CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION
- GIDDENS: Intensification of worldwide social
 What is globalization relations which link distant localities in such a
according to Giddens? way that local happenings are shaped by events
 What is the common occurring many miles away and vice versa
understanding of - COMMON UNDERSTANDING OF
globalization? GLOBALIZATION: interconnectedness of human
 What is globalization beings brought about by technological changes,
according to Robertson?
modern transportation, and communication
 What is globalization
technology
according to Harvey?
- ROBERTSON: Compression of the world and the
 What is globalization
according to Sunny Levin
intensification of the world as a whole
Institute? - HARVEY: Compression of time and space and
 What is globalization the annihilation of distance
according to Steger? - SUNNY LEVIN INSTITUTE: Globalization is a
process of interaction and integration among
the people, companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by
international trade and investment and aided
by information technology
- STEGER: This process has effects on the
environment, on culture, on political systems,
on economic development and prosperity, and
on human physical well-being in societies
around the world.

A GROUP OF GLOBALIZATION SCHOLARS DOES NOT

SUBSCRIBE THE SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT
 What is the deal with a - Internationalization and multinationalization
group of scholars that does are phases that precedes globalization – the
not subscribe to the latter heralds the end of the state system as the
sociological viewpoint? nucleus of human activities
- Activities and developments have taken place
outside the formal structures of nation-state

 What is the deal with GLOBALIZATION FROM ECONOMIC VIEWPOINT

globalization from - Dominated by global activities like neoliberal
economic viewpoint? regime, reduction of tariffs, creation of
transnational corporations, and improvement
 of multilateral trade organizations.

EXISTENCE OF COMPETING DEFINITIONS OF

GLOBALIZATION
 Why are their competing - Diversity of disciplines that have studied the
definitions of phenomenon
globalization? - 1960s and 1970s: Globalization was first used
 When does the term as a term in the academic circles
globalization first used in - 1990s: Globalization had gained wide interest
the academic circles? - Scholars from political science, economics,
 When does globalization
history, sociology and philosophy examined
gained wide interest?
globalization using analytical tools and methods
 Who are the scholars that
in the respective discipline (Their ideas can only
examined globalization
using different tools from
shed light on certain aspects of globalization)
their respective fields? - HISTORIANS: Whether globalization is really a
 How does historians, modern phenomenon
economists, and political - ECONOMISTS: Look into changing patterns of
scientist examine international trade and commerce and the
globalization? unequal distribution of wealth.
- POLITICAL SCIENTISTS: Impact of the forces of
globalization such as the international non-
governmental organizations and international
organizations

STEGER (2005)
- Globalization is commonly understood either as
 How does Steger a process, a condition or an ideology
understood globalization?
GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS
- Globalization is viewed as a multidimensional
set of social processes that generate and
 What is the deal with increase “worldwide social interdependencies
globalization being viewed and exchanges while at the same time fostering
as a process? in people a growing awareness of deepening
 What does the view
connections between the local and the distant”
argues?
- VIEW ARGUES: Compression of time and space
brought about by changes in the technology
and the political, cultural, and economic
aspects of human existence
 Scholars specializing in International Relations,
Political Science, Media Studies, and Economics
 For scholars specializing in - Date globalization in 1970s
international relations, - Formation of global value chains and
political science, etc., what
accelerated communication
is the deal with
- Neoliberal Globalization (1980 – 2000)
globalization?

Sociology
 For sociology scholars, - The timeline stretches since the point of
when does globalization interest is modernity
starts? - Renaissance > Enlightenment > French
Revolution > Industrialization (late 1700s –
1800s)

Political Economy and the Marxist Perspective

- Origin of globalization is 1500s
 For scholars in political
- MARX’S DICTUM – the conquest of the world
economy, when does
market marks the birth of the modern
globalization starts?
capitalism
 What are the issues that
the critics raise?
- Historic moments of globalization is 1500s and
1800s
- CRITICS raise the issues of:
- “Eurocentrism” and “Intellectual Apartheid”
- Using modern capitalism as a cutoff is
equivalent to ignoring earlier forms and
infrastructures of capitalism

DIFFERENT WAY OF TRACING THE ROOTS OF

GLOBALIZATION
 What are the different
- Look for signs of globality such as the
ways of tracing the roots of
thickening of social linkages between people
globalization?
from different parts of the world
- Look for historical evidences of growing
worldwide connectivity – implies longer
timeline because increasing connectivity is not
a recent trend
 NOTE: Globalization has no definite and exact
 Does globalization have beginning. Instead, it is spurred by innovations in
definite and exact transportation and communication technologies, and
beginning? creation of institutions of commerce.

GLOBALIZATION FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE

 When does globalization
- 1820s – beginning of globalization – commodity
starts from an economic
perspective?
prices across continents converged
 According to Flynn and - FLYNN AND GIRALDEZ: Globalization is
Giraldez, what is the deal synonymous to permanent world trade
with globalization? - PERMANENT WORLD TRADE - began when all
 What is the deal with the major regions of the world “exchange
permanent world trade? products continuously and on a scale that
 When is the birth of generated deep and lasting impacts on all
globalization? trading partners”
 What is the deal with the - 1571 – birth of globalization and the year
emergence of world Manila was founded as a Spanish entrepot
economy?
connecting Asia and the Americas
- EMERGENCE OF WORLD ECONOMY – threshold
of globalization

 According to Braudel, what WORLD ECONOMY

is world economy? - Merger of economic worlds (Braudel)
 World economy is - Commonly believe to have started in 1500s
commonly believe to have - Braudel and Abu-Lughod, the period is 1200s
started when? Braudel and - John Hobson
Abu-Lughod? John - The emergence of world economy is on
Hobson? 3500 BCE
- The big expansion of global trade
happened in post-600 period.
- The beginning of globalization (oriental
globalization) was on 500 CE

 In the perspective of GLOBALIZATION IN THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION

commercial revolution, - Globalization began with the unfolding of
when does globalization commercial revolution back in 1000 BCE
starts? - Complex commercial ties linked a vast portion
 What are the worlds linked of the world including eastern Mediterranean,
by commercial ties? South China, India, Europe, West Africa, East
 Commercial revolution also Africa, Indonesia, Central Asia, the North
coincided with what aspect Pacific and the Western Pacific
 of man’s life? - This era also coincided with a revolution in the
 What are the major new metaphysical, intellectual, ethical, and religious
traditions developed in aspects of man’s life
religion and ethical - MAJOR NEW TRADITIONS DEVELOPED IN
philosophy?
RELIGION AND ETHICAL PHILOSOPHY:
Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and
the teaching of Lao Tzu, Judaism, Greek
philosophy, and Christianity

 Is globalization a new idea? NOTE:

Why? - Globalization is not a new idea
- Famed Silk Road across Central Asia that
connected China and Europe during the Middle
Ages

GLOBALIZATION AS A CONDITION
 What is the deal with
- Globalization referred to scholars as globality
globalization as a
- AS A SOCIAL CONDITION: Globalization is
condition?
characterized by thick economic, political, and
cultural interconnections and global flow that
render political borders and economic barriers
irrelevant
- DR. VIHN CHING

Globality
 What is globality according - SCHOLTE: Social condition characterized by
to Scholte? trans-planetary connectivity and supra-
 What is the deal with territoriality
trans-planetary relations?
- TRANS-PLANETARY RELATIONS: Globality is
 What is the deal with
about the establishment of social links between
supra-territorial relations?
people located at different places of our planet
NOTE: Planet is not treated as a
collection of geographical units but as a
social space or arena of social life
- SUPRA-TERRITORIAL RELATIONS – social
connections that transcend territorial
geography

 As an ideology, what is
GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY
globalization according to
 Freeden? - MICHAEL FREEDEN: Globalization exists in
 Is globalization a political people’s consciousness because it consists of a
belief system? set of coherent and complementary ideas and
beliefs about the global order.
- Globalization is a political belief system that
benefits a certain class.
 What are the six core
claims according to
MICHAEL FREEDEN DEFINED THE SIX CORE CLAIMS:
Michael Freeden? 1. Globalization is about the liberalization and
global integration of markets
- Globalization is about the triumph of the
markets over governments (Business
Week)
- 1990s downfall of communism with the
collapse of Union of Soviet Socialists
Republics

2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible

- State leaders pushed for neoliberal
policies since they proclaim that
globalization is happening and cannot be
stopped
- Karl Marx and Georgh Wilhelm Friedrich
Hegel

3. Nobody is in charge of globalization

- Self-regulating market
- Globalization does not promote the
agenda of any specific class or group
(Steger)
- Globalists are not dictating their own
agenda on people.

4. Globalization benefits everyone in the long run

- Free trade and free market will bring
wealth and prosperity to everyone
- Jack Ma

5. Globalization furthers the spread of

 democracy in the world
- Democracy, freedom, free markets, and
free trade are synonymous
- Democracy and Freedom = political
system
- Free markets and free trade =
economic system
- FRANCIS FUKUYAMA: A certain level of
economic development brought about by
globalization would be conducive to the
creation of complex civil societies with a
powerful middle class

6. Globalization requires a global war on terror

- 9-11 attack which combines the idea of
economic globalization with the American
brand of right-wing foreign policy (openly
militaristic and nationalistic)
- Prior to 9-11 attack, dominated by Western
Europe, United States and Japan – led by
Osama Bin Laden’s Al-Qaeda
- Ensuing aggressive, militaristic US foreign policy
is a response to protect the gains of
globalization

THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE ACADEME

 What is the impact of - Surge in the number of scholarly works about
globalization on the
globalization
academe?
- Transnational sexualities, global tourism,
 What are the two major
evolution of state institutions, restructuring of
branches of research?
work and the improvement of working
conditions, transnational care-giving,
transnational crime syndicates, and the global
media
- 2 MAJOR BRANCHES OF RESEARCH:
1. Studying specific problems or issues as
they relate to globalization
2. Studying the concept of globalization
itself – theorizing the very nature of
process.
- Domain Questions
 What is the deal with - Provide the assumptive bases for theorizing
domain questions? - Backbone on the discussion on the
theoretical paradigms associated with
globalization

DOMAIN QUESTIONS (ROBINSON)

1. When did globalization begin?
 What are the examples of
domain questions
- Most important question
according to Robinson? - Involves the underlying ontological issue in
globalization

2. Is the core of the process economic, political,

or cultural? Is there an underlying material or
an ideational determinancy?
- Involves the casual determination in
globalization

3. Does globalization refer to a process or a

condition? How do modernity and post
modernity relate to globalization?
- Globalization as a process of
transformation
- Distinction between globalization as a
process and globality as a condition

4. What is the relationship between globalization

and the nation-state? Is the nation-state being
undermined or has it retained its primacy and
relevance? Or, has the nation-sate experience
unprecedented transformation due to
globalization? Does globalization involve
internationalization or transnationalization?
- Internationalization is the increased
intensity of exchanges among nation-states
- Transnationalization involves emerging
structures, processes and phenomena that
transcend the nation-state system

5. To what extent is the relationship between

social structure and territoriality being
 redefined by globalization? What is the
relationship between the local and the global?
How are space and time reconfigured?

THEORETICAL PARADIGM ASSOCIATED WITH

GLOBALIZATION
 What are the theoretical
1. World Systems Paradigm
paradigm associated with
globalization? 2. Global Capitalism Paradigm
3. The Network Society School of Thought
4. Space, Time, and Globalization
5. Transnationality and Transnationalism
6. Global Culture Paradigm

WORLD SYSTEMS PARADIGM

- Immanuel Wallerstein, the principal proponent
 Who is the proponent of - Globalization is a not a recent phenomenon but
world systems paradigm?
as virtually synonymous with the birth and
 According to world
spread of world capitalism - 1500
systems paradigm, what is
- Larger historical system is the appropriate unit
globalization?
 What is the deal with
of analysis for macro-social inquiry in the
larger historical system? modern world
 What is capitalism? - Capitalism has created a global enterprise that
 What does the followers of swept the 19th century leading to the present
this paradigm argue? time
 What is the key structure - Followers of this paradigm argue that
of the capitalist world- globalization is not at all a new process but
system? something that is just continuing and evolving
- Key structure of the capitalist world-system is
the division of the world into three great regions
or geographically based and hierarchically
organized tiers.
- Centrality and immanence of the inter-state
system and inter-state rivalry to the
maintenance and the reproduction of the
world-system

KEY STRUCTURE OF THE CAPITALIST WORLD-SYSTEM

1. CORE
 - Powerful and developed centers of the system
- Western Europe, North America and Japan

2. PERIPHERY
- Regions that have been forcibly subordinated
to the core through colonialism or other means
- Latin America, Africa, Asia, Middle East and
Eastern Europe

3. SEMI-PERIPHERY
- States and regions that were previously in the
core and are moving down in the hierarchy or
those that were previously in the periphery and
are moving up

GLOBAL CAPITALISM PARADIGM

- Treat globalization as a novel stage in the
evolving system of the world of capitalism
(capitalist globalization)
- Focus on new global production and financial
system – both seen to have superseded earlier
national forms of capitalism
- Emphasize the rise of the processes that cannot
be framed within the nation-state/inner-state
system – which lies at the core of the world-
system theory and most traditional macro-
social theories

Sklair
- Showcased the “theory of the global system” –
which espoused the “transnational policies”
(TNPs) as operational categories for the analysis
of transnational phenomena
- Argues that the TCC has emerged as a new class
that brings together several social groups who
see their own interest in an expanding global
capitalist system: executives of transnational
corporations; globalizing bureaucrats,
politicians, and professionals, and
consumerists elites in the media and the
commercial sector.
Robinson
- Theory of global capitalism involving three
planks: transnational production, transnational
capitalist, and a transnational state.

NETWORK SOCIETY SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

- Does not subscribe to the contention that
capitalism fuels globalization
- PREMISE: Technological change are the
underlying causes of the several processes that
comprise globalization – Manuel Castells called
The Rise of the Network Society – “new
economy”
- NEW ECONOMY is: (1) informational,
knowledge-based; (2) global, in that production
is organized on a global scale; (3) networked, in
that productivity is generated through global
networks of interaction
- CASTELL: Networked enterprise makes material
the culture of the informational, global
economy: it transforms signals into
commodities by processing knowledge

SPACE, TIME AND GLOBALIZATION

- The conceptual essence of globalization is
“time-space distanciation” (Anthony Giddens)
- Time-space distanciation – intensification of
worldwide social relations which link distant
localities in such a way that local happenings
are shaped by events occurring many miles
away and vice versa
- DAVID HARVEY (1990, The Condition of Post-
Modernity): globalization represents a new
burst of “time-space compression” produced by
the very dynamics of capitalist development

Saskia Sassen (1991, The Global City)

- Exceptionally broad impact and left an indelible
mark on the then emergent field of
 globalization studies
- Grounded on “world cities” – views world-class
cities as sites of major production, finances or
coordinating of the world economy within an
international division of labor, and more recent
search on “globalizing cities”
- New spatial order is emerging led by New York,
London and Tokyo

Roland Robertson
- Glocalization means that the ideas about
home, locality and community have been
extensively spread around the world in recent
years
- Significance of the local or the communcal –
one ingredient of the overall globalization
process

TRANSNATIONALITY AND TRANSNATIONALISM

- Transnationalism – umbrella concept
encompassing a wide variety of transformative
process, practices and developments that take
place simultaneously at the local level and
global level.
- Transnational processes and practices –
multiple ties and interactions – economic,
political, social and cultural – that link people,
communities, and institutions across the
borders of nation-states.

GLOBAL CULTURE PARADIGM

- Emphasizes the rapid growth of the mass media
and resultant global cultural flows and images
in recent decades, evoking the image, famously
put forth by Marshall McLuhan of the “global
village”
- Ritzer – McDonaldization – is a sociocultural
process by which the principles of the fast-food
restaurant came to dominate more and more
sectors of US and later world society
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT GLOBALIZATION
1. Globalization as Internationalization
- Internationalization and globalization are
interchangeable but with different meanings
- Internationalization includes activities by
entities such as corporations, states,
international organizations, private
organizations, and even individuals with
reference to national borders and national
governments
- Globalization includes a gamut of human
activities that do not require reference to a
state’s national boarders
- Globalization occurs in this Facebook Era
- PROBLEM: Globalization = Internationalization
– refers to a growth of transactions and
interdependence between countries
– contemporary trends are repetition of the
past

2. Globalization as Liberalization
- Liberalization is the removal of barriers and
restrictions imposed by national governments
so as to create an open and borderless world
economy
- GLOBALIZATION IS REALIZED: When national
governments “reduce or abolish regulatory
measures like trade barriers, foreign exchange
restrictions, capital controls and visa
requirements”
- PROBLEM: confines the study of globalization
within the debate concerning the neoliberal
macroeconomic policies

- SIDES OF THE DEBATE:

Acads, Business Execu, Anti-Globalization
& Policy Makers Movement
- Support - Argues that
neoliberal laissez faire world
policies of economy
 liberalization, produces greater
privatization, poverty,
deregulation, and inequality, social
fiscal restraint conflict, cultural
would in time destruction,
bring prosperity, ecological
freedom, peace, damage, and
and democracy democratic
deficits.

3. Globalization as universalization and

westernization
- Universalization – a process of spreading
various objects, practices, and experiences to
the different parts of the planet
- Globalization – when things, values, and
practices have spread worldwide. It entails
homogenization of culture, politics, economy,
and law
- AS HOMEGENIZATION PROGRESSES,
globalization destroys several indigenous
cultures and practices
- Westernization, Neo-colonialism,
Americanization or McDonaldization – western
modernity spreads and destroys local cultures.

ISSUES FROM THIS MISCONCEPTION:

1. Universalization is not a new feature of world
history
- Migration took place million years ago
- Continuous spread of major religious like
Christianity and Islam
2. Westernization is not the only path that can
be taken by globalization