1 Price Elasticity of Demand 1

Lecture
Elasticities of Demand

Elasticity. Elasticity measures how one variable responds to a change in an­

other variable, namely the percentage change in one variable resulting a
one percentage change in another variable. (The percentage change is
independent of units.)

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Outline O
1. Price Elasticity of Demand

2. Income Elasticity of Demand

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3. Cross Price Elasticity of Demand

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4.
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Comparison of Elasticity Over Short Run and Long Run
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1 Price Elasticity of Demand

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Price elasticity of demand. Price elasticity of demand measures the per­

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centage change in quantity demanded resulting from one percentage change

in price.
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△Q
D %△QP Q
EE = = .
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%△P △P
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Example Calculation
Figure 1 shows a demand curve:

Q(P ) = 8 − 2P.
When the price changes from 2 to 1, the price elasticity of demand is:
ΔQ 2
Q
EPD |p=2→1 = ΔP
= 4
−1 = −1.
P 2

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1 Price Elasticity of Demand 2

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Figure 1: Price Elasticity of Demand.
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If the direction of change is opposite, from 1 to 2, then the price elasticity of
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demand is:
ΔQ −2
D Q 1
EP |P =1→2 = ΔP = 61 = − .
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The two quantities are different. To solve this conflict, consider small changes
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in P and Q, and define:

dQ
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Q P dQ
EPD = dP = .
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P
Q dP
Thus, at the point P = 2, the price elasticity of demand is:
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P dQ 2
EPD |P =2 = = × (−2) = −1.
Q dP 4
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Properties of Price Elasticity of Demand

1. Price elasticity of demand is usually a negative number.
2. |EP | > 1 indicates that the good is price elastic, perhaps because the good
has many substitutes; |EP | < 1 indicates that the good is price inelastic,
perhaps because the good has few substitutes.
3. Given a linear demand curve, EP is not a constant along the curve. For
example, for curve in Figure 1, EP = −∞ at top portion, but zero at
bottom portion.
4. Discuss two extreme situations: |EP | = 0, quantity independent of price
Figure 2 and |EP | = ∞, quantity very sensitive to price. See Figure 3.

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2 Income Elasticity of Demand 3

Figure 2: Extreme demand elas- Figure 3: Extreme demand elas­

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ticity. |EP | = 0, quantity inde- ticity. |EP | = −∞, quantity very
pendent of price. sensitive to price.

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5. The constant elasticity demand function is
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Q = aP b ,
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since
dQ P P aP b
EP = = abP b−1 = b = b.
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Refer to Figure 4.
dP Q Q
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6. How do total consumer expenditure change when the price of a good

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changes?
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dExp d(P QD (P )) dQ
= =Q+P = Q(1 + EP ) = Q(1 − |EP |).
dP dP dP
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• If |EP | > 1, total expenditure decreases when price increases;

• If |EP | < 1, total expenditure increases when price increases.
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Example (Cell phone). People need to do business in the morning, so EP is

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low, so cell phone companies increase the rate while customers will expend
more; but EP is high in the evening since people do not have to talk, so
cell phone companies lower the rate to encourage customer expenditure.

2 Income Elasticity of Demand

Income elasticity of demand. Income elasticity of demand measures the per­
centage change in quantity demanded resulting from one percentage change
in income. Similarly,
dQ
Q I dQ
EI = dI = .
I
Q dI
The income elasticity of demand is usually positive.

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3 Cross Price Elasticity of Demand 4

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Figure 4: Constant Demand Elasticity.

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3 Cross Price Elasticity of Demand

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Cross price elasticity of demand. Cross price elasticity of demand measures

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the percentage change in quantity demanded of a good (x) resulting from

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one percentage change in price of another good (y).

dQx
Py dQx
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Qx
EQxP y = dPy
= .
Qx dPy
Py
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• If y is a substitute of x, the cross price elasticity of demand is positive.

• If y is a complement of x, the cross price elasticity of demand is negative.

4 Comparison Between Elasticity Over Short Run

and Long Run
Is demand more elastic in the long run or short run?
Consumption goods. For consumption goods, the demand is more elastic in
the long run. Because people need goods for daily life and buy them
constantly, the short run demand is inelastic. Faced with high prices in
the long run, they may change habits or find more substitutes.

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4 Comparison Between Elasticity Over Short Run and Long Run 5

Durable goods. For durable goods, the demand is more elastic in the short
run. Consider cars. If price of of cars increase, in the short run people
might use their current cars longer. In the long run, though, people have
to replace their cars.

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