V11.

cover

Front cover
Course Exercises Guide
AIX Internals & Performance IV: I/O
Management - Part 2 (Specialized I/O)
Course code AHQV474   ERC 1.1

IBM Systems Software Education

Student Exercises

Trademarks
IBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business
Machines Corp., registered in many jurisdictions worldwide.
The following are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, registered in many
jurisdictions worldwide:
AIX 6™ AIX® DB2®
DS8000® Express® FlashSystem™
GPFS™ IBM FlashSystem® Power Systems™
Power® PowerHA® PowerSC™
PowerVM® POWER6® POWER7+™
POWER7® POWER8® PurePower System™
SystemMirror® Systems Director VMControl™
Intel is a trademark or registered trademark of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United
States and other countries.
Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries, or both.
Java™ and all Java-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of
Oracle and/or its affiliates.
VMware and the VMware "boxes" logo and design, Virtual SMP and VMotion are registered
trademarks or trademarks (the "Marks") of VMware, Inc. in the United States and/or other
jurisdictions.
Other product and service names might be trademarks of IBM or other companies.

May 2013 edition

The information contained in this document has not been submitted to any formal IBM test and is distributed on an “as is” basis without
any warranty either express or implied. The use of this information or the implementation of any of these techniques is a customer
responsibility and depends on the customer’s ability to evaluate and integrate them into the customer’s operational environment. While
each item may have been reviewed by IBM for accuracy in a specific situation, there is no guarantee that the same or similar results will
result elsewhere. Customers attempting to adapt these techniques to their own environments do so at their own risk.

© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2013.

This document may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Note to U.S. Government Users — Documentation related to restricted rights — Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to restrictions
set forth in GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp.
V8.0
Student Exercises

TOC Contents
Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Exercises description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Exercise 1. I/O Internals Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Exercise 2. Possible Disk I/O Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

Exercise 3. Conventional I/O Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

Exercise 4. Specialized I/O Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Contents iii

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without the prior written permission of IBM.
Student Exercises

iv AIX I/O Internals Part 2 © Copyright IBM Corp. 2013

Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part
without the prior written permission of IBM.
V8.0
Student Exercises

TMK Trademarks
The reader should recognize that the following terms, which appear in the content of this
training document, are official trademarks of IBM or other companies:
IBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International
Business Machines Corp., registered in many jurisdictions worldwide.
The following are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, registered in
many jurisdictions worldwide:
Active Memory™ AIX 6™ AIX®
BladeCenter® DS4000® DS6000™
DS8000® Enterprise Storage Server® POWER Hypervisor™
Power Systems™ Power® PowerVM®
POWER6® POWER7® Storwize®
System Storage®
UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other
countries.
Other product and service names might be trademarks of IBM or other companies.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Trademarks v

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without the prior written permission of IBM.
Student Exercises

vi AIX I/O Internals Part 2 © Copyright IBM Corp. 2013

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V8.0
Student Exercises

pref Exercises description

In the exercise instructions you will see each step prefixed by a line.
You may wish to check off each step as you complete it to keep track
of your progress.
Most exercises include required sections which should always be
completed. These may be required before performing later exercises.
Some exercises may also include optional sections that you may wish
to perform if you have sufficient time and want an additional challenge.
This course includes two versions of the course exercises, “with hints”
and “without hints”.
The standard “Exercise instructions” section provides high-level
instructions for the tasks you should perform. You need to apply the
knowledge you gained in the unit presentation to perform the exercise.
The “Exercise instructions with hints” provide more detailed
instructions and hints to help you perform the exercise steps.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercises description vii

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Student Exercises

Text highlighting
The following text highlighting conventions are used throughout this book:
Bold Identifies file names, file paths, directories, user names,
principals, menu paths and menu selections. Also identifies
graphical objects such as buttons, labels and icons that the
user selects.
Italics Identifies links to web sites, publication titles, is used where the
word or phrase is meant to stand out from the surrounding text,
and identifies parameters whose actual names or values are to
be supplied by the user.
Monospace Identifies attributes, variables, file listings, SMIT menus, code
examples and command output that you would see displayed
on a terminal, and messages from the system.
Monospace bold Identifies commands, subroutines, daemons, and text the user
would type.

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V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty Exercise 1. I/O Internals Framework

What this exercise is about

This exercise covers accessing the remote lab environment used in
this course and it provides you with experience displaying various
items of AIX configuration information.

What you should be able to do

At the end of the exercise, you should be able to:
• Verify that your remote lab environment is accessible
• Display information about the kernel on your system
• Display and examine information regarding hypervisor calls
• Understand how trace can be used to view kernel I/O activity

Requirements
In the normal lab environment for this class, each lab team will be
assigned a logical partition (LPAR) on a managed system. The
assigned logical partition should be running AIX 7.1 and should
normally be on a POWER6 or POWER7 processor-based system.
You will not be sitting directly in front of your lab system. Instead, you
will be using your personal PC to connect to your lab system.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 1. I/O Internals Framework 1-1

Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part
without the prior written permission of IBM.
Student Exercises

Exercise instructions

Preface
This exercise includes information for you to read, and exercise steps for you to
perform. The following examples illustrate the numbered checklist format used to
identify exercise steps:
__ 1. (This is example step one.) Login to ...
__ 2. (This is example step two.) Execute the following ...
Two versions of these instructions are available: one with hints and one without. You
can use either version to complete this exercise (or flip back and forth between the two
versions). In other words, use these two versions of the exercise in whatever way best
aids your learning. Also, please do not hesitate to ask the instructor if you have
questions.

1-2 AIX I/O Internals Part 2 © Copyright IBM Corp. 2013

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without the prior written permission of IBM.
V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty Part 1 - Displaying kernel-related information

__ 1. Log on to your assigned AIX system as root.
__ 2. Use the ls command to verify that /unix is a symbolic link that points to the kernel
image file /usr/lib/boot/unix_64 on your lab system.
__ 3. AIX 7 provides and supports only a 64-bit kernel. Use the -k flag of the prtconf
command to verify that a 64-bit kernel is currently in use on your lab system.
__ 4. AIX 7 runs only on 64-bit hardware. Use the -c flag of the prtconf command to
confirm that the CPU hardware type of your lab system is 64-bit.
__ 5. The following command can be used to display information about files used in
building the /unix kernel nucleus:
# what /unix
JFS2 source files are located under the bos/kernel/j2 subdirectory. Thus, evidence
that JFS2 is integrated into the /unix kernel nucleus (rather than being implemented
as a separately loaded kernel extension) can be observed by running the following
command:
# what /unix | grep bos/kernel/j2
Does the output of this command indicate that JFS2 source files are used in building
the /unix kernel nucleus?

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 1. I/O Internals Framework 1-3

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without the prior written permission of IBM.
Student Exercises

Part 2 - Obtaining hypervisor-related information

__ 6. The lparstat command reports LPAR-related information and statistics. When the
lparstat command is invoked with the -h flag (and no other flags or other
parameters), the resulting output will show the percentage of processing time spent
in hypervisor mode (in the %hypv column) and the number of hypervisor calls (in the
hcalls column) since the last time the partition was booted (as well as partition
configuration information and other utilization statistics). Enter the lparstat
command with the -h flag (and no other parameters) to obtain this summary of
hypervisor call activity for your system.
__ 7. Use the output you just obtained to answer the following questions:
• How many hypervisor calls have been made since your partition was booted?
• What percentage of processing time has been spent in hypervisor mode since
your system was booted?
__ 8. When the lparstat command is invoked with the -H flag (and no other flags or
other parameters), the resulting output will show detailed information regarding
hypervisor calls since the last time the partition was booted. The following
information will be displayed for each of the hypervisor calls:
• Number of calls: The number of hypervisor calls of this type made
• %Total Time Spent: Percentage of total time spent in this type of call
• %Hypervisor Time Spent: Percentage of hypervisor time spent in this type of call
• Average Call Time: Average call time for this type of call in nanoseconds
• Maximum Call Time: Maximum call time for this type of call in nanoseconds
Enter the lparstat command with the -H flag (and no other parameters) to obtain
detailed hypervisor call information for your system.
__ 9. Use the output you just obtained to answer the following questions:
• How many enter hypervisor calls (used to add entries into the partition page
frame table maintained by the hypervisor) have been made in your partition since
your partition was booted?
• What has been the average call time in nanoseconds for enter hypervisor calls
since your system was booted?

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V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty Part 3 - Using the trace facility to examine I/O activity

In this section of the exercise, you will be using the trace facility to identify and
examine the basic kernel functions to support I/O operations.
__ 10. Change directory to /home/QV474/ex1.
__ 11. In this step of the exercise you will collect some trace events when running the
trcprog program. Enter the following command:
# trace -J syscall,jfs2,vnops,filepvld,vmm -x ./trcprog
__ 12. Format and save the trace report using the following command:
# trcrpt -O exec=on,pid=on,svc=on,timestamp=1 > iotracereport
__ 13. In the next steps of this exercises you will be examining the trace report of the
trcprog program that was generated in the previous step.
There are several ways to filter the trace events to get the information you want to
find. Filtering can be performed on the raw data contained in the log file or by using
filter commands (such as awk, cut, grep, head, sed, etc.). As in this case where the
trace report is not big, we recommend a simple visual search by using the more or
pg commands, or an editor such as vi or view.
__ a. The trcprog program opens the /unix file. How many microseconds did the
open operation take? _________________
__ b. What is the file descriptor (fd) value (integer) returned by the open operation to
the trcprog application program that corresponds to the /unix file? __________
__ c. How many times did the trcprog application read data from the /unix file?
__________________
Remember the format of the read subroutine is as follows:
read (FileDescriptor, Buffer, NumberBytes)
__ d. Did the trcprog program create any files? ______________
__ e. How many times was a write operation performed to the file_just_created file?
________
How many bytes were written each time? _________
Remember the format of the write subroutine:
write (FileDescriptor, Buffer, NumberBytes)

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 1. I/O Internals Framework 1-5

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without the prior written permission of IBM.
Student Exercises

__ 14. Examine the following extract from a trace report:

101 trcprog 5832820 kwrite 0.008628 kwrite LR = D01
20104
19C trcprog 5832820 kwrite 0.008628 write(4
,000000002FF21CBC,400)
19C trcprog 5832820 kwrite 0.008629 vnop_rd
wr_write(vp = F1000A06019F0420, offset = 0000000000000000, length = 0400, flags
= 0002, ...) = ...
59B trcprog 5832820 kwrite 0.008631 JFS2 IO
write: vp = F1000A06019F0420, sid = 8403D0, offset = 0000000000000000, length =
0400
4C3 trcprog 5832820 kwrite 0.008646 VMM WRI
TE: sid=8403D0 src=FFFFF1000FF21CBC dest=FFFFF00000000000 bytes=0400 basecopy_fl
ags=0008
19C trcprog 5832820 kwrite 0.008661 vnop_rd
wr_write(vp = F1000A06019F0420, ext = 0000, ...) = 0000, 0400 bytes moved
104 trcprog 5832820 kwrite 0.008661 return from kwr
ite [33 usec]
In the table below, indicate which kernel I/O layer each event ID belongs to.
System Call Virtual File
File System
Hook Id Interface System VMM Layer
Layer
Layer Layer

101

19C

59B

4C3

104

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Student Exercises

EXempty __ 15. Examine the following extract from a trace report:

. . . < some output deleted >. . .
106 getty 4325544 0.029628 dispatch: cmd=getty pid=4325544 tid=87818
45 priority=60 old_tid=131077 old_priority=255 CPUID=0 [91 usec]
200 getty 4325544 0.029630 resume getty iar=DBFD8 cpuid=00
460 getty 4325544 0.029631 e_assert_wait: tid=8781845 anchor=F1000A0
0104E18C0 flag=1 lr=14F54
462 getty 4325544 0.029634 e_block_thread: tid=8781845 anchor=F1000A
00104E18C0 t_flags=0000 lr=14F54
4B0 getty 4325544 0.029635 undispatch: old_tid=8781845 CPUID=0
10C wait 131076 0.029636 dispatch: idle process pid=131076 tid=13
1077 priority=255 old_tid=8781845 old_priority=60 CPUID=0
200 wait 131076 0.029637 resume wait iar=92880 cpuid=00
492 wait 131076 0.029638 h_call: start H_CEDE iar=20005 p1=172190164
D6383 p2=0000 p3=0000
234 wait 131076 0.039510 clock: iar=0000000000092880 lr=0000000000
074DCC [9937 usec]
100 wait 131076 0.039511 DECREMENTER INTERRUPT iar=92880 cpu
id=00
100 wait 131076 0.039511 PROCESSING DEFERRED INTERRUPT i_sof
tpri=0400 previous intpri=0B cpuid=00
200 wait 131076 0.039517 resume wait iar=92880 cpuid=00
. . . < some output deleted >. . .
In the table below, indicate which kernel area each event ID belongs to
Hypervisor
Thread Event FLIH and
Hook Id Call
Dispatching Management Clock
Interface

106

200

460

462

4B0

10C

492

234

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 1. I/O Internals Framework 1-7

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Student Exercises

Hypervisor
Thread Event FLIH and
Hook Id Call
Dispatching Management Clock
Interface

100

__ 16. Let your instructor know that you have completed the exercise.

End of exercise

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V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty Exercise 2. Possible Disk I/O Configurations

What this exercise is about

This exercise contains activities in which you will display and examine
information regarding disk resources and device drivers for storage
subsystems.

What you should be able to do

At the end of the exercise, you should be able to:
• Obtain information regarding system resources
• Obtain information about MPIO modules
• Obtain information about storage families and the driver that
manages each family

Requirements
In the normal lab environment for this class, each lab team will be
assigned a logical partition (LPAR) on a managed system. The
assigned logical partition should be running AIX 7.1 and should
normally be on a POWER6 or POWER7 processor-based system.
You will not be sitting directly in front of your lab system. Instead, you
will be using your personal PC to connect to your lab system.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 2. Possible Disk I/O Configurations 2-1
Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part
without the prior written permission of IBM.
Student Exercises

Exercise instructions

Preface
This exercise includes information for you to read, and exercise steps for you to
perform. The following examples illustrate the numbered checklist format used to
identify exercise steps:
__ 1. (This is example step one.) Login to ...
__ 2. (This is example step two.) Execute the following ...
Two versions of these instructions are available: one with hints and one without. You
can use either version to complete this exercise (or flip back and forth between the two
versions). In other words, use these two versions of the exercise in whatever way best
aids your learning. Also, please do not hesitate to ask the instructor if you have
questions.

2-2 AIX I/O Internals Part 2 © Copyright IBM Corp. 2013

Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part
without the prior written permission of IBM.
V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty Section 1 - Obtaining information regarding system resources

__ 1. Log on to your assigned AIX system as root.
__ 2. The lparstat command reports logical partition (LPAR) related information and
statistics. Run the lparstat command using the -i option to list details on the
LPAR configuration.
Is your system running on a logical partition or it is running on a standalone servers?
_________________________________
Is your logical partition a dedicated processor partition or a shared processor
partition?
_________________________________
How much memory is currently available in your system?
_________________________________
__ 3. The lsdev command displays information about devices in the system and their
characteristics.You can list the disk resources for your partition using the command
lsdev -Cc disk.
Use the lsdev command to list the disk resources for your partition.
How many disks are listed in the output of lsdev -Cc disk on your system?
_____________________________________
Are the disks in you system virtual disks?
_____________________________________
__ 4. Use the lsdev -Cc adapter command to display the available adapters on your
system. What is the name of the adapter where your virtual disks are connected?
_________________________________
__ 5. The lspv command displays volume information. If the lspv command is entered
with no flags or parameters, the resulting output will list every known volume (disk)
in the system along with its disk name, the physical volume identifier (PVID) if it can
be determined, and the volume group (if any) to which the volume belongs.
How many physical volumes are listed in the output of lspv on your system?
_____________________________
How many of the physical volumes listed currently belong to a volume group?
_________

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 2. Possible Disk I/O Configurations 2-3
Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part
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Student Exercises

Section 2 - Obtaining kernel extension-related information

__ 6. Make sure you are still logged as root.
__ 7. The genkex command can be used to display a list of kernel extensions currently
loaded onto your system and the address, size, and path name for each extension
listed.
Enter the genkex command with no parameters.
__ 8. Examine the output of the genkex command. For kernel extensions loaded onto the
system, the kernel maintains a linked list consisting of data structures called loader
entries. A loader entry contains the name of the extension, its starting address, and
its size. Observe the name of the file of each kernel extension. It is in fact a full path
name from where the system loads the extensions.
Use the file command to examine the aio kernel extension. Is it a 32-bit or 64-bit
executable?
__________________________________
__ 9. If you want to obtain additional information about a kernel extension listed by the
genkex command, use the following sequence:
__ a. Obtain the fileset name that owns the kernel extension aio.ext by using the
lslpp command with the -w flag.
_______________________________
__ b. Display the name and the fileset description by using the lslpp command with
the -L flag.
_______________________________
__ 10. The kdb subcommand lke can also be used to list the loaded kernel extensions.
When invoked with no arguments, the lke subcommand shows a one line summary
of each loader_entry structure in the kernel load list. Enter the lke subcommand at
the kdb prompt and examine the output of this subcommand. Remember that kdb
has a built-in pager; press the <Enter> key to obtain a new page of output.
Note: When kdb starts, it provides an initial display that includes address
information for some key symbols and then provides a prompt. The initial kdb
prompt on your lab system should be (0)>. Various kdb subcommands can be
entered at the kdb prompt.
__ 11. Use the q subcommand of kdb to quit (exit) from kdb.

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V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty Section 3 - Obtaining information about MPIO modules

The Multiple Path I/O (MPIO) feature can be used to define alternate paths to a
device for failover purposes and it is installed and configured as part of BOS
installation. MPIO helps provide increased availability of virtual SCSI resources by
allowing for the configuration of redundant paths to the resource.
In order to provide MPIO to AIX client logical partitions, you must have two Virtual
I/O Server logical partitions configured on your system. This procedure assumes
that the disks are already allocated to both the Virtual I/O Server logical partitions
involved in this configuration.
__ 12. Make sure you are still logged as root.
__ 13. The command lspath displays information about paths to an MPIO capable device.
The lspath -H -l <hdisk#> command displays the status of all possible paths to
a particular disk on your system. How many paths are currently operational on
hdisk0?
__ 14. The devices.common.IBM.mpio.rte fileset contains the default MPIO path control
module (PCM). Use the lslpp command to verify if it is installed on you system.
__ 15. The devices.common.IBM.mpio.rte fileset contains the aixdiskpcmke kernel
extension. Is this kernel extension loaded on your system? The genkex program can
be used to display a list of extensions currently loaded into the kernel on your
system.
__ 16. The kdb subcommand lke can also be used to list the loaded kernel extensions.
When invoked with no arguments, the lke subcommand shows a one line summary
of each loader_entry structure in the kernel load list.
Enter the lke subcommand to verify the aixdiskpcmke kernel extension entry.
Note: kdb allows output redirection of subcommands via the operators "|", ">" and
">>". The "|" symbol pipes all output of the command before the symbol, to the
input of the command after the symbol. The ">" operator writes the output of the
command preceding the operator to the file name following the operator; any
existing file is overwritten. The ">>" operator appends the output of the command
preceding the operator to the file name following the operator. This means the
output from kdb commands can be piped to grep to search for a specified pattern.
At which kernel address has the aixdiskpcmke kernel extension been loaded?
______________________________________
__ 17. Use the q subcommand of kdb to quit (exit) from kdb.
Note: You can also enter e at the kdb prompt to terminate a kdb session and return
to the shell prompt. Recall that many kdb subcommands have aliases and that e is
an alias for q.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 2. Possible Disk I/O Configurations 2-5
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without the prior written permission of IBM.
Student Exercises

Section 4 - Obtaining information about storage families and the driver

that manages each family
The manage_disk_drivers command shows information about storage families and the
driver that manages each family. It is also used to change the driver for a storage family.
Each driver has its own characteristics, and a system may have additional drivers
installed besides the ones provided by the base AIX operating system.
The output of manage_disk_drivers has 3 columns of output:
• The first column shows the name of the storage system
• The second indicates the current MPIO driver in use
• The third indicates all supported MPIO drivers for the storage system (a comma
separated list)
__ 18. Make sure you are still logged as root.
__ 19. Use the manage_disk_drivers -l command to list all the storage families and their
supported drivers.
__ 20. Are models of the IBM TotalStorage DS4000 Midrange Disk System supported with
the currently installed drivers?
_____________________________________
__ 21. Go to the Support Matrix for Subsystem Device Driver, Subsystem Device Driver
Path Control Module, and Subsystem Device Driver Device Specific Module page at
http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S7001350. This page is the
entry point for the device drivers’ interoperability matrixes of the following modules
and storage subsystems:
- Subsystem Device Driver Path Control Module (SDDPCM)
- Subsystem Device Driver Device Specific Module (SDDDSM) for ESS
- DS8000
- DS6000
- DS5000
- DS4000
- DS5020
- DS3950
- SVC
- IBM Storwize V7000
- IBM BladeCenter S SAS RAID Controller Module (RSSM)
Click the Support Matrix for AIX SDD link and explore what information is
available.
__ 22. Let your instructor know that you have completed the exercise.

End of exercise

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Student Exercises

EXempty Exercise 3. Conventional I/O Operations

What this exercise is about

This exercise contains activities that will have you examine
conventional I/O read and write operations using the trace facility.

What you should be able to do

At the end of the exercise, you should be able to:
• Examine trace data to analyze conventional read and write I/O
operations

Requirements
In the normal lab environment for this class, each lab team will be
assigned a logical partition (LPAR) on a managed system. The
assigned logical partition should be running AIX 7.1 and should
normally be on a POWER6 or POWER7 processor-based system.
You will not be sitting directly in front of your lab system. Instead, you
will be using your personal PC to connect to your lab system.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 3. Conventional I/O Operations 3-1

Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part
without the prior written permission of IBM.
Student Exercises

Exercise instructions

Preface
This exercise includes information for you to read, and exercise steps for you to
perform. The following examples illustrate the numbered checklist format used to
identify exercise steps:
__ 1. (This is example step one.) Login to ...
__ 2. (This is example step two.) Execute the following ...
Two versions of these instructions are available: one with hints and one without. You
can use either version to complete this exercise (or flip back and forth between the two
versions). In other words, use these two versions of the exercise in whatever way best
aids your learning. Also, please do not hesitate to ask the instructor if you have
questions.

3-2 AIX I/O Internals Part 2 © Copyright IBM Corp. 2013

Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part
without the prior written permission of IBM.
V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty Part 1 - Setting the exercise environment

__ 1. Log on to your assigned AIX system as root, and change directory to
/home/QV474/ex3.
__ 2. Use the lspv command to list the physical volumes (disks) in your system, along
with information about any volume group to which the physical volume belongs.
In the normal lab environment for this class you should have three disks in your
partition. The physical volume hdisk0 should be used for the rootvg volume group,
and hdisk1 and hdisk2 should not be part of any volume group. Let your instructor
know if this is not the case on your system.
__ 3. Use the mkvg command to create the ex3vg volume group, specifying hdisk1 and
hdisk2 as the physical volumes.
__ 4. Use the following mklv command to create a new logical volume in the ex3vg
volume group:
# mklv -y fslv00 -t jfs2 -e x ex3vg 10
__ 5. Use the following crfs command to create a new JFS2 file system called /ex3fs in
the fslv00 logical volume you just created:
# crfs -v jfs2 -d fslv00 -m /ex3fs
__ 6. Mount the newly created /ex3fs file system.
__ 7. Use the following crfs command to create a new JFS2 file system called /data in
the ex3vg volume group:
# crfs -v jfs2 -g ex3vg -m /data -a size=2G
__ 8. Mount the newly created /data file system.
__ 9. Populate the /ex3fs file system by running the following command:
# /home/QV474/ex3/setup.sh
__ 10. Run the following command to change the default settings of the trace facility:
# trcctl -L 200M -T 10M -o /data/trcdata

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 3. Conventional I/O Operations 3-3

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Student Exercises

Part 2 - Examining I/O operations for app1

__ 11. Run the following command sequence to collect trace data while running the app1
program:
# trace -a ; ./app1 ; trcstop
__ 12. Create a trace report from the collected raw trace data using the following
command:
# trcrpt -O exec=on,tid=on,timestamp=1 -o /data/app1.rpt
__ 13. Change directory to /data.
Use the report information in the app1.rpt report file to answer the following
sequence of questions. For some questions it might be best to use grep to search
the report file for the desired information. For other questions, it might be best to use
an editor such as vi to browse and search the contents of the report. Before using
vi to view the contents of a trace report, if possible you should make the terminal
window as wide as possible. This will make it easier to read the data in the report.
__ 14. How many kopen system calls were made by the app1 program? ____________
__ 15. What is the name of the file that was opened by the app1 program? ____________
__ 16. Which file descriptor number was used to reference the file opened by the app1
program? _______________
__ 17. How many kread system calls were made by the app1 program to read the contents
of the file that was opened? _______________
__ 18. What was the read request size used with the first kread system call? ___________
__ 19. For the first kread system call, was the data requested obtained from the file system
cache? ____________
__ 20. For the first kread system call, how many bytes were actually read? ____________
__ 21. How many kwrite system calls were made by the app1 program to write information
to the file that was opened? _______________
__ 22. What was the write request size used with the first kwrite system call? ___________

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EXempty Part 3 - Cleanup

__ 23. Change directory to /home.
__ 24. Unmount the /data file system.
__ 25. Unmount the /ex3fs file system.
__ 26. Remove the ex3vg volume group and all logical volumes it contains using the
following command:
# reducevg -f -d ex3vg hdisk1 hdisk2
__ 27. Let your instructor know that you have completed the exercise.

End of exercise

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 3. Conventional I/O Operations 3-5

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Student Exercises

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Student Exercises

EXempty Exercise 4. Specialized I/O Operations

What this exercise is about

This exercise contains activities in which you will examine and
compare DIO activities, and monitor AIO usage on JFS2 both with and
without CIO.

What you should be able to do

At the end of the exercise, you should be able to:
• Compare performance of conventional I/O and direct I/O
• Examine filemon reports to analyze direct I/O operations
• Examine trace reports to analyze successful and demoted direct
I/O operations
• Show the initial AIO tunable values
• Monitor AIO server activity
• Compare AIO operations on JFS2 with and without CIO

Requirements
In the normal lab environment for this class, each lab team will be
assigned a logical partition (LPAR) on a managed system. The
assigned logical partition should be running AIX 7.1 and should
normally be on a POWER6 or POWER7 processor-based system.
You will not be sitting directly in front of your lab system. Instead, you
will be using your personal PC to connect to your lab system.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 4. Specialized I/O Operations 4-1

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Student Exercises

Exercise instructions

Preface
This exercise includes information for you to read, and exercise steps for you to
perform. The following examples illustrate the numbered checklist format used to
identify exercise steps:
__ 1. (This is example step one.) Login to ...
__ 2. (This is example step two.) Execute the following ...
Two versions of these instructions are available: one with hints and one without. You
can use either version to complete this exercise (or flip back and forth between the two
versions). In other words, use these two versions of the exercise in whatever way best
aids your learning. Also, please do not hesitate to ask the instructor if you have
questions.

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V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty Part 1 - Setting the exercise environment

__ 1. Log on to your assigned AIX system as root, and change directory to
/home/QV474/ex4.
__ 2. Use the lspv command to list every known volume (disk) in your system along with
the name of the volume group to which the volume belongs.
In the normal lab environment for this class, hdisk2 should be available, and not
assigned to any volume group. Let your instructor know if hdisk2 is not available.
__ 3. Use the mkvg command to create the ex4vg volume group specifying hdisk2 as a
physical volume.
__ 4. Use the crfs command to create a new JFS2 file system of 1 GB in the ex4vg
volume group. Specify /convio as the mount point.
__ 5. Use the crfs command to create a new JFS2 file system of 1 GB in the ex4vg
volume group. This time specify /dio as the mount point.
__ 6. Use the crfs command to create a new JFS2 file system of 1 GB in the ex4vg
volume group. This time specify /aio as the mount point.
__ 7. Mount the /convio and /aio file systems. Use the default options.
__ 8. Mount the /dio file system with the -o dio option. In this case, all the files in the /dio
directory will be accessed using direct I/O.
__ 9. Check if the /convio, /aio, and /dio file systems are mounted correctly.
__ 10. In this step you will run the writefile program in two windows at the same time,
and measure the results. The writefile program creates a sequential file with a
block size of 4096 bytes. In one window you will create a file using conventional I/O,
and in the other one using direct I/O.
__ a. Open a second window to your system, login as the root user and change
directory to /home/QV474/ex4.
__ b. In this second window, type the following command, but do not hit return to run
it yet.
# time ./writefile 10000 /dio/file
__ c. In the first window, type the following command, but do not hit return to run it
yet.
# time ./writefile 10000 /convio/file
__ d. Now that these commands are set up, hit return on both windows, wait for the
results, and then fill in the table with the time command statistics.

Time command Conventional I/O (first Direct I/O (second

statistics window) window)
real

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Student Exercises

Time command Conventional I/O (first Direct I/O (second

statistics window) window)
user
sys

__ 11. What is happening with the direct I/O test to make it so slow?
________________________________________________________________

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V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty Part 2 - Examining successful DIO and demoted DIO scenarios

__ 12. In this section of the exercise, you will examine the performance of direct I/O for two
different scenarios, successful and demoted direct I/O.
Make sure you still have two windows logged in as root in the /home/QV474/ex4
directory.
__ 13. Duplicate the file previously created in Step b on page 4-3. Use the following
command:
# cp /dio/file /dio/filecopy
__ 14. In this step you will run the dd command to read (using DIO) in two windows at the
same time, one with successful direct I/O, and the second one with demoted direct
I/O. Notice the block sizes on the demoted DIO command.
__ a. In the first window, type the following command, but do not hit return to run it
yet.
# time dd if=/dio/file of=/dev/null ibs=4096
__ b. In the second window, type the following command, but do not hit return to run
it yet.
# time dd if=/dio/filecopy of=/dev/null ibs=4095
__ c. Now that these commands are set up, hit return on both windows, wait for the
results, and then fill in the table with the time command statistics.

Time command Successful Direct I/O Demoted Direct I/O

statistics (first window) (second window)
real
user
sys

__ 15. What is happening with the direct I/O tests (DIO and demoted DIO)?
________________________________________________________________

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 4. Specialized I/O Operations 4-5

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Student Exercises

Part 3 - Using filemon reports to examine direct I/O writes

__ 16. In this section of the exercise, you will examine reports generated by the filemon
command to analyze successful and demoted direct I/O writes.
If you are not already logged in, login to your assigned system as the root user and
change directory to /home/QV474/ex4.
__ 17. Run the following command to generate a filemon output to report the I/O activity
on successful write operations.
# filemon -O all,detailed -o filemon1.out; dd if=/dio/file \
of=/dio/file1 ibs=1024k obs=256k count=10; trcstop
__ 18. Use the filemon1.out report generated in the previous step to answer the following
questions.
__ a. Most active file being written: ______________________
__ b. Number of reads from this file: _____________________
__ c. Number of writes to this file: ______________________
__ d. The I/O was supposed to be DIO. Were there any demoted DIOs? _________
__ e. What was the most active logical volume? ______________________
__ f. What was the most active logical volume being written? _________________
__ g. What was the most active physical volume? ____________________
__ h. What was the utilization of the most active physical volume? _________
__ i. For the most active file being written, answer the following questions:
Note: Examine the Detailed File Stats section of the filemon output.
a. How many total bytes were transferred? ________________________
b. What was the write size, and was it consistent? ____________________
c. What was the average write time? __________________________
__ 19. Run the following command to generate another filemon output to report the I/O
activity on demoted DIO write operations. Notice the output block size of the dd
command (obs=255k.).
# filemon -O all,detailed -o filemon2.out; dd if=/dio/file \
of=/dio/file2 ibs=1024k obs=255k count=10; trcstop
__ 20. Use the filemon2.out report generated in the previous step to answer the following
questions.
__ a. Most active file being written: ______________________
__ b. Number of reads from this file: ___________
__ c. Number of writes to this file: ___________

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V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty __ d. The I/O was supposed to be DIO. Were there any demoted DIOs? ________
__ e. What was the most active logical volume? __________________________
__ f. What was the most active logical volume being written? _______________
__ g. What was the most active physical volume? ______________________
__ h. What was the utilization of the most active physical volume?_______________
__ i. For the most active file being written, answer the following questions:
Note: Examine the Detailed File Stats session of the filemon output.
a. How many total bytes were transferred? ________________________
b. What was the write size, and was it consistent? ____________________
c. What was the average write time? __________________________
__ 21. Using the answers from the filemon outputs in the previous steps, fill in the table
below.
filemon1.out filemon2.out
Most active file being written
#wrs
Demoted DIOs?
Most active segment (VSID)
#wpgs
Most active logical volume
util
Most active physical volume
util
Most active file being written
total bytes xfrd
write size (avg)
write msec (avg)

What can you summarize about the differences in the two runs?
________________________________________________

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 4. Specialized I/O Operations 4-7

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Student Exercises

Part 4 - Using a trace report to examine successful direct I/O writes

__ 22. In this section of the exercise, you will examine trace information to analyze
successful direct I/O writes.
If you are not already logged in, login to your assigned system as the root user and
change directory to /home/QV474/ex4.
__ 23. Run the following command to generate a trace output to examine successful DIO
writes.
# trace -J syscall,jfs2,vnops,filepvld,vmm -x "./dio_w -w 1024000 -b 4096 -f \
/dio/file3"; trcrpt -O exec=on,pid=on,svc=on,timestamp=1 -o trace3.out
__ 24. Explore the trace3.out report generated in the previous step.
__ 25. Use the trace3.out report to answer the following questions.
__ a. What was the command name and PID of the process being executed?
Note: The trace hook ID for the exec system call is 134.
Command name: _____________________
PID: _____________________
__ b. How many read system calls the command issued? _______________
Note: The trace hook ID for the system call entry is 101.
# grep "^101" trace3.out | grep read | wc -l
__ c. How many write system calls did the command issue? _____________
# grep "^101" trace3.out | grep write | wc -l
__ d. The dio_w command uses the file descriptor 3 (returned by the open system call)
to write the file blocks. How many write system calls did the dio_w command
issue to file descriptor 3? ___________
Note: The system call syntax is write (FileDescriptor, Buffer, NBytes).
The write system call writes NBytes bytes from the buffer pointed to by Buffer to
the file referred by FileDescriptor. The FileDescriptor number used to write
into file3 is 3.
__ e. What request size was used? ________________
__ f. What was the timestamp for the first write to the file represented by the file
descriptor 3? _____________________________
__ g. Edit the trace3.out file using vi, and move to the line that has the timestamp
obtained in the previous step. Then, looking at the JFS2 IO write [...] line
(hook ID 59B), what are the offset, length, and SID (segment ID) values?
Offset: ______________
Length: ______________

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Student Exercises

EXempty SID (segment ID): ______________

__ h. Looking in the trace using the SID from the last step, can you confirm that no
DIOs were demoted for the application’s writes? ___________________

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 4. Specialized I/O Operations 4-9

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Student Exercises

Part 5 - Using a trace report to examine demoted direct I/O writes

__ 26. In this section of the exercise, you will examine trace information to analyze
demoted direct I/O writes.
If you are not already logged in, login to your assigned system as the root user and
make sure you are in the /home/QV474/ex4 directory.
__ 27. Run the following command to generate a trace output to examine successful DIO
writes.
# trace -J syscall,jfs2,vnops,filepvld,vmm -x "./dio_w -w 1024000 -b 2048 -f \
/dio/file4"; trcrpt -O exec=on,pid=on,svc=on,timestamp=1 -o trace4.out
__ 28. Explore the trace4.out report generated in the previous step.
__ 29. Use the trace4.out report to answer the following questions.
__ a. What was the command name and PID of the process being executed?
Note: The trace hook ID for the exec system call is 134.
Command name: _____________________
PID: _____________________
__ b. The dio_w command uses the file descriptor 3 (returned by the open system call)
to write the file blocks. How many write system calls did the dio_w command
issue to file descriptor 3? _____________
Note: The system call syntax is write (FileDescriptor, Buffer, NBytes).
__ c. What was the request size used? ____________________
__ d. Why were the DIOs demoted? _____________________
__ e. What is the timestamp for the first write to the file represented by the file
descriptor 3? ________________
__ f. Edit the trace4.out file using vi, and move to the line that has the timestamp
obtained in the previous step. Then, looking at the JFS2 IO write [...] line
(hook ID 59B), what are the offset, length, and SID (segment ID) values?
Offset: _________________
Length: ______________
SID (segment ID): ______________
__ g. Looking in the trace using the SID from the last step, can you confirm that DIOs
were demoted for the application’s writes? ___________________
__ h. In order to confirm that all DIO operations were demoted you would need to
analyze the trace sequence for all of the writes. How many demoted writes do
you see in the trace? _______________

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Student Exercises

EXempty Part 6 - Examining the Asynchronous I/O configuration

__ 30. In this section of the exercise you will examine the AIO subsystem and tunable
parameters. The exercise assumes you are using Legacy AIO. The answers would
be similar if you were using POSIX AIO except the ioo parameters will have
“posix_” prepended to the name.
__ 31. If you are not already logged in, login to your assigned system as the root user and
change directory to /home/QV474/ex4.
__ 32. Is the AIO subsystem enabled? ______________
__ 33. Are there any AIO servers active? ______________
__ 34. Has any AIO server been created since the system booted? ______________
__ 35. Write down the current values for the following ioo tunables:
__ a. aio_minservers: ________________
__ b. aio_maxservers: ________________
__ c. aio_maxreqs: ________________
__ d. aio_server_inactivity: ____________
__ e. aio_active: _____________

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 4. Specialized I/O Operations 4-11

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Student Exercises

Part 7 - Starting the Asynchronous I/O servers

__ 36. If you are not already logged in, login to your assigned system as the root user and
change directory to /home/QV474/ex4.
__ 37. Check if the /aio file system is currently mounted. If not, then mount it.
__ 38. Create a file called bigfile of size 127 MB in the /aio file system.
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/aio/bigfile bs=1m count=127
127+0 records in.
127+0 records out.
# ls -l /aio
total 260096
-rw-r--r-- 1 root system 133169152 Apr 11 15:11 bigfile
__ 39. In this step you will run the ndiskaio program in one window, and the iostat
command in another one to monitor I/O statistics.
__ a. In the first window, type the following command, but do not hit return to run it
yet.
# iostat -AQ 5
__ b. In the second window, type the following command, but do not hit return to run
it yet.
# ./ndiskaio -A -f /aio/bigfile -S -r75 -b4096 -t20 -M20 -X60
The ndiskaio flags and values are:
A: Asynchronous test
f <file>: The file or raw logical volume to use
S: Sequential access
r75: 75% reads
b4096: Block size 4096 bytes
t20: Run for 20 seconds
M20: Create 20 processes
X60: Use a maximum of 60 AIO servers
__ c. Now that these commands are set up, hit return on the second window to run
the ndiskaio program, then hit return on the first window to run the iostat
command.
Note: start the ndiskaio program before iostat. The order is important to make
sure the AIO kernel extension has been activated (used and pinned).
__ 40. When the ndiskaio program finishes, stop the iostat command, and then answer
the following questions:
__ a. Has the AIO kernel extension been used and pinned? ______________
__ b. How many AIO servers were created? _________________

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V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty __ c. How does the number of AIO servers created compare to the minimum and
maximum AIO servers allowed?
__ 41. Once the ndiskaio command finished and if there are no more AIO requests, how
long will all the AIO servers stay active? After that time, how many will remain
active?
__ 42. Change the minimum number of (Legacy AIO) AIO servers to 0.
__ 43. Has the number of active AIO servers been reduced to 0? If not, why not?
__ 44. Change the aio_server_inactivity time to 30 seconds.
__ 45. After 30 seconds, has the number of active AIO servers been reduced to 0 (the
minimum number you set it to in the previous step)?

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 4. Specialized I/O Operations 4-13

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Student Exercises

Part 8 - Comparing JFS2 AIO and JFS2 AIO with CIO accesses
__ 46. If you are not already logged in, login to your assigned system as the root user and
change directory to /home/QV474/ex4.
In this section, you will run a program named ndiskaio that generates AIO
requests. You will do this two times, once for conventional AIO and then again for
AIO using CIO accesses, and then compare the results.
__ 47. In the previous part of the exercise, you set aio_minservers to 0 and
aio_server_inactivity to 30 seconds. You will keep these settings so the
number of AIO servers get set back to 0 after each test. Verify there are no active
AIO servers on the system.
__ 48. Open a second window to your system, login as the root user and run the following
command:
# iostat -A 5
__ 49. In the first window, verify the /aio file system is mounted. If it is not, mount it. Then,
run the following command:
# ./ndiskaio -A -f /aio/bigfile -S -r75 -b4096 -t20 -M20 -X60
__ 50. When the ndiskaio program finishes, stop the iostat -A command in the other
window. Record the following values:
From the ndiskaio output:
Total disk I/O: ___________________________
IO/sec : ___________________________________
MB/sec : __________________________________
From the iostat -A output (Use the interval that has the highest values):
avgc: ___________________________
avfc: ___________________________
maxgc: __________________________
maxfc: _________________________
maxreqs: _______________________
% user: _________________________
% sys: __________________________
% idle: _________________________
% iowait: _______________________
physc: __________________________
% entc: _________________________

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V8.0
Student Exercises

EXempty __ 51. Umount the /aio file system.

__ 52. The second test will use a JFS2 file system that is mounted with the CIO option.
Mount the /aio file system with the following command:
# mount -o cio /aio
__ 53. Run the iostat -A 5 command again in the second window.
__ 54. In the first window, run the following command:
# ./ndiskaio -A -f /aio/bigfile -S -r75 -b4096 -t20 -M20 -X60
__ 55. When the ndiskaio program finishes, stop the iostat -A command in the other
window. Record the following values:
From the ndiskaio output:
Total disk I/O: ___________________________
IO/sec: ___________________________________
MB/sec : __________________________________
From the iostat -A output (Use the interval that has the highest values):
avgc: ___________________________
avfc: ___________________________
maxgc: __________________________
maxfc: _________________________
maxreqs: _______________________
% user: _________________________
% sys: __________________________
% idle: _________________________
% iowait: _______________________
physc: __________________________
% entc: _________________________
Transfer your data from the two tests into the table below, then answer the
following questions.

JFS2 AIO JFS2 AIO with CIO

Total Disk I/O
IO/sec
MB/sec
avgc
avfc

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2013 Exercise 4. Specialized I/O Operations 4-15

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Student Exercises

JFS2 AIO JFS2 AIO with CIO

maxgc
maxfc
maxreqs
%user
%sys
%idle
%iowait
physc
%entc

__ d. What was the best access method and why? _______________________

__ e. Why is the maxreqs field value 0 for JFS2 with CIO?
Note: AIO I/Os performed against raw logical volumes or files opened in CIO
mode do not use the aioserver kprocs. ___________________________
__ f. For JFS2 without CIO, why are the avfc and maxfc values zero? _______
__ g. Why is there iowait time for the JFS2 without CIO but not for JFS2 with CIO
access? _____________________________________________________
__ 56. Umount the /convio, /dio, and /aio file systems.
__ 57. Remove the /convio, /dio, and /aio file systems and mounting points.
__ 58. Remove physical volume hdisk2 from the volume group ex4vg.
__ 59. Let your instructor know that you have completed the exercise.

End of exercise

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