THEROLEREL

IGI
ONIN
HOSPI
TAL
ITYI
NDUST
RY

S
UBMI
TTE
DBY: SHUBHAM
S
UBMI
TTE
DTO:
. MR.MANOJRANA.
ROL
LNO:
1641119225

I
NST
ITUT
EOFHOT
ELMANAGEME
NT,
CAT
ERI
NG&
NUT
RIT
ION
KUF
RI,
SHI
MLA
I
NTRODUCT
ION
Thee volutionofr e l
igionsa ndr eligiousc ulturef rom
thepa s ttil
lthepr e sentt i
me sha sbe ene x plore d
throug hf ocusont heor iesbye mi ne nts oc i
al
sci
e ntists.
Gl oba la swe l
lasI ndia npe rs
pe c t
ivesha ve
bee nc ons i
de red. T hei mpor tancea ndmot i
vat i
onof
tra
v e l
inr eligionha sbe eni nt erpr etedt hroug h
mot ivationt he oriesg ivenbye mi ne nts ci
e ntists.The
varioust ype sofr eli
gioust ravel ha sbe ene xplored
name l
ypi lgrima g e,trav elinr eli
g iouss pac ea nd
tra
v e l
dur ingr eligioust ime . Allre l
igionsle adt oGod.
Mos tofusa rebe li
e v
e rsinGoda ndwee x pres sour
dev oti
ont ohi mt hroug hv a riousr itualsa nd
rel
ig i
ouspr actices .Acc ordingt oHi ndur e li
gion
nobodyc reate dnorc a na ny bodyde st
royGod.
The reismuc hs imilari
t ybe twe e nt hisbe liefandt he
l
a wofc ons erv ati
onofe ne rgyg ive nbyt heg re at
sci
e ntistE i
ns tein, accordingt owhi che ne rgyc a n
neithe rbec reate dnorde stroye dbutc a nonl y
chang ei tsforma ndma t
te rbe inga l
soaf ormof
ene r
gy.God’ se x
istencec annotbea tt
ributedt o
ma n,butr eligi
oni sma n’sme diumt ocommuni c a
te
withGod, ha se v
ol v
edt hroug hac ompl exof
psycholog i
es ,geog ra
phy ,historic
a lev
ent sand
social
pr oc esses,some ti
me ss er
vingtot hewe ll
beingofma na nds ome ti
me scausingtens i
ona nd
str
ife.Religi
oni sf uncti
ona l;itexpressesands erves
ma nyindiv i
dua l,socia
l andc ulturalneeds. The
vari
oust he oriesonr elig
ionpr opoundedbye minent
social
s c
ie nti
s t
ss heds omel ightont hene e dfor
rel
igi
ona ndv ar i
ousr el
igiouspr acti
cestha thave
evolveda roundt heg l
obe .
Reli
gi
onisanil
l
usi
onwhosec
hie
fpur
pos
eisto
provi
dereas
onsanda
ne x
cus
etokee
psoci
ety
funct
ioni
ngasi
tis
.

Re
li
gi
oni
sopi
umoft
hema
sse
s.

Aspa
rtoft
hepr
oce
ssofr
api
dgr
owt
h,t
het
our
is
m
i
ndus tryha sbec omemor edi v ersi
fied,selli
ngbe t
ter
-targete dandmor es ophist i
cate dpr oducts. The
bulkofma sstour is
mi sgra dua l
lybe ingse gme nt
e d
i
nt os uchv arieds ubma rketsa sur bant our i
s m,
na t
ur et ouris
m, eco-tour i
sm, adve nturetour i
sm,
spor t
st ourism, he rit
ag etour ism, bus i
nesst our i
sm,
reli
g i
oust our i
sm, andr ece ntl
ye venda rkt ourism.
I
na dditiont othist opicalse gme nt ati
on, the
i
ndus tryisa l
sobe i
ngf urthe rsubdi videdt oc aterto
thene edsofs pe cialpopul a t
iong roupss uc ha s
elde r
lyt ourist
s, disable dtour ists,gaytour ista nd
soon. Lik
ewi se,g enera laspe ctsoft ouri
s tne eds
sucha sther elationshipbe twe enps y c
holog i
cal
urge sa ndtour i
s trolepr efe rencepa t t
ernsf orme n
andwome na rebe ingi nves ti
gate d.T hispa per
attempt stoide ntif
ys pe ci
a lne edsr e l
atedt ot he
reli
g i
ousa ff
il
iation oft heor dina rytour i
s t.
Mor es pe ci
fical
ly ,thepa pe rinve s
t i
gatess pecial
reli
g i
ousde sir
esofChr isti
a ntour i
s t
swhi lebe i
ng
host ed by t he hos pital
ityindus t r
yinI srae l
.
Prev i
ouswor k
sde alingwi thr eli
g i
oust our is
ts
havetendedtoconcent
rateona ndana
lyz
ethei
r
behavi
oraspil
g r
ims.Unl i
ket heaf
orement
ioned
st
udies,t
hispaperf
ocusesonthev a
lueof
sa
tisf
yi
ngt hemore
RE
VIE
W OFL
ITE
RAT
URE

N.
Kre
ine
randN.
Kli
ot1(
2000)
intheirarticl
et it
led, “Pi
lgrima geT our i
smi nthe
HolyLand: TheBe hav i
oura lCha racter
isti
c sof
Chris
ti
a nPilgri
ms ”ha vevie we dt hatthe reisa
sig
nifi
cantdi f
ferenc ebe twe e npi lg
r i
ms ‟a nd
touri
sts‟be haviourt owa rdsa nyr eli
giouss i
tein
spit
eoft hef actthatbot hha dt hreecommon
elementslikedi scret
iona ryi nc ome ,leis
ur eti
mea nd
soci
alsanc ti
ons. Thes tudya lsohi ghli
ghte dcert
ain
parame tersli
kea ge, soci
o- ec onomi cstatusand
nati
ona l
itywhi cha rev eryimpor t
antf orthe
purposeofs t
udy i
ngt ourists‟a ndpi lg
r i
ms ‟
behaviour.Itrev e
a l
st hatt hepe r
sonswhobe l
onged
tolows ocial
-economi cgroupcomeunde rt
he
cat
e g
or yofpi l
gri
msa ndt hosewhobe longedto
hig
hs ocio-economi cgrouptopercei
vet hemselv
es
astourist
s.Thes tudyha sconcl
udedtha tal
though
vari
ousdi ff
erencesa r
et herebet
we ent our
ist
sand
pil
gri
ms ,iti
sv erydiff
icul
ttopresentthose
dif
fer
e nces.

J
.K.
Sha
rma
4
(2000)i nhisbooke nti
tl
ed, “Touri
smPl anningand
De velopme nt:ANe wPe rspecti
ve”ha sempha si
sed
ona ni ntegrate
da ppr oacha ndincreme ntal
i
nc reaseint hequa l
ityofs ervi
ceint our i
smf oran
effectivema nageme ntoftouris
m. Heha ssai
dthat
transpor t
a t
ion,se
r vices
,informa t
iona nd
promot i
on, phys
ical envi
ronme nta ndt ourism
orga niz
a t
ionsaretheba si
cc ompone ntsfor
planninga ndde velopingtour i
smi napa rti
cular
region. Heha sma dea na ttemptedt opr e s
entan
alt
e rnativ
epl anandde vel
opme ntproc esswhi c
his
s
ust
ainabl
e,f
ortour
is
ma nda l
sosug
gest
edfor
c
oncept
uali
zi
ngsust
aina
bledevel
opmentthe
i
mporta
nceofformi
ngconcepts
.
not
abl
eat
tra
cti
ons(
ves
ti
ges
,pa
lac
es,
andot
her
a
nti
qua
ted

de
sig
ntha
tof
fer
sabr
iefl
ooki
ntot
hepa
st)
;

3)s
oci
ala
ttr
act
ions(
str
icta
ttr
act
ions
,ex
hibi
ti
on
hal
l
s,

pr
esentda
yeng
ine
eri
ng,
fai
rs
,ce
lebr
ati
ons
,cr
aft
ed
work
s);

4)f
akea
ttr
act
ions(
e.g
.,a
mus
eme
ntpa
rks
).

Ba
log
lua
ndMc
Cle
ary
's(
1999)s
urv
eyoft
he
e
ffe
ctsong
oal
pic
tur
eunc
ove
redt
hre
esi
gni
fi
cant

de
ter
mina
ntse
xis
ti
ngwi
thoutg
enui
nea
ppe
ara
nce

orontheothe
rhandpas
tunde
rst
andi
ng:
thet
rav
el
i
ndust
ryins
pir
ati
ons
,soc
io-

soc
ioe
conomi
cs,
anddi
ff
ere
ntda
tas
our
ces
.Ri
ght
now

r
espec
t,t
hel
asts
pea
ktoi
mpr
ove
mentf
act
ors
whi
le

i
nspi
rat
ionsa
nds
oci
ode
mog
raphi
csr
epr
ese
nt
buy
erqua
li
ti
esi
nthepr
opos
edwa
ymode
l.

Ev
erys
egme
ntt
hatt
hedi
st
ing
uis
hed,
wasc
hos
en
bas
ed

ona
naudi
tofwr
it
inga
ndar
ela
tedi
nve
sti
gat
ionof

di
ff
ere
ntmode
ls.

T
hepi
ct
urei
deaha
scommonl
ybe
enc
ons
ide
reda
s
a
n

a
tti
tudi
nal
bui
l
dcompr
is
ingofape
rson'
s

ment
alport
ray
alofi
nfor
mat
ion(
conv
ict
ions
),
emot
ions
,
what
'smor
e,wor
ldwi
dei
mpr
ess
iona
bouta
nit
em
org
oal

(
Bal
ogl
uandBr
inbe
rg,
1997)
.Ana
lys
tsi
naf
ew

t
eac
hesa
ndf
iel
dsc
onc
urt
hatt
hepi
ct
urebui
l
d

hasbot
hpe
rce
ptua
l/ps
ychol
ogi
cal
andf
ull
of
fe
eli
ng

a
sse
ssme
nts
.Thepe
rce
ptua
l/ps
ychol
ogi
cal
a
sse
ssme
nts

a
ll
udetot
hec
onv
ict
ionsori
nfor
mat
iona
bouta
g
oal
's
c
hara
cte
ris
ti
cst
houg
hful
loff
eel
i
nga
sse
ssme
nt
a
ll
udest
o

e
mot
ionst
owa
rd,
orc
onne
cti
ont
oit
.At
ypi
cal

unde
rst
andi
ngi
sthi
sre
li
esuponaps
ychol
ogi
cal

a
sse
ssme
ntofi
temsa
ndt
hef
ull
off
eel
i
ngr
eac
ti
ons
a
re

fr
ame
dasa
nel
eme
ntoft
hes
eint
ell
ect
ual
rea
cti
ons
.
An

i
ngene
ral
pic
tur
eofas
poti
sfr
ame
dbe
caus
eof
bot
h

pe
rce
ptua
l/ps
ychol
ogi
cal
andf
ull
off
eel
i
ng
a
sse
ssme
ntsoft
hat

pl
ace(
Bal
ogl
uandMc
Cle
ary
,1999)
.

Mos
tofg
oal
pic
tur
econs
ide
rsha
veut
il
iz
ed

e
ithe
rorg
ani
zed(
sca
lede
sig
n)oruns
truc
tur
ed
(
open-

fi
nis
he d,
repe
rtor
yma
tri
x,a
nds
ofor
th.
)es
ti
mat
ion
procedur
es.

Bal
ogl
uandMa
nga
log
lu'
s(2001)c
ont
empl
ate
s
re
cei
vi
nga

or
gani
zede
sti
mat
ionme
thod,
uti
l
izi
nga
s
ema
nti
cdi
ff
ere
nti
ala
nd/
orL
ike
rts
cal
efor

es
ti
mat
ingi
nte
ll
ect
ual
andf
ull
off
eel
i
ngs
egme
nts
of

g
oal
pic
tur
e(Ba
log
lua
ndMa
nga
log
lu,
2001;

Va
le,
2009;
Bal
ogl
uandBr
inbe
rg,
1997)
.

S
tri
ctT
our
is
m

Re
li
gi
oni
sapr
inc
ipa
lcompone
ntofc
ult
urea
ndi
s

c
onnec
tedwit
hdi
ffe
rentc
ompone
ntsof
i
ndi
vi
dual
s'l
i
ves(
Pori
a,
Heads
erv
anta
ndAi
rey
,2003;
Nya
upa
ne,
Timot
hy
and

Pa
ude
l,2015)
.Fore
xampl
e,r
eli
gi
oni
mpa
ctsdr
ess
,

nouri
shmentanddri
nk,
soc
ial
andpol
i
tic
al
pers
pecti
ves
,soci
al

Koç
yiği
tTheRol
eofRel
i
giousT
ouri
smi
nCr
eat
ing
Des
tina
tionI
mage:
KonyaMuseum

~22~

wi
l
dpl
ai
n,e
ncompa
sse
dbyope
n,une
ndi
ngpr
air
ie.
Revea
li
ngKony
aiss
impl
e-f
orhe
re,
att
hec
oreof
the

ol
dci
ty,
inhi
stomboft
urquoi
set
il
es,
isJ
ala
laddi
n

Rumi.Rumi
isoneoft
hewor
ld'
smos
tunde
rst
ood
art
is
ts.

Duri
nghisl
i
fe,
ands
inc
ehi
sde
mis
ein1273,
expl
ore
rs

ha
vec
omet
oKony
a.T
oda
y,Rumi
'
stombi
sTur
key
's

s
econdmos
t-v
isi
tedv
aca
tions
pota
fte
rtheT
opk
api

Ca
stl
einI
st
anbul
.Rumi
wasas
pir
it
ual
i
st,
aSuf
ihol
y
pe
rsonwho
c
heri
she
dal
lre
li
gi
ons
,andwhos
eownr
eli
gi
onwa
s
l
ove
.

Hi
sadhe
rent
swoul
d(a
nds
ti
ll
do)l
oset
hems
elv
es
i
n

dazea
ndmov
e,s
omeoft
het
imet
urni
ngl
i
ket
ops
for

ar
eal
l
ylongt
ime(
Goul
d,2014)
.

T
hepoi
ntoft
hise
xami
nat
ioni
stode
cidet
heg
oal

pi
ctur
eappa
rentbyv
oya
ger
swhot
rav
elf
ort
he
re
ason
ofs
tri
ctt
het
rav
eli
ndus
trywhe
nthe
yvi
si
tKony
a
(Mawl
ana

J
ala
laddi
nRumi)
.Theinf
ormat
ionoft
he
i
nvest
iga
tionwe
reacqui
red

byrev
iewa
ppl
i
edbyi
nte
nti
ona
lspe
cia
li
st
samong
the

g
ues
tsofKony
aMa
wla
naMus
eum.

Wr
it
ingRe
vie
w

Goa
lIma
ge

T
hes
igni
fi
canc
eoft
hev
aca
tione
rgoa
l'
spi
ct
urei
s
a
lla
roundr
ecog
niz
ed,
sinc
eiti
nfl
uenc
est
he

pe
rson'
semot
iona
ldi
sce
rnme
nta
nds
ubs
eque
nt

c
onduc
tandg
oal
dec
isi
on(
Gal
l
arz
a,Gi
l
,and

Ca
lde
ron,
2002)
.Addi
ti
ona
ll
y,g
oal
pic
tur
eis

mult
idi
mens
iona
landi
nvol
vesbot
hembl
ema
tic
and

unmis
tak
abl
ehi
ghl
i
ght
s(Ma
cka
yandF
ese
nma
ier
,
2000)
.

L
ate
str
ese
arc
hconc
ent
rat
esont
het
rav
eli
ndus
try
s
howc
asi
ng

(
Bal
ogl
uandBr
inbe
rg,
1997;
Bal
ogl
uandMc
Cle
ary
,

1999;Be
erl
iandMa
rti
n,2004;
Mout
inho,
1987;
Vela
,

2009)a
ll
udet
oapi
ct
urea
sani
deas
hape
dthr
oug
h

thebuyer'
sdi
sce
rni
nga
nde
nthus
ias
ti
c
unders
tandi
ng,

t
het
woofwhi
cha
ref
ir
mlye
ntwi
ned.

I
nte
ll
ectua
lass
ess
ment
sal
l
udet
otheobs
erv
ati
ons
,
c
onvic
ti
ons,
what'
smore
,inf
orma
tionpe
opl
eha
veofa
nit
em.
Ri
ghtnow

c
ase,s
uc has
ses
sme
ntsha
vet
odowi
tht
he
i
nte
ll
ectual
or

i
nsi
ght
ful
seg
mentoft
het
rav
eli
ndus
tryg
oal

pi
ct
ure
,api
ct
urema
deba
sedonal
otof

a
scr
ibe
swhi
chwoul
dre
lat
etot
hea
sse
ts,

a
ttr
act
ions
,org
ene
ral
thet
rav
eli
ndus
tryof
fera
t
t
hegoal
(
Sta
ble
r,1995;
Val
e,2009)
.

Al
hemouda
ndAr
mst
rong
's(
1996)or
der

c
lar
if
ieswhati
simpl
i
edbyt
het
rav
eli
ndus
tryof
fer
.
T
hesecreat
ors

c
har
act
eri
zev
aca
tions
pot
sint
ofourc
las
ses
:

1)nor
mal
att
rac
ti
ons(
e.g
.,woods
,st
rea
ms)
;
OBJ
ECT
IVE
S

Thema i
nobjecti
veoftheresear
chworkostoexaminethe
i
mpa ctofr
eli
giononthede v
elopmentoft
hetouri
sma nd
hospi
tal
it
yindustr
yotherspeci
fi
cobje
cti
vesoft
hestudyare
st
arte
dbe l
owa sfol
lows.
1.
Toe
xami
net
her
ela
tiona
ndt
our
is
mde
vel
opme
nt.
2.
Toe
xami
net
hee
ffe
ctofr
eli
gi
onont
our
is
mandhos
pit
ali
ty
de
vel
opme
nt.
3.
Toinves
tig
ateont
hecontr
ibut
ionofli
vi
ngfai
thtot
he
dev
elopmentoft
our
is
ma ndhospit
ali
tyi
ndus
try.
4.T
ode t
ermi
nethefa
ctor
saf
fec
ti
ngt
het
our
is
mand
hos
pit
ali
tyi
ndus
try
.
5.
Topr
off
ers
olut
iont
othea
bov
epr
obl
ems
.
t
hei
nves
ti
gati
oni
mpl
iesi
ftheinf
ormedandc apabletheover
all
popul
ati
on
g
ove
rnmentandt
hear
rangementcrea
torsonthee ff
ectofr
eli
gi
ononthe
i
mpr
ovementoft
het
ravel
indust
ryandcordi
al
ityindustr
y

thi
sinves
ti
g a
tionpoint
sandinstr
uctingtheovera
llpopula
tiononthesi
gnif
ic
ance
ofrel
ig
ionont heimprovementofthet r
aveli
ndustr
ya ndne i
ghbor
li
nes
sindust
ry
oftheworld.I
tintendedtoremi
ndt heov er
all
populat
ionthattheyhav
eat as
kto
car
ryoutimprov e
me ntofthetr
avelindust
ryandcordial
it
yindustr
yofworl
d.

Thi
sinv
e s
ti
gat
ionli
kewisel
ookt
ohel
pthele
gis
lat
uretore
memberwor
ldtha
ta
moreprominentgar
bageofwor
konthei
mprovementoft
het
rav
eli
ndust
ryand
acc
ommoda ti
onindust
ryoft
hewor
ldala
ysonthem

I
tisi
nte
nde
dtos
avet
hemt
obeont
hei
rtoe
stowa
rdsa
ccompl
i
shi
ngt
his
.

Atlast,pol
icyma k
ersequival
enthaveandi nf
luencet owardsacc
ompl i
shi
ngthe
eff
ectofl e
ge ndsonthea dvanc
eme ntofthetravelindustr
yandc ordi
ali
ty
i
ndust r
yoft hewor l
d.i
tisnormalt
ha tt
heys houldthinkofstr
ategie
sthatwil
l
supporttheOft hetr
avelindust
ryandaccommoda ti
oni ndust
ryofword.
S
ubj
ect
ivepa
rtse
ffe
cts
lya
ffe
ctt
he

a
rra
nge
mentoft
heg
oal
pic
tur
e.T
heps
ychol
ogi
cal
and

t
hef
ull
off
eel
i
ngpa
rtsbot
hha
vec
ons
eque
nce
sfort
he

a
lle
ncompa
ssi
ngg
oal
pic
tur
e.T
hes
edi
scov
eri
ess
uppor
tthe

r
ese
arc
hofBa
log
lua
ndBr
inbe
rg(
1997)
,Ba
log
lua
nd

Mc
Cle
ary(
1999)
,Ba
log
lua
ndMa
nga
log
lu(
2001)
,

Ma
rti
nandde
lBos
que(
2008)
,Ve
la(
2009)
,Kor
ogl
u

a
lso,
Guz
el(
2013)
.

Goa
lsupe
rvi
sor
swhomi
ghtwa
ntKony
atobea

pi
one
erwi
thi
tsot
her
wor
ldl
yint
ri
guea
ndt
obui
l
dupt
he

pi
ct
ureofs
tri
ctt
het
rav
eli
ndus
tryg
oal
,oug
htt
oinv
est
iga
te
t
heg
oal
arr
ang
eme
ntpr
oce
ssc
aut
ious
ly.
Goa
l

adv
ert
is
ersshoul
dgivemorec
ons i
derat
iontot
hei
nspi
rat
ionst
ovi
si
tKony
a.T
he
out
comesuncovert
hatafe
wt houghtproce
sse
s

ha
vemor
eef
fec
tont
hepi
ct
ureoft
heg
oal
tha
n

ot
her
s.

Be
caus
eoft
hee
ffe
ctofv
aca
tione
rda
tas
our
ceson

t
ang
ibl
eas
ses
sme
nts
,goa
ldi
rec
tor
sinKony
a

oug
htt
ocons
ide
rfor
egr
oundi
ngv
irt
uesi
nthe
ir

s
pec
ial
exe
rci
sesi
ndi
ff
ere
ntda
tas
our
ces
.

We
b-ba
seds
oci
alne
twor
kingc
hanne
ls,
wit
hthi
she
adi
ng,
oug
htt
obe

ut
il
iz
edc
oope
rat
ive
lywi
thv
isua
lsubs
tanc
einaf
unc
ti
oni
ng

wa
y.F
ori
nst
anc
e,c
urr
entphot
ogr
aphsa
ndr
ecor
ding
sof
g
oal
soug
htt
ober
eme
mbe
redf
orpe
rsont
ope
rsonc
ommuni
cat
ion

s
tag
es,
fore
xampl
e,F
ace
book
.Ri
ghtnow

me
diaoug
htt
obeut
il
iz
edt
ous
ehei
nfor
mal
exc
hang
e

c
orr
esponde
nce
.Thi
sma
ybr
inga
boutt
hef
orma
tionofa
n

not
ewor
thyg
oal
expe
rie
nce
;mi
xi
ngi
twi
th

pr
ofoundqua
li
ti
eswi
l
lac
cent
uat
eoneoft
hek
eyc
ompone
nts

t
hatpul
li
nthev
isi
tor
swhoha
vene
verv
isi
tedt
he

g
oal
.

RE
SEARCHME
THODOL
OGY
oI
NTE
RNE
TANDBOOKS

o Ce
ll
phonea
ndbook
s
CONCL
USI
ON
Vuk onic( 1995)e l
a bor atet hepi lgrima get our ismc ont i
nuomofs mi t
h( 1992) by
propos inga ndde finitione compa ssinga lltype sofr eli
g ioust our is
m. Vuk onici s
definiti
onpr ov i
de dat he orticalfra me wor kf ora ddr ess ingthene edsofr eligious
touristsa sama s stour isms eg me nti nt he hos pitali
tyi ndus try.S uch ne eds
havea l
re ady be ene xa mine da mongt hemos tr eligi
ouss e gme ntss ucha s
the ne edsofChr i
s ti
a na nd Mos le
m pi l
g rimsi nt he Hol yL a nd( Flei
sc he r
andNi t
z av1995; Ma ns felde ta l1995)a swe llast hene e dsoft hel oca lultr
a -
orthodoxt our is
ts eg me ntinI srael (Hoffma nn1994) .Someoft her ese arch
hypot he seswe reba sedont hef i
ndi ngsoft hel at terstudi es,pr ovidings omei deas
conc ernings a ti
sfyingr e li
giousne eds .T hiss tudyr evea lsane we leme nt,ba sed
ons tatisti
ca levide nc e,whi chf oc usesont hei mpor t
a nc eofs a ti
s fy
ingr el
igious
nee dsa sapa r
tofat ail
or -
ma det our i
stpr oduc tint hehos pita l
ityi ndus try.Thi s
newt opic, whi c
h ha st husf arbe enami norf iel
dofs tudy i nt het ourism
andhos pitalityli
te ratur e,de rivesf romt hef unda me nta laspe ctofc ate r
ingt ot he
variousne edsoft hec us t
ome rint hehos pita li
tyi ndus trya sapa r
toft hes erv i
ce
sector. Not ably,pe rsona lva l
ue sa ndc ultura lorie ntationofv a riousc us tome rsnot
onlyde te rmi newha ta ttri
but esac ustome rs eek sint he hos pitali
typr oduc t
(Bak ere ta l2000;But t
le 1986;J one sa nd Pa ul1994;Mul l
e r1995;
Williams2003) ,butt heya lsoa ffec tit
st ariff
. He nc e,a ddingr e li
g i
ousv aluest ot he
attri
but esoft hea ug me nte dhot elpr oduc t( tobot ht hehot elandt hehot e l
room)ma ya ttractne wc ustome rs egme nt sa ndc oulda f
fec tthehot elra tes.
Cons i
s t
e ntwi t
hMa ns f
e lde tal (
1995) ,whos ugg estedt hee mpl oyme ntof
Mos l
emsi nt hehot el aswe llasthepr ov i
sionoft heKor ani nt hehot el roomf or
theMos l
e ms ect
or ,t hispa pe rre c
omme ndse mpl oy i
ngChr istianwor k ersa ta
hote laswe llasthepr ov i
sionofaBi bleinahot e lroomr eserv edbyv e ryre l
ig i
ous
Christians.F urthe rmor e,pr ovidingi nforma tiononr e l
igiousa ctivi
tiesa nd
i
ns ti
tutions( e .
g.,chur che s,cathe dr al
s,ma sse s,holys ite s,andot he rs)woul d
sati
s f
ya na dditi
ona limpor tantne edf orChr is t
iant our ists.Ma nyf actorss uc ha s
deg reeofr e li
g i
ous ne ssa nde xtentofpl a nni nga nde ndi ngt het ri
pa sar eli
g i
ous
j
ourneyincreasetherel
evanc
eofr eli
gi
ousne edsforChri
st
iantouri
sts
.Other
fac
torshavethes ameeff
ectons peci
fi
cr el
i
g i
ousneeds:f
requencyofatt
endi
ng
churc
hs erv
icesinone’
shome townont hei
mpor t
anceofaplaceofwor s
hipi
na
hotelandonhot elpr
oxi
mitytoac hurch;part
ici
pati
oninChris
ti
anorganiz
ati
ons
i
none ’shometownont henece s
sit
yofor gani
zedreli
gi
ous21

act
ivi
ti
esa
tahote
l;a
ndone’
sownhomedecorwi
ththec r
ossonthei
mport
anc
e
ofhavi
ngacr
ossa
ndothe
rChri
st
ianor
name
ntsaspa
r tofhote
lroomdec
or.

ma ybec ateg orizedbyt hepr ovisi

onofpa rticul
arre l
i
g i
ousdé cor(e.g.,ahot el
room wi th/ wit houta c r
oss ),faci
li
ti
es( e.g.a pl ace ofwor ship)
,s er
vices
(e.
g .organi z
e dr eli
giousa c
tivi
t i
es)andre l
i
g i
ousi t
ems( e .
g.aBi bl
e).Such
categorizat i
onma yena bledifferenttouristsegme ntsthea bi
litytochoos ehotels
andhot e lroompr oduc tsmor ee ffect
ivel
ya swe llastheoppor t
unityforhote l
i
ers
toimpr ov et hes at
is
fa c
tionofr el
igi
ousc ustome rs
. Li
kewise,thisne wpr ocess
shoulda voi dpos si
bledi ssat
isfacti
onofot he rrel
igi
oust ouri
sts( e
.g.Jews )f
rom
being pr ov i
de d wi th a hot elr oom,pr ev i
ousl
ya djuste
dt ot he ne edsof
a Chr is
t i
ant our i
st
. Cons eque ntl
y,thefrontof fi
cec lerk ma yaddr eligi
ous
attr
ibute st oa hot e lr oomr eservati
on,pe rhapsona nopt ionalba si
s,which
woul de na bl
et hehot elt opre pareguestroomsa ccordingtot he religi
ous
preferenc esoft he t ourist
s .T he toleranc elev elofa hot elg ue st
towa rdsc har acteri
sticsofot he rrel
igi
ons ,
fore xample

T
hes
igni
fi
canc
eoft
hev
aca
tione
rgoa
l'
spi
ct
urei
s

a
lla
roundr
ecog
niz
ed,
sinc
eiti
nfl
uenc
est
he

pe
rson'
sabs
tra
ctr
ecog
nit
iona
nde
nsui
ng

c
onduc
tandg
oal
dec
isi
on.
Pas
tex
ami
nat
ions
s
howt
hatg
oal
pic
tur
esi
mpa
ctt
hena
tur
eofout
ing
,

s
ight
see
rsf
utur
econduc
tandbuy
ingpr
oce
ss,
the
ir

s
ing
ula
rre
cog
nit
ions
,the
irg
oal
dec
isi
ons
,the
ir

f
ulf
il
l
mentwi
thr
espe
ctt
otheg
oal
ands
ugg
est

g
oal
s(Ba
log
lua
ndMc
Cle
ary
,1999;
Bee
rli
and

Ma
rti
n,2004;
Ibr
ahi
mandGi
l
l,2005;
Che
nandUy
sal
,

2002;
Vel
a,2009;
Kor
ogl
uandGuz
el,
2013)
.

I
nthi
swa
y,e
mpha
tic
all
ysa
wgoa
lpi
ct
ure
sar
e

f
unda
ment
all
ysi
gni
fi
cant
.

Buy
ers
'vi
ewofKony
aMus
euma
sthe

f
oca
lpoi
ntofs
tri
ctt
het
rav
eli
ndus
trywe
rei
nfl
uenc
edbys
ubj
ect
ive
wha
t'smor
e,f
ull
off
eel
i
ngpa
rts
.Fur
the
rmor
e,i
twa
sfound

i
nthee
xami
nat
iont
hats
ubj
ect
ivea
nde
mot
iona
lse
gme
nts

i
mpactconst
it
uti
onofgoa
lpic
ture
,howe
verc
ogni
ti
vec
ompone
ntsa
re
i
ncr
easi
nglyvi
abl
efort
heconst
it
uti
onof

g
oal
pic
tur
e.

T
houg
htofme
mbe
rs'
dat
asour
ces

i
dent
if
iedwi
thKony
aisi
ntr
oduc
edi
nTa
ble2.
Itwa
s

unc
ove
redt
hatme
mbe
rsa
cqui
redda
taa
bout

Kony
aandMa
wla
naf
ort
hemos
tpa
rtbyme
ansoft
hewe
bands
oci
al

s
yst
ems(
57.
3%)
.Li
kewi
sea
mongda
tas
our
ces
,

t
hec
rit
ic
alne
ssofc
ompa
niona
ndr
ela
tiv
eci
rcl
esi
s
wa
tche
d(36.
9%)
.Di
ff
ere
ntwe
ll
spr
ing
sofda
taa
re:

T
rav
elor
gani
zat
ions(
3.3%)
,vi
si
torma
nua
ls(
2.1%)a
nd

Br
oadc
ommuni
cat
ions(
0,4%)
.Itha
sbe
enr
esol
vedt
hatt
he

domi
nantpa
rtoft
heme
mbe
rsut
il
iz
ethewe
bands
oci
al

s
yst
emsf
ort
heda
tas
our
ces
.Fort
hisr
eas
ons

pa
rti
cul
arl
y,f
ort
hev
ira
lshowc
asi
nga
nda
dof

t
heKony
a(Ma
wla
na)t
heus
eoft
hewe
band

i
nte
rpe
rsona
lor
gani
zat
ionsa
res
igni
fi
cant
.

Me
mbe
rs'
ins
pir
ati
ont
ogof
ors
tri
ctpur
pos
es

i
s't
ogi
veme
nta
landot
her
wor
ldl
yunwi
ndi
ng'
(37.
3%)

wha
t'smor
e,of'
toe
s c
apefrompr
ess
urea
ndna
tur
alwe
ight
s'(
29.
5%)
.Bet
hata
s
i
tmay,'
tof
indnewsoci
eti
es
wha
t'smor
e,v
ari
ousr
eli
gi
ons
'(25.
7%)
;'t
ore
sta
nd

unwi
nd'
(4.
6%)a
nd'
tof
eel
thepr
ofoundc
li
mat
eof

v
ari
ousr
eli
gi
ons
'(2.
9%)a
rei
mme
nse
lys
igni
fi
cantt
rav
el

i
nspi
rat
ionsf
orme
mbe
rs.
The
ref
ore
,it

oug
htt
obeunde
rli
nedt
hatKony
aisape
rfe
ct

g
oal
tha
toug
htt
obev
isi
tedf
ori
nve
sti
gat
ingne
w

s
oci
eti
esa
ndv
ari
ousr
eli
gi
ons
,gi
veme
nta
land

pr
ofoundunwi
ndi
ng,
esc
apef
rompr
ess
urea
ndf
ind

a
gre
eabl
ethet
rav
eli
ndus
trya
dmi
ni
st
rat
ions

F
URT
HERS
COPE
E
xte
ntoft
hee
xami
nat
ion.
St
udyisreg
arde
done ff
ectofr
eli
gi
onoftheadva
nceme
nt
what
'sthetr
aveli
ndus
tryandf
rie
ndli
nes
sindus
try.

Cons
tra
intofs
tudy

1.
Mone
yre
lat
edi
mpe
rat
ive
.

i
na dequa t
ere
servewil
lingener
alhinderthe
profi
ciencyof
ftheexpl
orati
oninthea sset
sfort
he
i
mpor tantmateri
al
,writ
ingordataa ndduri
ngthe
ti
mes pe ntDa
taassort
me nt(
web, polla
ndme eti
ng)
.

2.
Timel
i
mit
ati
on.

Theanal
ys twi
l
lal
lthewhil
ea gai
nstthi
s
examina
tionwit
htheirs
cholar
lywork.Thi
sthuswil
l
el
iminat
et het
imecommi t
tedfortheexpl
orat
ion
work.
Me
ani
ngoft
erms
.

Eff
ec t
:culturearrangeme ntofc onduc tand
practi
ces,perspectiv
e ,sac
r osanctwr i
ti
ng s,
blessed
spots,mor al
sandc ulturalassociat
iont hatrela
ted
persontowha tana nthropolog i
sthasc al
led" a
requestforpr e
senc e".Dis
tinctivereli
gioncould
conceivablycontai
ndi ff
e r
e ntcompone nts,
posit
ioningfromt he" divi
ne ",
"sacredthings","
fai
th",
ane xt
raordinarybe i
ngorot herworldl
yc reatures
ma gnif
icentswordofc l
osene ssanda ma zi
ngqua li
ty
thatgivestandardsa ndc apacitytorestoflif
e .

T
het
rav
eli
ndus
try
:

Thetr
ave
lindust
ryi
str
avelf
orj
oy;t
hema t
terof
dra
wingi
nc onv
enie
nceandamuse
me nt
vacati
one rs,andthema t
te rofwor ki
ngv is
its
.The
tra
v eli
ndus tr
ypos siblyuniv er
salorinsidethe
voyagersna ti
on.T hewor l
dt hetravelindustry
associ
ationc haracterizethet r
a v
elindus tr
yallthe
mor efort hemos tpa rt,i
nwor di
ngwhi c hgo"pa st
thenor ma lvi
ewoft het r
a veli
ndus t
ryha sbe enthe
constrai
ne dofoc casionmov eme ntonly",as
i
ndiv i
duals"v ent
ur ingoutt oandre ma i
ningin
placesout si
dethe i
rt ypic
a lcondit
ionfornota llthe
mor ethe noneba c ktoba cky earforrecreati
on,
businessa nddiff
ere ntpur poses".

Thetravel
industrycanbel ocaloruniversaland
worl
dwidet hetravelindustr
yha sbotha pproaching
andacti
vera mif
icati
onsonana ti
on'sequa l
izati
on
ofi
nstal
lment s
.Toda y,thetrav
e li
ndustryisa
si
gni
fic
antwe ll
springofs al
aryforsomena tions,
andinf
luencesthee conomyf orthebot hofs ources
andhostnations,nowa ndagai
nofbe ingof
ess
enti
a l
signif
ic
anc e.
Neighbor l
inessindustry: s
ubboa r
dc l
a s
soff il
led
i
nsidea ssist
ancei ndustrythatincorporate s
dwe l
li
ng ,occasi
ona r
r a
ng i
ng, a
mus eme ntpa r
k,
tra
nspor tati
on,v oyagelinea nde xt
raf i
eldinside
thetravel i
ndustry.thea ccommoda ti
onbus i
ne s
sis
amul tiveryrichpe rsondol l
arindustrytha trel
ies
upont hea ccessi
bi l
i
tyofr ecreati
ont i
mea nd
dis
cretiona r
yc ashfl
ow. cordial
ityunitrecomme nd
eaterylodg i
ngora ne ventcongregationc ompr i
ses
ofmul tigatheri
ngof , f
ore xample,offic
ek e epup
anddi r
e ctacti
viti
e s
.(servers,
hous ekeeper s,
gatewa ys,kit
che nlabore r
s,barkeeps, t
heboa rd
adverti
s i
nga ndHRa nds oon. )
BI
BLI
OGRAPHY
Al
hemoud,
A.M.
wha
t'smor
e,Ar
mst
rong
,E.
G.(
1996)I
mag
eof

T
het
rav
eli
ndus
tryAt
tra
cti
onsi
nKuwa
it,
Jour
nal
ofT
rav
el

Re
sea
rch,
34(
1),
76–
80.

Ar
buc
kle
,J.
(2007)Amos16.
0Us
er'
sGui
de.
Chi
cag
o,I
L:

S
pss
.

Ba
log
lu,
S.wha
t'smor
e,Br
inbe
rg,
D.(
1997)Af
fec
ti
veI
mag
esof

T
het
rav
eli
ndus
tryDe
sti
nat
ions
,Jour
nal
ofT
rav
elRe
sea
rch,
35

(
4),
11-
15.

Ba
log
lu,
S.wha
t'smor
e,Mc
Cle
ary
,K.
W.(
1999)AMode
lof

Goa
lIma
geAg
eFor
mat
ion,
Anna
lsofT
our
is
m
Re
sea
rch,
26(
4),
868–
897.

Ba
log
lu,
S.wha
t'smor
e,Ma
nga
log
lu,
M.(
2001)T
our
is
mDe
sti
nat
ion

Pi
ct
ure
sofT
urk
ey,
Egy
pt,
Gre
ece
,andI
tal
yas

S
eenbyUS
-ba
sedT
ourOpe
rat
orsa
ndT
rav
el

Ope
rat
ors
,Tour
is
mMa
nag
eme
nt,
22(
1),
1-9.

Be
erl
i
,A.
wha
t'smor
e,Ma
rti
n,J
.D.
(2004)F
act
orsI
nfl
uenc
ing

Goa
lIma
ge,
Anna
lsofT
our
is
mRe
sea
rch,
31

(
3),
657-
681.

Che
n,J
.S.
wha
t'smor
e,Uy
sal
,M.
(2002)Ma
rke
tPos
it
ioni
ng

I
nve
sti
gat
ion:
AHy
bri
dAppr
oac
h.Re
cor
dsofT
our
is
m
Re
sea
rch,
29(
4),
987–
1003.

Che
n,C.
F.wha
t'smor
e,T
sai
,D.
(2007)HowDe
sti
nat
ionI
mag
eand

E
val
uat
iveF
act
orsAf
fec
tBe
hav
ior
alI
nte
nti
ons
?

T
het
rav
eli
ndus
tryMa
nag
eme
nt,
28(
4),
1115-
1122.

Chi
,C.
G.wha
t'smor
e,Qu,
H.(
2008)E
xami
ni
ngt
heS
truc
tur
al

Conne
cti
onsofDe
sti
nat
ionI
mag
e,T
our
is
t

F
ulf
il
l
menta
ndDe
sti
nat
ionL
oya
lty
:AnI
nte
gra
ted

Appr
oac
h,T
our
is
mMa
nag
eme
nt,
29(
4),
624-
636.