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Iesel Exhaust GAS Aftertreatment

The document discusses different technologies for diesel exhaust aftertreatment including diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs), NOx storage reduction (NSR) catalysts, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). DOCs convert pollutants using platinum but are influenced by temperature. NSR and SCR both aim to reduce NOx, with NSR trapping NOx when lean and releasing it during rich conditions using reductants, while SCR uses ammonia and a catalyst to convert NOx to N2.

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Harsh Shukla
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views

Iesel Exhaust GAS Aftertreatment

The document discusses different technologies for diesel exhaust aftertreatment including diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs), NOx storage reduction (NSR) catalysts, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). DOCs convert pollutants using platinum but are influenced by temperature. NSR and SCR both aim to reduce NOx, with NSR trapping NOx when lean and releasing it during rich conditions using reductants, while SCR uses ammonia and a catalyst to convert NOx to N2.

Uploaded by

Harsh Shukla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIESEL EXHAUST GAS

AFTERTREATMENT
DIESEL CATALYTIC EXHAUST AFTER
TREATMENT

 Diesel catalyst are called doc . They provide low


exhaust gas temperatures
 DOCs are based on a flow through honeycomb
substrate(either metallic or ceramic)
 30-80% conversion of the gaseous hydrocarbon.
 40-90% reduction of carbon monoxide
 Converts sulphar in fuel into so3 and emits
sulphuric acid aerosol.
 Oxidation of SO2:
 SO2 + ½ O2 → SO3
 Sulphate storage:
 SO3 +MO (washcoat metal oxide) → MSO4
OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE RANGE FOR THE
DOC

 Emission control of doc is influenced by the


exhaust gas temperature . The optimum
temperature range for the DOC operation is
observed to be from about 200 to 350 degree
Celsius.
DESIGN OF DOC

 Catalyst volume is equal to the engine swept


volume.
 Ceramic monoliths are used with lower cell
density ,to keep it free of clogging by soot
 Alumina is readily converted to al2(so4)3
,mixture of alumina is used for making washcoat
material.
 Platinum is mainly used in doc with metal
loading upto 2 g/l
 DOCs can operate effectively on fuel with up to
500 ppm sulphar.
NOX REMOVAL DIESEL CATAYLYST
 The diesel engine exhaust has very high amount
of oxygen .
 oxygen-rich combustion environment with high
combustion temperatures results in the
formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust
 Conversion of nox to n2 needs a reducing
atmosphere.
 For reducing nox in oxygen rich environment
,reducing agents are called reductants .
 Reductants can be supplied directly to engine or
added by external sources in the exhaust .
 Mainly used reductants are hydrocarbons or
ammonia
STRATEGY FOR NOX REMOVAL IN OXYGEN
RICH ATMOSPHERE

 lean Nox catalysts or Nox storage –reduction


(NSR)catalysts
 Selective catalytic reduction(SCR)

 Low temperature plasma/catalyst systems are


being developed .
NOX STORAGE REDUCTION (NSR)
CATALYSTS

 The nox storage-reduction catalysts were first


developed for the GDI engines .
 The principle of operation and basic features of
diesel NSR catalysts are same as for the lean
burn SI engine.
 NSR use reductant like HC, CO, or H2 to assist
in the conversion of NOx to molecular nitrogen.
 First step is the conversion of the NO toNO2 on
the catalyst and absorption of nox
 Second step is the release of nox in presence of
reductants to convert it into n2
NOX TRAPPING MECHANISM UNDER LEAN
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EFFECT OF SULPHAR ON NSR CATALYST
 Sulphar forms sulphar dioxide on combustion
,which again oxidise to form so3 over the catalyst
and reacts with rare earth oxides present in
washcoat converted into their sulphates.
 The presence of high amount of sulphar leads to
sulphar poisining similar to mechanism of nox
trapping by the catalyst.
 compounds that are used to store NOx are more
effective at storing sulfur as sulfates, and
therefore NOx adsorbers require ultra low sulfur
diesel fuel
SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SCR)
 The selective catalytic reduction of nox by ammonia
has been used for many decades in diesel engine
power plants and incernators.
 Now scr is used in heavy duty diesel vechicles
 First ammonia is produced by the hydrolysis of the
urea.Ammonia then ,reacts on the scr catalyst with
the nox to convert it into n2.
 SCR system uses a metallic or ceramic wash-coated
catalyzed substrate, or a homogeneously extruded
catalyst, and a chemical reductant to convert nitrogen
oxides to molecular nitrogen and oxygen
 Vanadium and titanium oxide mixture v2o5
+tio2+wo3 coated on ceramic honeycomb subtrate of
200-400 cpsi is used as scr catalyst.
CHEMICAL RECTION INVOLVED IN SCR
 Hydrolysis of urea
 (NH2)2 CO + H2O → CO2 + 2 NH3
 Nox reduction
 4NO + 4 NH3 +O2→ 4 N2 + 6 H2O
 6NO2 + 8 NH3 →7N2 + 12 H2O
CATALYST SYSTEM IN THE SCR SYSTEM
 First is the hydrolysis catalyst that produced the
ammonia gas.
 Second is the scr catalyst

 Third stage is of the oxidation catalyst to oxidise


the ammonia slip.
SCHEMATIC LAYOUT OF THE SCR CATALYST
SYSTEM
ADVATAGES OF NSR SYSTEM
 Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are used as
reducing agents.
 Oxidation of hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide
emissions possible due to the use of specially
coated zeolite catalysts.
DISADVANTAGES OF NSR SYSTEM
 Lower conversion rates only upto 35%
 Higher hydrocarbon emissions are needed in
order to avoid additional Hydrocarbons injection
before catalysts
SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION
 Advantages
 Very high conversion rates upto 90%
 Decades old trusted technology
 Disadvantages
 Costly and large space requirements
 Ammonia is injected as reductant
 Dynamic dosage control of reducing agent is needed
 Extra oxidation catalyst for ammonia slip is needed

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