 = x2 × Pcu × 7 = 7 kWh
For 24 Hrs:
Energy loss due to iron loss for 24 hours, Pi−24 = Pi × 24 = 43.2 kWh
Energy loss due to copper loss for 24 hours, Pcu−24 = Pcu1 + Pcu2 = 35.125 kWh
Total energy output, P0−24 = P1 + P2 = 1200 + 630 = 1830 kWh
Total energy input, Pin−24 = P0−24 + Pi−24 + Pcu−24 = 1908.325 kWh
All day efficiency, = ( P0−24 /Pin−24 ) × 100 = 95.89%

6. A 100 kVA, 50 Hz, 440/11000 V, single phase transformer has an efficiency of 98.5%
when supplying full load current at 0.8 pf and an efficiency of 99% when supplying
half of full load current at unity power factor.
(a) Find the iron loss in watts.
(b) Find the copper losses (in watts) corresponding to full load current.
(c) Calculate the load current (in A) at maximum efficiency.
Solution:
Transformer rating, S = 100 kVA
At full load 0.8 power factor: Efficiency, η = 0.985
Output power, Po = 100 × 0.8 = 80 kW
Input power, Pin = Po /η = 81.218 kW
Total Losses, Pcu + Pi = Pin − Po = 1218 W

Pcu + Pi = 1218 W (3)

At half load unity power factor:

Efficiency, η = 0.99
Output power, Po = (100/2) × 1 = 50 kW
Input power, Pin = Po /η = 50.505 kW
Total Losses, 0.25Pcu + Pi = Pin − Po = 505 W

0.25Pcu + Pi = 505 W (4)

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 Solving (3) and (4);

(a) Iron loss, Pi = 267.33 W.

(b) Full load copper loss, Pcu = 950.67 W.
(c) At maximum efficiency, iron loss =copper loss=267.33 W
x2 Pcu = Pi = 267.33 W
p
Load factor, x = (267.33/950.67) = 0.53
load current at maximum efficiency, = x × (100 × 103 /11000) = 4.82 A

7. A 40 KVA transformer has got a maximum efficiency of 97 % at 80% of rated load

at UPF. During a full day it is loaded as follows:
9 hrs - 6 KW - 0.6 lag (pf)
8 hrs - 25 KW - 0.8 lag (pf)
7 hrs - 30 KW - 0.9 lag (pf)
Calculate its all-day efficiency.
Solution:
To find full load copper loss (Pcu ) and iron loss (Pi ):
Maximum efficiency, η = 0.97
Output power, Po = (80/100) × 40 × 1 = 32 kW
Input power, Pin = Po /η = 32.99 kW
Total Losses, (80/100)2 Pcu + Pi = Pin − Po = 0.9897 kW
At maximum efficiency, iron loss =copper loss= 0.9897/2 = 0.495 kW
Iron loss, Pi = 0.495 kW
Copper loss, Pcu = 0.495/0.82 = 0.773 kW
For 9 Hrs:
Load,= 6 kW at 0.6 power factor
Output, P1 = 6 × 9 = 54 kWh
Load kVA, S1 = 6/0.6 = 10 kVA
Load factor, x = S1 /S = 0.25
Loss due to copper loss, Pcu1 = x2 × Pcu × 9 = 0.435 kWh
For 8 Hrs:
Load,= 25 kW at 0.8 power factor
Output, P2 = 25 × 8 = 200 kWh
Load kVA, S2 = 25/0.8 = 31.25 kVA
Load factor, x = S2 /S = 0.78
Loss due to copper loss, Pcu2 = x2 × Pcu × 8 = 3.76 kWh
For 7 Hrs:
Load,= 30 kW at 0.9 power factor

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 Output, P3 = 30 × 7 = 210 kWh
Load kVA, S3 = 30/0.9 = 33.33 kVA
Load factor, x = S3 /S = 0.83
Loss due to copper loss, Pcu3 = x2 × Pcu × 7 = 3.73 kWh
For 24 Hrs:
Energy loss due to iron loss for 24 hours, Pi−24 = Pi × 24 = 11.88 kWh
Energy loss due to copper loss for 24 hours, Pcu−24 = Pcu1 + Pcu2 + Pcu3 = 7.925 kWh
Total energy output, P0−24 = P1 + P2 + P3 = 464 kWh
Total energy input, Pin−24 = P0−24 + Pi−24 + Pcu−24 = 483.805 kWh
All day efficiency, = ( P0−24 /Pin−24 ) × 100 = 95.9%

8. A 500/250V, 5 kVA two-winding transformer is to be used as an auto transformer

to supply a 500 V circuit from a 750 V source at 50 Hz (as shown below). When
tested as a two-winding transformer at rated load, it yielded an efficiency of 96%
at 0.8 PF lagging.
(a) Determine its kVA rating as an auto-transformer.
(b) Find its efficiency at full load at 0.8 PF lagging as an auto-transformer.
Solution:

Primary side current (with N1 turns) originally= 5000/500 = 10 A

Secondary side current originally = 5000/250 = 20 A

Current coming out of the 750V source will be 20A.

So, Input power = 750V x 20A = 15 kVA This 20 A will pass through N2 turns (from
‘a’ to ‘b’). N1 turns will carry 10A current from ‘c’ to ‘b’. The total current through

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the load will be 30A (in the load it will from terminal ’b’ to terminal ’c’. So, the
output = 30Ax500V = 15kVA)
(a) kVA rating as an auto-transformer=15 kVA.
(b) For two winding transformer:
Transformer rating, S = 5 kVA
Power factor, =0.8
Efficiency, η = 0.96
Output power, Po = 5 × 0.8 = 4 kW
Input power, Pin = Po /η = 4.166 kW
Total Losses, = Pin − Po = 0.166 kW
Losses remain same when used as an autotransformer.

Efficiency of autotransformer = (15 × 0.8)/[(15 × 0.8) + 0.166] = 12/12.166 =

98.63%

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