Section A

Answer All Questions

Question 1
Find the Laplace Transform of the following:

1
(a) {
L 2 t 3 −3 cos 3 t+ sinh t
2 } (3 marks)

3 1
= 2 L {t }−3 L { cos ( 3 t ) } + L{sinh ( t ) }
2
6 s 1 1
s( ) ( ) ( )
= 2 4 −3 2 +
s +9 2 s 2−1
12 3 s 1
= 4− 2 + 2
s s +9 2 ( s −1 )

(b) L { e 1−2 t + cos2 t } (4 marks)

2 1 1
Let cos t= + cos ⁡(2 t),
2 2
1 1 1−2 t
= L { + cos ( 2 t )+ e }
2 2
1 1
=L {}
+ L { cos ( 2t ) } +e 1 L {e−2 t }
2 2
1 1 s 1
= +
2 s 2 s +42 ( ) ( )
+e 1
s +2
1 s e
= 2s + 2 +
s +2
2( s + 4)

(c) L {2 e3 t cosh t } (4 marks)

=2 L {e3 t cosh ( t ) }
∞
e 3t cosh ( t ) dt
−st
=2∫ e
0
∞
3 t −st
= 2∫ e cosh ( t ) dt
0
∞
− ( s−3 ) t
= 2∫ e cosh ( t ) dt
0
1 −t t
Let cosh ( t ) = ( e +e )
2
∞
1
=2
( 20
∫ ( e−t + e t ) e( 3−s )t dt
∞
)
1
=2
2 ( ∫( 0
e 2 t− st + e 4 t− st ) dt
)
∞ ∞

=2
1
2 ( (∫ 0
e (2−s )t dt +
1
20
∫ ))
e (4 −s) t dt

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 e (2−s ) ∞ e (4− s) ∞ e( 2−s) 0 e (4 −s) 0
=2
1
2 ( (( +
2 ( 2−S ) 2 ( 4−S ) )(
− +
2 ( 2−S ) 2 ( 4−S ) )))
e (2−s ) 0 e (4− s) 0
=2
((( 1
2
− +
4−2 s 8−2 s )))
=2 ¿
2 s−6
=2 ( 2 ( 2−s ) ( 4−s ) )
=2 (( s +s−3
6 s+ 8 ))
2

s−3
=2 (
( s−3 ) −1 ) 2

2 ( s−3 )
=
( s−3 )2−1

(d) L { t 2 cos 3 t } (4 marks)

n (n) (n)
By using Laplace transform rule, t f ( t )= (−1 ) F (s)

( n) s
Let F ( s )=L cos 3 t= 2
, while n=2
s +9
d d
(−1 )2
d
( ( )) 2
2

2
s
d s s +9
=(−1 )

2
2 d
ds

2
(( ds (
( s ) ( s2 +9 )− ( s2 +9 ) s
ds
2
( s 2+ 9 )
)
)
d 1 ( −s + 9 ) −2 s
¿ (−1 )2
(( ds ( s2 +9 )
2
))
d ( 2 ) ( 2 )2 d ( 2 )2 ( 2 )
−s + 9 s +9 − ( s + 9 ) −s + 9
¿ (−1 )
2

( ds ds
( ( s 2 +9 )2 )
2
)
2 ( (−2 s ) ( s2 +9 ) 2−4 s ( s 2+ 9 )( −s 2 +9 ) )
¿ (−1 ) 2
(( s2 + 9 )2 )
−2 s (−s 2+27 )
¿ (−1 )2
(
( s 2+ 9 )
3
)
2 s (−s2 +27 )
¿− 3
( s2 +9 )

Question 2
Find
3 1
(a) L−1
{ +
2 s 2 s+1
2 } (4

marks)

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 3 1
¿ L−1
{ } { }
2s 2
+ L−1
2 s+1

3 1 1 2
¿ L−1
{ ( )} { ( )}
2 s 2
+ L−1
2 2 s+1
−t
3t 1 2
¿ + e
2 2

s+3
(b) L−1
{ 2
s +3 s +2 } (4

marks)
s+3
∂ fraction 2
s +3 s +2
s+3 a b
= +
( s+ 1 )( s+2 ) s +1 s+2
s+3 a ( s+2 ) +b ( s+1 )
=
( s+ 1 )( s+2 ) ( s +1 )( s+2 )
s+3=a ( s +2 ) +b(s+ 1)
let s=−1 , (−1 ) +3=a ( (−1 )+ 2 ) +b ( (−1 ) +1 )
a=2
let s=−1 , (−2 ) +3=a ( (−2 ) +2 ) +b ( (−2 ) +1 )
b=−1

¿ L−1 {s +12 − s+1 2 }

¿ L−1 {s +12 }−L { s+21 }
−1

Page 3 of 6
 ¿ 2 e−t−e−2t

(c) L−1 ({ 2s − s5+2s ) e }

2
−3 s
(4 marks)

Let L ( −
{ 2s s5+2s ) e }=L
−1
2
−3 s −1
¿

−1
{ 2s s5+2s )}
L ( − 2

2 s
¿ L { }−5 L
−1
s { s +2 }
−1
2

s
¿ 2−5 L−1
{ 2
s +√ 2
2
}
¿ 2−5 cos ( √2 t )

2 5 s −3 s
L−1
{( −
s s2 +2 ) }
e =( 2−5 cos ( √ 2 (t−3 ) ) ) ( H ( t−3 ) )

s2 +6 s+11
(d) L
−1
{ s 2 +6 s +10 } (4

marks)

1
¿ L−1 1+
{ 2
S + 6 s +10 }
1
¿ L−1 1+
{ ( s +3 )2 +1 }
¿ δ ( t ) +e−3 t sin ⁡( t)

Question 3
Consider the function defined as:

2 t , t<1
{
g ( t ) = 2 , 1≤ t <3
8−2 t , t ≥ 3

(a) Rewrite g ( t ) using the Heaviside step function. (8 marks)

g ( t ) =f 1 + [ f 2−f 1 ] H ( t−a1 ) + [ f 3−f 2 ] H (t−a2 )
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 g ( t ) =2t + [ 2−2 t ] H ( t−1 )+ [ ( 8−2 t ) −2 ] H ( t−3 )
g ( t ) =2t + [ 2−2 t ] H ( t−1 )+ (6−2 t ) H ( t−3 )

(b) Hence find the Laplace Transform of g ( t ) . (12 marks)

g ( t ) =2t + [ 2−2 t ] H ( t−1 )+ (6−2 t ) H ( t−3 )
2 −s
L { g (t ) } = 2
+e ( L {−2 (t−1 ) } ) +e−3 s ( L {−2 (t−3 ) } )
s
2 −s −2 −2
¿
s 2
+e
s2( ) ( )
+ e−3 s 2
s
2
¿ 2
( 1−e− s−e−3 s )
s

Question 4
Consider the graph below:

(a) Rewrite f ( t ) using the Delta function. (3 marks)

f ( t )=3 δ ( t−3 )−δ (t−5 )+ 2 δ(t−7)
(b) Hence find the Laplace Transform of f ( t ). (6 marks)
L {f ( t )=3 L { δ ( t−3 ) } −L { δ ( t−5 ) } +2 L { δ ( t−7 ) }
¿ 3 e−3 s−e−5 s+ 2 e−7 s

Section B
Question 5
The response, x ( t ) of a system to a forcing function , f ( t ) is determined by the following
differential equation:
d3 x d2 x dx
3
+ 4 2
+6 +4 x=f ( t )
dt dt dt
(a) Find the transfer function, G ( s ). (12 marks)

d3 x d2 x dx
3
+ 4 2 +6 +4 x=f ( t )
dt dt dt
Page 5 of 6
s3 X ( s ) +4 s 2 X ( s ) +6 sX ( s )+ 4 X ( s ) =F ( s )
( s3 + 4 s 2 +6 s +4 ) X ( s )=f ( s )
F ( s) 1
= 3 2
X ( s ) s + 4 s +6 s +4
1
G(s)= 3 2
s +4 s + 6 s+ 4

(b) Determine its poles and zeros and plot them in the complex s-plane. (10 marks)
poles=s3 + 4 s 2 +6 s +4=0
( s+2 ) ( s 2 +2 s+ 2 )=0
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
s= where a=1 , b=2 , c=2
2a
s=−( 2 )+ √¿ ¿ ¿
s=−1+ i
s=−( 2 )−√ ¿ ¿ ¿
s=−1−i
( s+2 )=0
s=−2
s=−2 , s=−1+i, s=−1−i
zeros=invalid ( since there is no unknown∈the numerator of thetransfer function)

Table 1: Complex s-plane (plot from Matlab)

(c) Determine the stability of the system. (3 marks)

Since the Graph is on the left half side of the s-plane, therefore the system is stable.

Question 6

Page 6 of 6
Determine the stability of the system by generate a Routh table whose characteristic equation is
given as following:

s3 + s2 +2 s +24=0
(15 marks)
s3 1 2 0
s2 1 24 0
s1 2 ( 1 )−1 ( 24 ) 0 0
=−22
1
s0 24 (−22 )−1 ( 0 ) 0 0
=24
−22

Since there is change of sign in the 1st row of element, the system is unstable.

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