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Matrix:.
Matrix calculus is a mathematical toll used in connection with linear
equations , linear transformations , systems of differential equations etc.
matrices are important in physics, engineering, statistics etc.
Matrix is an array of numbers. A matrix with m rows and n columns
is order m x n and is shown as follows..

𝑎11 𝑎12 … 𝑎1𝑛

𝑎21 𝑎22
.
[A] = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
.
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 … 𝑎𝑚𝑛
[ ]

1-Matrices addition and Subtraction:.

If two matrices A and B can be added or subtracted if and only if their
dimensions are the same (i.e . both matrices have the same numder of
rows and columns ).
a-Addition:.
If A and B above are matrices of the same type then the sum is found by
adding the corresponding elements aij + bij .
1 2 3 2 1 2
Example 1:. If A = [ ] ,B = [ ] , find A+ B.
1 0 2 1 0 3
1+2 2+1 3+2 3 3 5
Solution:. A+B = [ ] = [ ].
1+1 0+0 2+3 2 0 5
b-Subtraction :.
If A and B above are matrices of the same type then the subtraction is
found by subtracting the corresponding elements aij - bij .
1 2 3 2 1 2
Example 2:. If A = [ ] ,B = [ ] , find A- B.
1 0 2 1 0 3

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1−2 2−1 3−2 −1 1 1

Solution:. A - B = [ ] = [ ].
1−1 0−0 2−3 0 0 −1
−3 0 2 −1 −1 0
Example 3:. If A = [ ] ,B = [ ] and C = [ ]
7 −4 −7 4 −2 −4
,find A- B+C.
−3 − 2 − 1 0+1+0 −6 1
Solution:. A – B+C = [ ]= [ ].
7+7−2 −4−4−4 12 − 12

2- Scalar multiplication:.
We multiply (or divide )each element by the scalar value (a single
number).
3 1 1
Example 4:. If A= [7 −1] , find (3A),( A).
2
2 8
Solution:.
3 1 3𝑥3 3𝑥1 9 3
3A =3 [7 −1] = [3 𝑥 7 3 𝑥 − 1] = [21 −3].
2 8 3𝑥2 3𝑥 8 6 24

3 1
3 1
3 1 2 2
1 1 7 −1 2 2
A = [7 −1] = 2 2
= [7 −1].
2 2
2 8 2 8 2 2
[2 2 ] 1 4

3-Matrix multiplication:.
When the number of columns of the first matrix is the same as the
number of rows in the second matrix then matrix multiplication can
performed. If Aij , Bjk then ( Aij x Bjk = Cik )

-Here is an example of matrix multiplication for two 2x2 matrices.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓 (𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑔) (𝑎𝑓 + 𝑏ℎ)
[ ] [ ]=[ ].
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ (𝑐𝑒 + 𝑑𝑔) (𝑐𝑓 + 𝑑ℎ)

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-Here is an example of matrix multiplication for two 3x3 matrices.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑗 𝑘 𝑙
[𝑑 𝑒 𝑓] [𝑚 𝑛 𝑜] =
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
(𝑎𝑗 + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐𝑝) (𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐𝑞) (𝑎𝑙 + 𝑏𝑜 + 𝑐𝑟)
[(𝑑𝑗 + 𝑒𝑚 + 𝑓𝑝) (𝑑𝑘 + 𝑒𝑛 + 𝑓𝑞) (𝑑𝑙 + 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑓𝑟)].
(𝑔𝑗 + ℎ𝑚 + 𝑖𝑝) (𝑔𝑘 + ℎ𝑛 + 𝑖𝑞) (𝑔𝑙 + ℎ𝑜 + 𝑖𝑟)
2 3 −5 7
Example5:. If A = [ ] ,B = [ ] , Find(A×B).
1 −4 −3 4
2 ∗ −5 + 3 ∗ −3 2∗7 + 3∗4
Solution:. A×B = [ ]
1 ∗ −5 + −4 ∗ −3 1 ∗ 7 + −4 ∗ 4
−19 26
=[ ]
7 −9
1 4 5 2 3 1
Example 6:.If A= [2 1 3] B=[ 4 2 3 ] ,Find(A×B).
1 2 4 1 3 1
Solution:. A×B=
1∗2+4∗4+5∗1 1∗3+4∗2+5∗3 1∗1+4∗3+5∗1
[2∗2+1∗4+3∗1 2∗3+1∗2+3∗3 2 ∗ 1 + 1 ∗ 3 + 3 ∗ 1 ].
1∗2+2∗4+4∗1 1∗3+2∗2+4∗3 1∗1+2∗3+4∗1
23 26 18
=[ 11 17 8 ].
14 19 11

1 −1
1 5 6 7
Example7:. If A= [4 2 ],B=[ ] , Find(A×B).
−2 4 8 − 4
0 3
Solution:.
A×B =
1 ∗ 1 + −1 ∗ −2 1 ∗ 5 + −1 ∗ 4 1 ∗ 6 + −1 ∗ 8 1 ∗ 7 + −1 ∗ − 4
[ 4 ∗ 1 + 2 ∗ −2 4∗5+2∗4 4∗6+2∗8 4 ∗ 7 + 2 ∗ −4 ]
0 ∗ 1 + 3 ∗ −2 0∗5+3∗4 0∗6+3∗8 0 ∗ 7 + 3 ∗ −4
3 1 −2 11
=[ 0 28 40 20]
−6 12 24 − 12

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H.W:- Q 1. The matrices A to K are:

𝟏 𝟐
3 −1 𝟐 𝟑 −1.3 7.4
A= [ ] , B=[−𝟏 −𝟑] , C= [ ]
−4 7 2.5 − 3.9
𝟑 𝟓
𝟏
3 6
4 −7 6 𝟐 3.1 2.4 6.4
−𝟐
D=[−2 4 0], E= 5 𝟑
7 , F= [−1.6 3.8 − 1.9]
5 7 −4 𝟓 5.3 3.4 − 4.8
[−1 0
𝟑 ]
𝟑
4 1 0
−2
G=[𝟒𝟕], H=[ ], J=[−11], K=[0 1].
5
𝟓 7 1 0

Determine:-
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 7 −1 6
𝟐
3 − 𝟏
𝟐 𝟑
1. A+B [ 𝟏 𝟐] 2. D+E 3 3 7
𝟑
−4 6 𝟏
𝟑 𝟓
[4 7 −2 ]
𝟑
𝟏 𝟐
2 −1 4.8 − 7.73
3. A-B [ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
𝟑 ] 4. A+B-C [ ]
−3 7 −6.83 10.3
𝟑 𝟓
4.6 − 5.6 − 12.1
18.0 − 1.0
5. 5A+6B [ ] 6. 2D+3E-4F [ 17.4 − 9.2 28.6 ]
−22.0 31.4
−14.2 0.4 16.2 − 4.8
𝟓 𝟑
−11 1 2
𝟔 𝟓
7. A×H [ ] 8. A×B [ 𝟏 𝟏𝟑]
43 −4 −6
𝟑 𝟏𝟓
135
−6.4 26.1
9. A×C [ ] 10. D×J [−52]
22.7 − 56.9
−85
𝟏
3 𝟔
𝟐
𝟐 55.4 3.4 10.1
11. E×K 12 − 12. D×F [−12.6 10.4 − 20.4]
𝟑
𝟐 −16.9 25.0 37.9
[ 𝟎]
𝟑

13. Show that A×C ≠ C×A

−6.4 26.1 −33.5 − 53.1

{ A×C [ ] , C×A [ ] }
22.7 − 56.9 23.1 − 29.8

1 2 3 2 3 7
Q 2 . Can multiply A= [ ] and B=[ ]
1 2 1 1 2 5
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