Mathematics – II

(MATH F112)
BITS Pilani Dr. Amit Setia (Assistant Professor)
Department of Mathematics
K K Birla Goa Campus
Piecewise continuity of a real
valued function f on [a,b]
A function f is piecewise continuous on [a, b],    a  b  
if
1) f is continuous on [a, b] except perhaps
a finitely many number of points a, x1 , x2 ,..., xk , b
where a  x1  x2  ...  xk  b,

2) i) At each of the point x1 , x2 ,..., xk ,

both the LHL and RHL of f exists
ii) RHL of f exist at x  a,
iii) LHL of f exist at x  b,
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i.e.
a function f is piecewise continuous on [a, b]
if it is continuous except for a finitely
many finite jump discontinuities.

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Piecewise continuity of a real
valued function f on (a,b)
A function f is piecewise continuous on (a, b),    a  b  
if
1) f is continuous on (a, b) except perhaps
a finitely many number of points x1 , x2 ,..., xk ,
where a  x1  x2  ...  xk  b,

2) i) At each of the point x1 , x2 ,..., xk ,

both the LHL and RHL of f exists
ii) RHL of f exist at x  a,
iii) LHL of f exist at x  b,
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Example

1) If f is continuous on [a, b],

then f is piecewise continuous on [a, b]

2) If f is continuous on (a, b)
then f need not to be piecewise continuous on (a, b)

1
e.g . f  x   is continuous on  0,1
x
but it is not piecewise continuous on  0,1

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A real valued function f is
Piecewise smooth on [a, b]

A function f is piecewise smooth on a closed interval [a, b]

if both f and f ' are piecewise continuous on [a, b]

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 Section-42
Examples with
branch cuts
Examples with Branch cuts

Evaluate


1/2
z dz
C
i
where C : z  3e , 0  

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Solution

1 1 1
 ln r  i 
f z  z  e ,  r  0, 0    2 
log z
2 2
e 2

and the branch cut is positive x-axis   0  including the origin,

and C : z    3ei , 0  

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 1  3
 ln 3 i 
 f  z    z '    e
i i
2
3iei  3e 2 3iei  i 3 3 e 2

3 3
 3 3 sin i3 3 cos , 0   ,
2 2
is piecewise continuous on 0    
because
f  z    z '   is continuous on 0    
3 3
since  3 3 sin &3 3 cos are continuous on 0    
2 2
3
& lim f  z    z '    lim i 3 3 e
i
2
 i 3 3 exists.
 0   0 

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 f  z    z '   d

  z dz  
1/2
exists and
C  0
 3
 i  i
 3e 2 3iei d  i3 3  e 2
d
 0  0

3 
 i 
   2 3  1  i 
2
e
 i3 3 i 3
 
 2  0

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Examples with Branch cuts

Evaluate


C
z a 1dz , 0  a 
where C : z  Rei ,    

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 Solution
Let 0  a 
then f  z   z a 1  e a 1 Log z  e a 1 ln r i  ,  r  0,       
and the branch cut is negative x-axis     including the origin,
where C : z    Rei , R  0,      
 f  z    z '    e a 1 ln R i iRei  iR a e ai   R a sin a  i R a cos a ,
is piecewise continuous on      
because  R a sin a & R a cos a are continuous on      
 f  z    z '   is continuous on      
& lim f  z    z '    iR a e ia
  

& lim f  z    z '    iR a eia exists

  
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 f  z    z '   d

  z dz  
a 1
exists and
C  

ai  ia  ia

  e  2iR a
 e  e  2iR a
 iR a  e ai d  iR a      sin a
 
 ai   a  2i  a
If a is nonzero integer, then  C
z n 1dz  0 , | sin a  0,
n  1, 2,...........

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Note that
If a  0,
1
then  dz
C z

 1 
 i Re d   i 
i
d   2 i
  Rei  

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Remark:
The path in a contour
integral can contain a
point on a branch cut of
the integrand and still the
integral can exist.
 Section-43
Upper Bound For
Moduli of contour
 Lemma

If w(t ) is a piecewise continuous complex-valued function

defined on an interval a  t  b, then

 w  t  dt   w  t  dt
b b

a a

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Theorem

Let C denote a contour of length L, and

let f ( z ) be piecewise continuous on C.
If M is a nonnegative constant such that
f z  M
for all points z on C at which f ( z ) is defined, then

 f  z  dz  ML
C

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 Proof

f ( z ) be piecewise continuous on the contour C ,

  f  z  dz exists.
C

let C : z  z  t  , a  t  b

 f  z  dz   f  z  t   z '  t  dt
b

C t a

f  z  t   z '  t  dt  M L
b

t a

f  z   M on C i.e. f  z  t    M , a  t  b and

z '  t  dt  L
b
t a
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Example

Show that if C is the boundary of the triangle

with vertices at the points 0, 3i, and  4,
oriented in the counterclockwise direction,
then


C

e z  z dz  60

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 Section-44
Antiderivatives
 Definition: Antiderivative

Let f  z  be continuous on a domain D.

If  a function F such that F '  z   f  z  for each z in D,
then F is called an antiderivative of f .
For example,
F  z    cos z  F '  z   sin z  f  z  z 
where f  z   sin z is continuous z 
 F is antiderivative of f
Remark : 1)Antiderivative is necessarily analytic,
2) an antiderivative of a given function f ( z ) is unique
except for an additive constant.
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 Theorem
Suppose that a function f  z  is continuous on a domain D.
If any one of the following statements is true, then so are the others:
(a) f  z  has an antiderivative F  z  throughout D;
(b) the integrals of f  z  along contours lying entirely in D and
extending from any fixed point z1 to any fixed point z2
all have the same value, namely,
f  z  dz   F  z   z  F  z2   F  z1 
z2

z2

z1 1

where F ( z ) is the antiderivative in statement (a);

(c) the integrals of f ( z ) around closed contours
lying entirely in D all have value zero.
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Remark

The theorem does not claim that any of these

statements is true for a given function f ( z ).

It says only that

all of them are true or none of them is true.

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Example

Using antiderivative theorem, evaluate


C
z 2 dz
where C is an arbitrary curve joining the
two points 0 and 1  i

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Solution

z3
let F  z  
3
 F ' z   z 2  f  z 
where f  z   z 2 is continuous z 
z3
 F z  is antiderivative of f  z   z 2 on
3
 Using antiderivative theorem,
1 i
3
1 i 2
 f  z  dz   F  z 
C z 0

3
  i  1
3

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Example

Using antiderivative theorem, evaluate

1
C z 2 dz
where C : z  2ei ,      

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Solution
1
let F  z   
z
1
 F ' z   2  f  z   z   0
z
1
where f  z   2 is continuous  z   0
z
1 1
 F  z    is antiderivative of f  z   2
z z
on the domain  0
 Using antiderivative theorem,  f  z  dz  0
C

where C : z  2ei ,       is a closed curve

lying in the domain  0.
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Example

Using antiderivative theorem, evaluate

1
C z dz
where C : z  2ei ,      

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 Solution

let F  z   log z
1
 F ' z    f  z   z   0
z
1
where f  z   is continuous  z  0
z
1
 F  z   log z is antiderivative of f  z  
z
on the domain  0
 Using antiderivative theorem,  f  z  dz  0
C

where C : z  2ei ,       is a closed curve

lying in the domain  0.
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The solution given
on last slide is
wrong but how?
 Solution
let F  z   log z is a branch of the function log z
on D   r  0,      2 
i.e. on D   except the points on the ray    including z  0
1
 F ' z    f z
z
1
where f  z   is continuous on D
z
1
 F  z   log z is antiderivative of f  z   on D
z
 Using antiderivative theorem,  f  z  dz  0
C

where C : z  2ei ,       is a closed curve

lying entirely in the domain D.
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The solution given
on last slide is still
wrong but how?
F  z  is not defined along the branch cut
and hence not differentiable
i.e. F '  z  does not exist at the point of intersection of
the circle and the branch cut  i.e. the ray  =  ,
so we cannot apply the antiderivative theroem (i.e. a  c)
as the given circle does not lie entirely in the domain.

But we can surely apply the antiderivative theorem (i.e. a  b)

in the modified domain and contour as
explained on the next few slides.
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Example

Using antiderivative theorem, evaluate

1
C z dz
where C : z  2ei ,      

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Solution

let C : z  2ei ,      
where C  C1 C2
i   i  3
C1 : z  2e ,     , C2 : z  2e ,  
2 2 2 2
  f ( z )dz   f ( z )dz   f ( z )dz
C C1  C2 C1 C2

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let F1  z   Log z on D1   r  0,      
is a branch of the function log z
1
 F1 '  z    f  z 
z
1
where f  z   is continuous on D
z
1
 F1  z   Log z is antiderivative of f  z   on D
z
 Using antiderivative theorem,
   
 f  z  dz   Log z    ln 2  i    ln 2  i    i
2i
z 2 i
C1
 2  2
i  
where C1 : z  2e ,    is a curve lying
2 2
entirely in the domain D1 & extended from z  2i to z  2i
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let F2  z   log z on D2   r  0, 0    2 
is a branch of the function log z
1
 F2 '  z    f  z 
z
1
where f  z   is continuous on D2
z
1
 F2  z   log z is antiderivative of f  z   on D2
z
 Using antiderivative theorem,
 3   
C2 f  z  dz  log z z 2i   ln 2  i 2    ln 2  i 2    i
2 i

 3
where C2 : z  2ei ,   is a curve lying
2 2
entirely in the domain D2 & extended from z  2i to z  2i
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
C C1  C2
f ( z )dz   f ( z )dz   f ( z )dz
C1 C2

 i  i
 2 i

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Exercise

Using antiderivative theorem, evaluate

1


C1
2
z dz
where C1 is any contour from z  3 to z  3.

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