Answers PDF

Answers
CHAPTER 1 3 C
1
Univariate data 14 a b Good
c 90
Exercise 1A — Categorical data
1 a Numerical b Categorical c Numerical
d Categorical e Numerical
2 a Ordinal b Nominal c Nominal
d Ordinal e Ordinal
3 a Continuous b Discrete c Continuous
Poor
Fair
Good
Great
d Continuous e Discrete
4 B 5 D
6 Weather type during January Exercise 1B — Numerical data
15 1 a Number of cars b 6
per household
c 15
Frequency
10 10
d 20%
Frequency
5
5
Hot Warm Mild Cool

7 Type of dismissal 0 1 2 3 4 5
40 Number of cars
2 a b 32
Frequency
30 Number of
jelly beans per pack 32 8
20 30
c 60 = 15
d 53.33%
Frequency
10
20
Caught Bowled L B W Stumped Run out Hit 10

Wicket
8 a Frequencies: Yes = 14, Unsure = 8, No = 8
b c 14 48 50 52
Would you still choose Number of jelly beans
15 General Mathematics? 7
d 15 3 a
e 46.67%
Frequency
10
f Ordinal,
categorical
5
data
0 1 2 3 4 5
Yes Unsure No
9 C b Frequency column: 7, 10, 6, 4, 2, 1
c, d Number of hours e 1
10 a Married b 15 c 83 of homework
10 f 6
d 37.5% e 25 f 62.5 6 1
11 a Frequencies: X = 2, Y10 = 5, Y12 = 14, T = 10, U = 9 g =
Frequency
30 5
b Level of education c 14 5 h 20%
15
d 19
e 47.5%
Frequency
10
f Ordinal, 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 categorical Number of hours
data
4 a Oyster lengths
60
X Y10 Y12 T U 50
Frequency
40
12 a b 7 30
c 35% 20
d Nominal, 10
categorical
Credit card
Account
Cash
Eftpos
Cheque
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
data Length (cm)
10 5
b 10, 146 = 73
, 6.85%
606 Answers
5 a Lifetime of b 70,
70
= 7 b
20 , 35%
Cumulative frequency
torch batteries 200 80 Ogive of lengths
70 70 of flathead
60 60
Frequency
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 300 320 340 360 380
Lifetime (hours) Length (mm)
6 a Number of crayfish c Positively 2 a Cumulative frequency column: 1, 5, 20, 38, 50, 58, 60
on each trip skewed data b Ogive of task times
20
60
Frequency
15
10 40
5 20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of crayfish
6 10 14 18
7 a Frequency column: 3, 7, 8, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1 Time (s)
b Forearm length of boxers c Positively
skewed data 3 a Cumulative frequency column: 6, 18, 26, 33, 38,
8 39, 40
7
b
Frequency
6 Ogive of salaries
Cumulative frequency (%)

5
40 100%
4 35
3 30
2 25
1 20 50%
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 15
Forearm length (cm) 10
5
8 a Frequency column: 2, 5, 8, 8, 5, 2
b 100 m sprint times d Normally 20 30 40 50
8 distributed data Salary ($r1000)
c 11 d 27 e $33 000
Frequency
6
4 f $26 500 g $21 500 h $38 000
4 a Cumulative frequency column: 13, 41, 87, 117, 134,
2
142, 149, 150
11.0 12.0 13.0 b Ogive of waist size
Time (s) 150 100% Cumulative frequency (%)
9 a Frequency column: 1, 2, 4, 6, 4, 2, 1 125

Fat content of packs of bacon
100
75 50%
6
Frequency
50
4
25
2
70 80 90 100 110
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Size (cm)
Fat content (%)
c 60 d 20 e 96 cm
b Frequency column: 7, 10, 3 f 84 cm g 23%
Fat content of c The data appear 5 a 12 b 11 c 68% d 8%
packs of bacon more clustered if
10 e 55 f 46 g 37 h 30 or less
the group size is
6 a Cumulative frequency column: 2, 7, 13, 17, 18, 20
8 larger.
Answers 1A ➜ 1C
b
Frequency
Ogive of time
6 20 trial results 100%

4 15
2 10 50%
5
0 10 20 30
Fat content (%) 0
65 70 75 80 85 90 95
10 E 11 C 12 C 13 D Time (s)
Exercise 1C — Cumulative data c 14
1 a Cumulative frequency column: 9, 24, 44, 56, 64, 71, d 90% of the riders finished with a time 90 s or less.
75, 77 e To qualify you need a time under 72 s.
Answers 607
7 a Cumulative frequency column: 2, 11, 18, 27, 29, 30 10 a Player A mean = 34.33, Player B mean = 41.83
b Ogive of baby weights c 75% b Player B

d 3.45 kg c Player A median = 32.5, Player B median = 0
30 100%
25 e 3% d Player A
20 11 a Frequency column: 3, 8, 5, 3, 1
15 50% b 50.5 c 40–50 d 40–50
10 e Ogive of pulse rate f 49

5 of female athletes
2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 20 100%
Weight (kg)
15
8 a Cumulative frequency column: 3, 12, 17, 19, 20
10 50%
b Ogive of number
of passengers Cumulative frequency (%) 5
20 100%
30 50 70
15 Beats per minute
10 50% 2 A
1 13 B 14 A
15 Various answers
5
Exercise 1E — Measures of variability
70 90 110 1 a 5 b 9 c 1.0 d 6.94
Number of passengers 2 E 3 35
c 13 d 97 passengers e 89 passengers 4 a 5 b 9 c 2 d 4
f 81 passengers g No 5 22 6 0.8 7 C
9 a Cumulative frequency column: 9, 19, 25, 29, 30 8 a 2.446 b 2.370 c 21.567 d 3.427
b Temperature at c Ogive of temperature 9 As for question 8. 10 D 11 C
which paint blistered at which paint blistered 12 a Group A: mean = median = mode = 170 cm
10
30 100% Group B: mean = median = mode = 170 cm

Frequency
b No c Group B d Group B e Group B

5 20 f Group A: range = 20, interquartile range = 0,
50%
s = 5.774
10
Group B: range = 120, interquartile range = 20,
80 90 100 s = 35.119
Temperature (nC) 80 90 100
Temperature (nC) 13 E
d 19 e 63% f 26% g 93 °C h 78 °C 14 a 60 b 110.48 c s = 11.79, s2 = 139.00
10 D 11 C 15 C
16 a Mean = 455.29, s = 88.88
Exercise 1D — Measures of central tendency b s 2 = 7899.65
1 a Mean = 6.286, median = 6, mode = 6 17 B
b Mean = 102.9, median = 102, mode = 102 18 a Cumulative frequency column: 4, 26, 121, 245, 339,
c Mean = 5.425, median = 5.4, mode = 5.4 358, 363, 365
d Mean = 27.4, median = 27.5, mode = 27 and 28 b Ogive of
2 a 1.58 b 1 c 1
temperatures
3 a 12.01 b 10–14 c 0–4 and 5–9
400
4 a 152.59 b 150– <200 c 150– <200 100%
5 B 6 B 7 E 300 75%
8 a Frequency column: 16, 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 200 50%
b 7.33 c 0–5 hours d 0–5 hours 100 25%
b Age of emergency c Bimodal 0 10 20 30 40
15 ward patients d 44.1 Temperature
e 16–30
Frequency
10 c Q3 = 21, Q1 = 13.5, interquartile range = 7.5

f 16–30 d 17 e 17.55 f 5.657
5 g 32.002 h 40
0 30 60 90 b Ogive of number
Age of fruit on each tree

g Ogive of age of h 30
emergency ward i No 30 100%

patients 25
20
20 100% 15 50%
15 10
5
10 50%
30 50 70 90
5 Number of fruit
0 30 60 90 c Median = 55, Q3 = 63, Q1 = 45
Age d 18 e 54 f 13.48 g 45
608 Answers
20 a Electric Mate 3 a 49.0 b 5.8 c 18.6
b Electric Mate = 197 hours, Hot Wire = 185 hours 4 a 140 b 56 c 90
c Electric Mate d 84 e 26
21 Various answers 5 a 58 b 31 c 43
Exercise 1F — Stem-and-leaf plots d 27 e 7
1 Key: 0|6 = 6 6 C 7 C 8 D
Stem Leaf 9 a (22, 28, 35, 43, 48) b 20 30 40 50 Sales
0 6
1 3 5 7 8 10 a (10, 13.5, 22, 33.5, 45)
2 0 0 5 6 6 7 8 9 b 0 10 20 30 40 50 Rainfall (mm)
3 1 2 2 8
4 3 6
5 2 11 a (18, 20, 26, 43.5, 74) b 10 30 50 70 Age
2 Key: 3|6 = 36 min

c Positively skewed including one extremely high value
Stem Leaf
3 6 7 8 8 9 9 2 a (124 000, 135 000, 148 000, 157 000, 175 000)
1
4 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 b 120 140 160 180 ($r1000)
5 0 2 2 2 3 4 5 7 8 8 9
6 6 8 8 13 a Key: 12|1 = 121
7 1 2 5
8 2 Stem Leaf
3 Key: 8*|6 = 86 wpm 12 1 5 6 9
13 1 2 4
Stem Leaf 14 3 4 8 8
8* 6 8 15 0 2 2 2 5 7
9 2 16 3 5
9* 5 5 5 6 6 6 8 9 17 2 9
10 2 2 2 3 18 1 1 1 2 3 7 8
10* 7 7 7 8 8 8 b 120 140 160 180 Number sold
11 0 1 2
11* 5
12 0 1 1 4 14 a Key: 1*|7 = 17 years
12* Stem Leaf
13 0 1* 7 7 8 8 8 9 9
4 Key: 13*|8 = 13.8 2 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
Stem Leaf 2* 5 5 8 9
13* 8 9 3 1 2 3
14 0 2 3 3 3*
14* 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 4
15 1 2 2 4* 8
15* 5 6 7 9 b 15 25 35 45 Age
5 1.95 g r
6 a 8.4 s b Q3 = 8.85 s, Q1 = 7.8 s c 1.05 s c Positively skewed with one high value. Most mothers
7 A 8 A 9 B 10 D have their babies between the ages of 20 and 25.
11 a Key: 20|2 = 20.2 cm 15 C
Stem Leaf
20 2 7 Exercise 1H — Comparing sets of data
21 4 6 7 8 1 a Brand A b Brand A c Brand B
22 2 8 8 8 d Brand A e Brand A f Brand B
23 0 1 2 6 6 g Brand A
24 6 6 7 8 2 a Text b Text
25 1 c The ‘text’ group showed more variability.
b 22.9 c Q3 = 24.1, Q1 = 21.75 d 2.35 d and e Various answers
Answers 1D ➜ 1H
12 a Key: 8|2 = 82 cm 3 10 15 20 25 30 35 Scale

Stem Leaf
8 2 4 5 5 8 Group X
Group Y
9 0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9
10 1 1 3 3 7 8 4 a 15 20 25 30 35 40 Age
11 0 0 1 4 5 7 Women
12 6 6 Men
13 2 b Women had a smaller range of 13 compared with
b 100 cm c Q3 = 110 cm, Q1 = 92 cm d 18 cm men, who had a range of 23. The IQR for women
Exercise 1G — Boxplots was 5, whereas for men it was 12. The median age of
1 a 13 b 5 c 26 women was 23.5 and for men it was 27.5. There was
2 a 122 b 6 c 27 less variability in the marriage age for women.
Answers 609
5 a 5 10 15 20 25 30 Words per sentence d I t would probably be better not to spray as the smaller
Children's book spread provides better ‘control’ over the size of the
Geography text harvest.
Newspaper 14 a Key: 1|3 = 13 seconds
Placebo Drug
b The longest sentence was in the geography book (29),
Leaf Stem Leaf
then newspaper (21) then children’s book (15). The
8 7 1 3 7 8
shortest sentence was in the children’s book (5),
8 8 5 5 4 2 1 0 2 1 5 9
then newspaper (6) then geography book (7). The
8 6 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 5 7 8
geography book had the largest median (20), then the
2 4 2 2 2 4 5 7
newspaper (12) then the children’s book (8).
5
6 a Smith: (0, 17.5, 57.5, 62, 85), Jones: (3, 31.5, 39,
6 2 2
46, 61)
b 0 20 40 60 80100 Runs b 10 20 30 40 50 60 Seconds
Smith Drug
Jones Placebo
7 C 8 E 9 B 10 C c toe Variability versus Consistency.

11 a Before: (20.3, 20.75, 21.1, 21.45, 21.8) The placebo group showed a more consistent
After: (19.3, 19.7, 20.1, 20.95, 22.2) performance with a better median time – 30 seconds
b 19 20 21 22 versus 36 seconds, a smaller range – 25 versus 49,
kg and a smaller IQR = 12 versus 16. Even though
Before
some people felt relief quicker in the drug group –
After
4 seconds faster on minimum, the drug group results
c T he consistency decreased because the results became varied enormously. Therefore the drug did not seem
more variable. Higher IQR of 1.25 kg versus 0.7 kg to enhance the group’s performance on a whole.
and overall range of 2.9 versus 1.5. Chapter review
d The machine should be adjusted. Multiple choice
12 a Key: 2|1 = 21 fruit 1 D 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 C
Unsprayed Sprayed 6 C 7 D 8 D 9 C 10 D
Leaf Stem Leaf 11 D 12 B 13 B 14 C 15 E
2 1 7 8 9 9 16 B 17 C 18 D 19 B 20 A
9 9 8 7 5 3 2 3 4 4 5 8 21 D 22 D 23 A 24 C 25 C
9 7 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 2 2 5 8 26 D 27 C 28 C
8 6 2 1 0 5 4 9
Short answer
8 8 5 3 2 2 6 1 2 2 6
1 7 1 3 6 1 a Continuous b Discrete c Nominal
8 5 d Discrete e Discrete f Ordinal
b 20 40 60 80 Fruit 2 a G b E c C d A e F f B g D
Sprayed 3 a Positively skewed b i 26 ii 19.4%
Unsprayed 4 a b 24
13 a Key: 2|3 = 23 hours 24 4
Starlet Glow-worm c 30 = 5
Leaf Stem Leaf d 80%
8 6 1*
Poor
Fair
Good
Very good
Excellent
4 2 3 3
9 8 2* 7 8
2 1 3 1
6 6 5 3* 5 5 8 9 5 a Number of subjects Frequency
3 4 1 1 2 0 6
7 6 4* 5 7 8 8 9 1 8
5 4 5 0 2 4 2 12
9 5* 3 4
4 6 b, c Histogram and polygon 2
8 6* of the number of maths
d 5
2 2 7 subjects 1
b 10 30 50 70 Hours 12 e 133 %
10
Frequency
Glow-worm 8
6
Starlet 4
c S
prayed fruit has a greater range (64) and IQR (29.5), 2
showing variability in the results. The median is 0 1 2 3
lower. Unsprayed fruit has a more consistent result Number of subjects
with a smaller range (36) and IQR (21.5). The median
6 a 17 b 5 c 72%
is higher.
d $88; 80% of people spent $88 or less on shopping
610 Answers
e $20 b Physics test results
7 a 4.9 b 5.5 c 2 and 6 d 8
e 5 f 2.767 g 7.656 8
Frequency
6
8 a 65.781 b 60– c 70–
d 60 e 13.836 f 191.443 4
9 a Stem: units 2
Leaves: tenths
Non-dreaming Dreaming 10 30 50 70 90
Result
0 77
1 0458 c d Median = 62,

1 2 0147 Ogive of Physics Q3 = 72
2 3 469 test results
Q1 = 53
4 1
2 5 30 100%
e 90
6 33 6 25
6 7 20
32 8 15 50%
1 9 10
9 10 5
00 11
12 20 40 60 80 100
13 Result
14
8 15 f 0 20 40 60 80 100 Result
Figure 1
b Mean = 2.2 hours and standard deviation = 3 a Frequency column: 8, 9, 2, 4, 2
1.2 hours b Amount spent on c 9.1
c Both centre and spread of the non-dreaming sleep entertainment d 5.00–<10.00
are higher than the centre and spread for hours of 8 e 5.00–<10.00
Frequency
dreaming sleep. 6 f 6.570
10 a Key: 3*|9 = 3.9 4 g 43.17
Stem Leaf 2
3* 9
0 10 20
4 0 0 2 3 $
4* 5 6 7 8 8
4 a Designer Tiles: negatively skewed;
5 0 3
Nathan’s Tiles: positively skewed
5* 5 8 8 9
b Frequency column:
6 1 2 2
Designer Tiles: 2, 2, 5, 8, 10, 10, 12, 9
6* 8
Nathan’s Tiles: 6, 11, 13, 12, 8, 6, 1, 1
b (3.9, 4.4, 4.9, 5.85, 6.8)
c 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 kg
c Designer Nathan’s
Statistics Tiles Tiles
11 a Elena: 2, 6, 11.5, 15, 25; Victoria: 3, 14, 20, 25, 35
i Mean 70 50.52
b Number of
0 10 20 30 lessons ii Median class 70– <80 40– <50
Elena iii Modal class 80– <90 40– <50
Victoria
c T he number of lessons given by Victoria has varied iv Range 80 80
compared with Elena. Elena’s number has been more v Standard deviation 18.85 16.56
consistent.
Extended response d Measures of central tendency are all higher for
1 a 30 b Categorical c Ordinal Designer Tiles. Spread is almost the same with
d standard deviation for Designer Tiles slightly higher.
10
9 Overall trends: in Designer Tiles people tend to buy
8 more expensive tiles.
7
6 e Yes, as this will be in accordance with buying trends.
Answers 1D ➜ 1H
Frequency
5 5 a Key: 1|3 = 13
4 Text B Text A
3
2 Leaf Stem Leaf
1 1 3
2 1 2 5 8
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Not sure
Agree
Strongly
agree
9 7 3 5 5
8 2 4 4 8
e Frequency column: 6, 9, 8, 5, 2 9 9 8 8 5 5 3 2 5 2 5 6 9
2 6 4 9
f 16 g 26 3 % h ‘Strongly disagree’ 8 8 8 6 5 4 4 3 2
9 9 5 2 2 7 2 2 6
2 a Frequency column: 1, 2, 2, 8, 9, 4, 1, 3 2 1 8 1 3 4 4
9 4 5 8
Answers 611
b Text A: (13, 35, 59, 82, 98); 1
1 $4 12 $99
Text B: (37, 55, 63.5, 70, 82) 13 a B b D
c 0 20 40 60 80 100 Result 14 a 10 b 15
Text A 15 a 3
Text B b 3 years in America, 4 years in Germany, 8 years in
London, 1 year in Australia
d to f Various answers 16 2
6 a 3.8 17 15 Jonathan, 20 Golden Delicious
b 18 75 shorts, 125 T-shirts
76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 19 Alex will reach Nat in 1.25 h; that is, at 11.30 am.
20 Bus: 50 km/h, car: 60 km/h
c 89.5 21 4 km/h 22 10 h 23 12 days. No
d The median height of boys increases with age. 24 $7.08 25 20 26 $6000
CHAPTER 2 Exercise 2C — Substitution and transposition
Linear equations in linear relations
1 a 95 b 212 c 5 d -58
Exercise 2A — Linear equations e 66.2 f 37.4 g 19.4 h 32
1 a -19 b 8.3 c -1 d 8 2 a 2.5 cm, 7.5 cm, 12.5 cm, 17.5 cm, 22.5 cm
e 2 13 f −
3 12 g -50 h -3 b 15.7 cm, 47.1 cm, 78.5 cm, 109.9 cm, 141.3 cm
3 A$ US$ US$ A$
5
i 36 j 6 k 20 l 56
5 3.84 5 6.51
m 2 n 12 o 11 p 25
10 7.68 10 13.02
− 5
q 2 r 18 s 44 t 127 15 11.52 15 19.53
u -
45 v -
59 w 13 15 x 3 20 15.36 20 26.04
25 19.20 25 32.55
y -
18 z 4 12
30 23.04 30 39.06
−
2 a -1
b 12 12 c -1
d 1 35 26.88 35 45.57
e -5
f −
3 35 g -2
h 0 40 30.72 40 52.08
i -10 j 2 k 11 l -6 45 34.56 45 58.59
- 1 50 38.40 50 65.10
m 2 n 1 o 3 p 2
55 42.24 55 71.61
- 7
3 a 24 b 23 c 12 d 3 60 46.08 60 78.13
e -3 f 2 g -33 h -2.2
65 49.92 65 84.64
7
i j 3 70 53.76 70 91.15
12
1 75 57.60 75 97.66
4 a 11 b 15 c -14
d 24
4 80 61.44 80 104.17
13 − 10 72
e 47
f 22 g 2 h 149
85 65.28 85 110.68
11
− 43 7 90 69.12 90 117.19
i 2 j k l 3
80 11 95 72.96 95 123.70
5 a i 0, -1 ii 0, 1 iii 1, -1 100 76.80 100 130.21
iv 0 v 2 vi 0, 3
− 2 10 2 4 Principal ($) Amount ($)
b i 1 ii 19
iii 5 3
3
3 4 57
5 000 5 116.25
iv 4
v 5
vi 43 5 500 5 627.88
6 E 7 E 8 C 6 000 6 139.50
6 1 6 500 6 651.13
9 2 10 5
or 15
7 000 7 162.75
Exercise 2B — Solving problems using linear
7 500 7 674.38
equations
1 - 21 2 -1 3 40 8 000 8 186.00
4 7 5 6 6 66 8 500 8 697.63
7 18 red tulips, 10 yellow tulips 9 000 9 209.25
8 Width = 8 cm, length = 20 cm
9 500 9 720.88
9 10 cm, 10 cm, 12 cm
10 40°, 120°, 20°; obtuse angled 10 000 10 232.50
612 Answers
5 a Time b d (5, 270) 3 i tn = tn - 1 + 3, t0 = 3 ii tn = tn - 1 + 0.5, t0 = 1
iii tn = tn - 1 - 2, t1 = 5 iv tn = tn - 1 + 2, t0 = 2
Distance
v tn = tn - 1 + 1, t0 = -1 vi tn = tn - 1 - 3, t1 = 3.5
4 a i tn - tn - 1 = 3, t0 = 3 ii tn - tn - 1 = 0.5, t0 = 1
iii tn - tn - 1 = -2, t1 = 5 iv tn - tn - 1 = 2, t0 = 2
0 Hours t v tn - tn - 1 = 1, t0 = -1
c i 80 km ii 160 km iii 210 km vi tn - tn - 1 = -3, t1 = 3.5
d i 1h ii 3.6 h iii 4.6 h b i tn = 3n + 3 ii tn = 0.5n + 1
e 4h iii tn = -2n + 5 iv tn = 2n + 2
6 a i 245 ii 280 iii 320 v tn = n - 1 vi tn = -3n + 3.5
b i 10 ii 20 iii 30 5 a 12, 9, 6, 3 b 2.19, 7.88, 13.57, 19.26
c C = 2.5n + 220 c -25, -18, -11, -4 d -8, -4, 0, 4
−4
6 C 7 B 8 A
2 5
7 a y = 3 x - 2 b x = 5 - 4 y y = x + 4 9 a tn - tn - 1 = 23.70, t0 = 250 b 11 years
5
10 a tn - tn - 1 = -3, t0 = 24 b tn = 27 - 3n
3
c y = -2x + 6 d y = 4x + 3 c i 5 ii None iii 7
1 14 2 5
11 a tn = tn - 1 + 2, t0 = 18 b i 10 ii 13
e a=3m+ 3
f k = 3 - 3 p c tn = 2n + 16
3 2 1 12 a cn = cn - 1 + 1.20, c0 = 15; tn = tn - 1 + 3.50, t0 = 0
g a = 2 b or b = 3 a h a = 2 + 5 b or b = 5a - 10 b 7 candles c tn - tn - 1 = 2.30, t0 = -15
S+4 S Exercise 2E —Simultaneous equations
i n= or n = + 2 j c = -2a + 6b
2 2 1 a (4, 2) b (2, 0) c (3, 2)
−1 5 5 d (1, -4) e (4, 2) f (-8, 9)
k x= 6
y+ 2
l a = 2 b + 3 2 C 3 D
−
6f −9 −
10 d − 9 4 a (0, 0) b No c (0, c)
m d= or f = 5 a (1, 5) b (2.5, 2.5) c (-11, -39)
10 6 d (4, -4) e (-4, 1) f (-3, 2)
127 58
n a = 58 b or b = 127 a 6 a (-1, 5) b (4, 0.5) c (3, -4)
−4 2 − 21 −3 d (1, 2) e (-2, 3) f (2, 5)
o a= 21
b - 7 or b = 4
a- 2 g (1.5, 3) h (3, 5)
−1 7 C
p x = 60 - 6y or y = x + 10
6 8 a (1, -2) b (2, 3) c (3, 9)
8 D 9 C 10 E 11 B d (-4, 1) e (4, -3) f (0.5, 1)
g (5, 2) h (10, 5)
S 9 a B b E c D
12 a n = +2
180 10 B 11 E
b Number of Sum of interior 12 E
Polygon sides (n) angles (S) 13 x = 1, y = -2, z = 3
14 a Line A represents the cost for producing children’s
Triangle 3 180° shoes.
Line 2 represents the cost for producing adult’s shoes.
Hexagon 6 720° b The fixed cost does not equal $ 0.35 and 198 represent
the fixed costs of the two equations.
Dodecagon 12 1800° c 9
Nonagon 9 1260° d $333
e At the point of interaction
Heptagon 7 900° f Adult’s shoes cost more to produce than children’s
shoes.
Octagon 8 1080° g Children’s shoes cost more to produce than adult’s
shoes.
Pentagon 5 540°
h The coefficient of n represents the cost per pair of
Quadrilateral 4 360° shoes.
Answers 2A ➜ 2F
Decagon 10 1440° Exercise 2F — Solving problems using

simultaneous equations
Exercise 2D — Linear recursion relationships 1 44, 45 2 8, 12
1 a 1, 7, 13, 19, 25 b 12, 9, 6, 3, 0 3 8, 16 4 20, 22
1 7 10 5 7, -4 6 17, 5
c -0.5, 4 , 1, 4 , 4 d 2, 1.3, 0.6, -0.1, -0.8 2 1
- - 7 , 8 18, 4
e 3, 0.7, 1.6, 3.9, 6.2 f 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 5 4
3 − 9 l = 7 cm, w = 5 cm, A = 35 cm2
g , 1, 1, 0, 1 10 32 cm
2 2 2
h -43, -41.9, -40.8, -39.7, -38.6 11 x = 8 cm, y = 10 cm, P = 50 cm
2 a tn = tn - 1 + 220, t0 = 3370 12 33 cm
b 3370, 3590, 3810, 4030 c tn = 220n + 3150 13 6 cm
Answers 613
14 a x b 5 cm × 5 cm; square h d = 0.03n - 15
y i dn - dn - 1 = 0.03, d0 = -15
j Between 800 and 900
4 a $5600 b 75 units
c
10 000 R 23x
9000
8000
3
5
1 54 — Yes, 18 — No; 4 7000
Dollars ($)
6000 (400, 5600)
16 Toaster: $19.95, sandwich maker: $24.95 5000
17 Egg and bacon roll: $2.90, egg and vegetable roll: $2.20 4000 C 8x 2400
18 ‘Pool & spa’: 120, ‘pool, spa, sauna & steam room’: 73 3000
19 5c coins: 34, 10c coins: 8 2000
20 Lamb: $2.50, pork: $4.00 1000
21 4 22 23 0 x
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
23 10 science text pages and 2 fiction text pages
Number of shirts
24 Dim sims: 5, spring rolls: 4
25 Use simultaneous equations in two variables. Solve d 160 e P = 15x - 2400
simultaneous equations. f $2775 g $31.20
5 a C = 15n + 21 000 b SP = 45n
Chapter review
c ($)
Multiple choice
Expenses/selling price ($000)

1 E 2 D 3 C 4 D 5 D 35
33
6 B 7 E 8 C 9 A 10 A 31 (700, 31 500)
0
11 E 12 A 13 D 14 D 15 D 29 00
+ 21 P = 45n
16 B 17 A 18 D 19 C 20 B 27 5n
=1
21 C 22 D 23 C 24 E 25
stC
23 Co
Short answer 21
−6
1
1 71
0 n
2 20 of 20c, 5 of 10c, 10 of 5c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
T − 2300 + 135e No. of puzzles
3 T = 2300 + 500n - 135e; n = ; No, the graph does not commence at the origin, but
500
2300 + 500 n − T at 21 000. This occurs because of initial costs relating
e = to electricity, materials, rent and so on, prior to any
135
− 43 − 43
products being manufactured.
4 a x = 2 y − 25 b d = 21
− 10
21
e; e = 10
− 10
21
d d Refer to graph in part c.
Yes, the graph does commence at the origin. This
5 a 7, 10, 13, 16 b tn - tn - 1 = 3, t0 = 7
occurs because if there are no sales, no money is
c tn = 3n + 7, t20 = 67 received.
6 a tn - tn - 1 = 90, t0 = 2000 b About 6 years e The break-even point occurs when expenses (total
7 a y = 2x + 2 [1] y = -0.5x + 4 [2] cost of manufacturing the puzzles) equal the selling
b (0.8, 3.6) price (money received from sale of puzzles).
8 a (2, 0) b (-4, 1) c (1, -6) Therefore, the company is neither making a profit nor
9 Rebecca: 7 years old, Jessica: 10 years old running at a loss.
Extended response f (700, 31 500)
1 a W = 600 + 0.02s g Refer to the graph in part c. This portion (the blue
b i $1000 ii $1900 iii $2600 portion) of the graph represents expenses (total cost
c i $35 000 ii $60 000 iii $90 000 of manufacturing the puzzles) being greater than the
d Brett is paid $860 each fortnight regardless of selling price (money received from sale of puzzles).
whether or not he makes any sales. However, the Therefore, the company is making a loss.
amount Adrian takes home depends on how many h Refer to the graph in part c. This portion (the yellow
sales he can make. He will take home a minimum of portion) of the graph represents the selling price
$600 each fortnight but must continue to make sales if (money received from sale of puzzles) being greater
he wishes to increase this amount. than the expenses (total cost of manufacturing the
e S = 860 f $13 000 puzzles). Therefore, the company is making a profit.
2 9000 for 6%, 6000 for 11% i P = 30n - 21 000
3 a B b Fixed fee c Same cost j i -9000 (a loss of $9000)
d (500, 65) e B f A ii -3000 (a loss of $3000)
g Under 500 km — choose A, over 500 km — choose iii 3000 (a profit of $3000)
B; = 500 km — either iv 9000 (a profit of $9000)
614 Answers
y y
CHAPTER 3 e f
10
Linear graphs and modelling 7
4
Exercise 3A — Plotting straight line graphs

1 a y b y
15 5 4 x
7 x
2
g y h y
3 3 x
3 2 x 5
1 3
3
15
c y d y
12 14 3 x 1 —
1 x
— 2
2 3
6
i y j y
2
3 3 x
x
3 3 x x
4 3
–2 — —
4 3 2
e y f y
2 –6.5
3.5
3 3 x
3 a, b, c, f, g, i, j: x and y are separate and both of degree 1.
0.5
4 D
4 5 E
3 3 x
Exercise 3B — Using a CAS calculator to plot and
sketch linear functions
g y h y
1 a y
9
4
3 3 x
3 3 x
2
15
8 0 x
i y j y
3 1 x 10
—
2 3
b y
6—
1 3 x
2 3
(0, 2)
8 ( 2, 0)
0 x
2 a y b y
5 x
2
c y
5
2 x
Answers 3A ➜ 3B
(0, 6)
c y d y
6 x x
13
0 x
(3, 0)
13
Answers 615
2 c y d y = -200
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -0.64 -0.54 -0.44 -0.34 -0.24 -0.14 -0.04
(200, 0)
3 a y b x
y 0
(0, 5) (0, 7)
(0, 200)
(12–3 , 0) y
e
0 x 10
10 x
0 x 210
( 7, 0)
c y d y 200
(0, 4)
(0, 3) 210
y y
6 a b
(11–2 , 0)
0 x 0 x 24 x 154
(4, 0)
e y f y
–120
2 x
25—
( 1–3 , 0) ( 4–3 , 0) 3
c y d y
0 x 0 x
(0, 1)
(0, 2)
0.0167 x 0.1 x
0.01 0.125
g y y y
e f
50
60
(0, 2)
( 3–2 , 0)
0 x 71.4286 x
40 x
Exercise 3C — Finding the gradient of

a straight line
1 3 −3
4 a x -
1 -
0.8 -
0.6 -
0.4 -
0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 a 2
b 3 c 2
d -1 e 4
−1 1 −7
y -
0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 f 2
g 2
h 8
i 0
b y j Undefined
3 1
2 a 3 b 1 c 4
d 2
e 3
-2 13 -3
f 2 g h 1 i 3
j
( 0.8, 0) 2
(0, 0.08) 3 3
4 8 5 C 6 B
0 x
7 D 8 1.7 m 9 0.75 10 -0.23
c y = 0.08 Exercise 3D — Determining the equation of a
d x = -0.8 straight line
y 1 a y = 2x - 1 b y = 3x + 4 c y = -x + 5
e
d y = -4x - 2 e y = 12 x + 2.5 f y = 23 x − 3 13
−3 −3
0.08 g y = 2
x − 1 15 h y = 7
x + 12
−3
0.8
x 2 a y = 4x b y = -x + 1 c y = 2
x−2
−3
f y = 0.085 d y = 23 x + 1 13 e y = 45 x + 7 43 f y = 4
x−5
5 a y = x - 200 −1
b ymin = -210, ymax = 10 g y = 3
x − 3 13 h y = -7x - 41
616 Answers
3 a y = 2x b y = 32 x + 12 c y = 4 y y
−3 5
d y = x - 5 e y = 7
x − 67 f y = − 25
3
x − 40
3 3
−8 17
g y = 3 x− 3 h y = -10x + 51
3 x –5 x
4 a y = 12 x + 1 b y = 2x - 4
1
c y =
−2
x − 2 d y =
−1
x+2 c ( 2 , 0), (0, 1) d (-4, 0), (0, 3)
3 3
y y
5 a y = 12 x + 1 b y = 73 x + 4 23
3
−1 −4 1
c y = 2
x + 32 d y = 5
x − 145
6 a y = 2 b y = x - 4 c y = 2x + 8
1– x 4 x
7 -4x
d y = x 2
e y = -4 2
7 a D b E 2
c D d C e (2, 0), (0, 5 ) f (4, 0), (0, − 2 23 )
8 B y y
Exercise 3E — Sketching straight line graphs
2– 4 x
1 a, d, e, f, i 5 2
y 2 –3
2 a y (1, 7) b
2 x
(4, 4)
1 ( 2 12 , 0), (0, -5)

2
x g h ( − 17 12 , 0), (0, 7)
x
y y
c y d y
1 x 7
2 –2
(1, 2)
x
1 x
5 17 –2
x
–5 (1, –4)
i (2, 0), (0, 3) j (0.375, 0), (0, 1.5)
e y f y
y y
4
x
(1, 2) 3 1.5
(1, –3) 2 x
x
y y 0.375 x
g h
3 x 7 a y
2 (2, 3) 6 (1, 6)
(3, 1)
5
x yx5 4
3
i y 2
1
1 ?5 ?4 ?3 ?2 ??1 0 1 2 3 x
1
4 x ?
y 2x 4 2
Answers 3C ➜ 3e
3 E 4 D Point of intersection: (1, 6)

5 a i (0, 1) ii (-2, 0) b y
b i (0, 6) ii (12, 0) 7
6 y 2x 6
c i (0, 5) ii ( 1, 0) ?
5
4 ( 1, 4) 4
d i (0, 50) ii (-20, 0) 3
2
e i (0, 2) ii Does not exist 1
f i Does not ii (3, 0) ?4 ?3 ?2 ??1 0 1 2 x
exist 1
?2 y 3x 1
6 a (3, 0), (0, 3)
b (-5, 0), (0, 5) Point of intersection: (-1, 4)
Answers 617
c y Exercise 3F — Application of linear modelling
6
5 (1, 5) 1 a $650 b C = 250 + 8n
4 c C($) d 100 people
3 2250
y6 x
yx4 2
1
?6 ?4 ?2 0 2 4 6 x 250
n
250
Point of intersection: (1, 5)
d y
4 2 a $425 b C = 200 + 5n
3 yx c C($)
425
2 (2, 2) 400
1
?4 ?3 ?2 ??1 0 1 2 3 4 x 200
1
?2
2x y 2
?3
?4 45 n
Point of intersection: (2, 2) d The one-off charge for the hire of the bus
8 a y e The cost of hire per head f 36 people
7 3 C
y 3x 7
6 4 a 30 °C b 2 °C c T = 30 - 2t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 6
5
4
d 26 °C e 4.5 minutes
3 5 a C = 40 + 15t b $160
2 c 2 h 15 min
( 2, 1) 1 6 a y = 350 - 60t b D
?4 ?3 ?2 ??1 0 1 2 3 x
1 350
?2
Distance (km)
3x 4y ?2
Point of intersection: (-2, 1)
b y
8 t
7 2y 3x 4 5 5—
Time (h) 6
6
5 (2, 5) c 350 km d 60 km/h e 5h 50 min
4 7 a T = 60 + 0.35n b T = 45 + 0.45n
3 xy7 c T($) d 150 calls
2
100
1
60
?2 ?1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 45
Point of intersection: (2, 5) n

50 100 150 200
c y e Tetcom; $3.00
4
8 a $900 b C = 300 + 6n
3
2 c C($) d S = 10.8n
1 3y ? x ?8 900
?3 ?2 ??1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
1
?2
?3 (2, ?2) 4y 2x 4 300
?4
n
100
Point of intersection: (2, -2) e S($)
d y C($)
4 1200 S 10.8n
3 5x ? 2y 1 1080
2 900
C 300 6n
1
?7 ?6 ?5 ?4 ?3 ?2 ??1 0 1 2 3 x
1 300
?2
?
(?1, ?3) 3 2x 3y 11 n
?4 100
?5
f 62.5 shirts (realistically, 63 shirts must be made and
Point of intersection: (-1, -3) sold).
9 D 10 C g $324 profit
618 Answers
9 A b D = 0.1P, 0 ≤ P ≤ 500;
10 a C1 = 55 + 0.26d, C2 = 100 D = 0.07P + 15, 500 < P ≤ 1000
b C($) C c i $37.50 ii $72.40
1
100 8 a
1
C2 E
55 20
18
16
14
12
$ 10
100 200 d (km)
8
c 173.08 km d d < 173.08 km 6
4
11 a AM= 520; AJ= 200 + 0.08s 2
0
b A 100 200 300 400 500 n
1000 b E = 0.03n, 0 ≤ n ≤ 300;
800 AJ E = 0.05n – 6, 300 < n ≤ 500
$ 600 AM c i $6.63 ii $17.75
400
200 Exercise 3G — Line of best fit (by eye)
0 Note: All answers to this exercise were obtained using
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 s
a graphics calculator. When the line of best fit is placed
$
manually (by eye), the equations (and hence the predictions)
c $4000 may differ slightly.
d Julia’s earnings are greater by $680.
1 a y
12 a CQK= 120 + 6n; CSK = 10n 100
b C 80
400 60
Italian
350 40
300 20
250 Quick Kick 0
$ 200 x
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
150 English
100 b I = E + 0.43 c 90.4% d 59.6%
50 Super Kids 2 a V
0 25 000
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 n 20 000
c n = 30 15 000
d Quick Kick is cheaper (by $88 per year). 10 000
5 000
13 a D
0 t
200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
175 -2126t + 18 864
b V= c V = $6108
150 d V= -$2396. This is unrealistic;
the lowest value of a
Kilometres
125
car would be $0.
100
3 a w
75
100
50
80
25
60
0
1 1 t 40
1–
2 1 11–2 2 2 –2 3 3 –2
20
Hours
0 h
b 190 km 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190
c 3.25 hours b w = 0.53h - 23.46 c 66.64 kg d 166.9 cm
6 km/h
d 58 13 4 a v
40
Answers 3F ➜ 3G
14 A 15 E 16 C 30
17 a D 20
90 10
80 0
70 t
0 2 4 6 8
60
b v = 5.23t - 0.12 c 22.37 cm/s d 7.67 s
$ 50
40
5 a A
30 500
400
20 300
10 200
0 100
200 400 600 80010001200 P 0 e
$ 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Answers 619
b A = 0.54e + 19.96 11 a W
c 73 960 investor accounts d 611 employees 15
Chapter review 14
13
Multiple choice 12
11
1 C 2 C 3 C 4 B 5 D 10
Kilograms
9
6 D 7 A 8 E 9 B 10 C 8
11 D 12 C 13 B 14 B 15 E 7
6
16 D 17 C 18 A 19 E 5
4
3
2
Short answer 1
0
1 a y b y 2 4 6 8 101214161820 22 t
Weeks
b 15 kg
11–2 5
c 7 kg per week
x
x 2 12 a 6 km
3 b
25
4
(5, 20)
20 Dm
D (kilometres)
2 a x -3 -2 -1 15
0 1 2 3
y -
1.25 -
1 -
0.75 -
0.5 -
0.25 0 0.25 10
b y 5
3
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 (2, 0) t (hours)
0 x
3 2 1
1 1 2 3 c
25
D (kilometres)
2 (5, 20)
(0, 0.5) 20 Dm
3 (6, 20)
15 Dt
3 a 3 b (4, 7) 10
5
4 y = 0.2x - 4
5 a y = 2x + 8 b y = 2x - 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 a y = -1.5x - 2 t (hours)
b For instance, y = 3 - 2x c y = -1.5x d 4 hours
13 a
7 a 1 b 12 c (1, -1)
Attendance (’000)
110
d -2 e y 100
5 90
80
70
1 1— 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 Year
2 2 x
b A = 4.26y + 79.6
3 c The increase in attendance per year
d A = 109 420
8 a y Extended response
7 y = 2x + 5 1 a 11.75 b C = 2.25t + 5
6 c C d 6 hours
5
4
Cost ($)
3
2 5
( 2, 1) x 4y 6
1
?8 _7 ?6 ?5 ?4 ?3 ?2 ??1 0 Time (h) t
1 1 2 3 x
?2 e C = 18 f C
?3 18
b and c Point of intersection is (-2, 1).

Cost ($)
9 a Distance b C = 5D + 30
c Gradient: a cost of $5 per km; y-intercept: a fixed fee 5
of $30
− t
10 a f = 18 d + 50 b 240 km Time (h)
c 75 litres g 6 hours
620 Answers
2 a C = 0.5n + 2500 b R = 0.7n e 10.8 litres
c $ f
14 000 16
10 000 15
14
12 000
Fuel usage (L/km)

13
8000 12
C 2500 0.5n
6000 11
4000 10
R 0.7n
2000 9
(100, 9)
0 8
2000 4000 6000 800010 00012 00014 00016 000 n 7
$ 6
5
d Break-even point: (12 500, 8750)
e n > 12 500; smallest n = 12 501 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110
f i $500 loss ii $700 profit Average speed (km/h)
g 125 days h $2.92 each g Any speed greater than 75 km/h and up to
3 a C 110 km/h.
220 h $7.92
200
180 6 a and c y
160
140 40

$ 120 35
100
80 30

Attendance
60
40 25
20 20
0
500 1000 1500 a 15
Kilowatt hour 10
b C = 0.1285a, 0 ≤ a ≤ 500; 5
C = 0.1399a – 5.7, 500 < a ≤ 1000; 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
C = 0.1481a – 13.9, 1000 < a ≤ 1500 Week
c i $46 ii $95.17 iii $197.88
d 13.65 cents per kWh e 1060 kWh b y = 3.083x + 11.5 d Very close fit
f $32.12 e The gradient suggests an average increase in
4 a C attendance of 3.083 persons per week.
1300 f 48
1200
1100
1000
900 CHAPTER 4
800
$ 700
600
Bivariate data
500 Note: In cases where lines of best fit are to be obtained by
400
300 eye, answers will vary. The answers given in such cases
200 should be used as a guide only.
100
0
10002000 3000 4000 5000 6000 v Exercise 4A — Scatterplots
$ 1 a Acidity is the independent variable (x-axis). Height of
b C = 0.3v, 0 ≤ a ≤ 2000; corn is the dependent variable (y‑axis).
C = 0.24v + 120, 2000 < a ≤ 3500; b Price is the independent variable (x-axis). Amount
C = 0.2v + 260, 3500 < a ≤ 5000 purchased is the dependent variable (y‑axis).
c The gradients represent the commission rates, c Time is the independent variable (x-axis). Amount
expressed as decimals. of drug in the bloodstream is the dependent variable
d $1105 e $3750 f 27% (y-axis).
5 a 30 minutes b 190 km c 95 km/h d Age is the independent variable (x-axis). Running cost
d is the dependent variable (y-axis).
e Circumference of biceps is the independent variable
600
(x-axis). Performance on lift test is the dependent
Answers 4A ➜ 4A
500 variable (y-axis).

2 Ac, Bb, Cg, De, Ed, Ff, Ga
Distance (km)
400
3 a
Number of pies sold
300 800
600
200 400
200
100 0
0 10 20 30
0 Daily temperature (nC)
8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am 12 pm 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm
Time b Strong negative correlation. The greater the
leave arrive at arrive at temperature, the lower the number of pies sold.
home Watheroo Geraldton c Various answers
Answers 621
4 a 6 a
Number of sick days
Height of son (cm)

200
180
20
15 160
10 140
5
0 120
0 20 40 60 0
Weekly hours in 140 150 160 170 180 190
air-conditioning Height of mother (cm)
b Moderate positive correlation. There is evidence to b 0.67; Moderate positive correlation
show that the greater the number of hours spent in c There is evidence to show that the taller the mother,
airconditioned buildings, the greater the number of the taller the son.
days sick. 7 a
Hours on homework
c Various answers
5 a 6
4
Actual maximum (nC)
2
(2)
40 0
30 0 2 4 6 8
20 Hours television
10
0 b -0.45; Weak negative correlation
0 10 20 30 40
Forecast maximum (nC)
c There is a little evidence to show that the greater the
amount of television viewed, the less the amount of
b Strong positive correlation. The greater the forecast homework done.
maximum, the greater the actual maximum. d Various answers
c Various answers 8 a
6 a
Grain production
500
450
Population (’000)
(t r 1000)
8000 400
6000 350
4000 300
250
2000 200
0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 300 400 500 600
Area (’000 sq km) Annual rainfall (mm)
b No correlation. There is no relationship between the b 0.71; Moderate positive correlation
variables. c Evidence shows that the greater the amount of
7 a rainfall, the greater the grain production.
Reaction time (s)
0.120
0.100 d Various answers
0.080 9 a
0.060
Number of churches
0.040
0.020 15
0.000
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 10
Amount of drug (mg) 5
0
b Strong positive correlation. The greater the amount of 0 5 10
drug, the greater the time taken to react. Number of hotels
c Various answers. Age or body size of people being
b 1.0; Strong positive correlation
given the drug.
c The greater the number of hotels, the greater the
8 D 9 E 10 B 11 B number of churches.
Exercise 4B — The correlation coefficient d Various answers
1 a Strong positive correlation 0 a
1
b Weak positive correlation 10
contentment
8
Level of
c Strong positive correlation 6

4
d Moderate negative correlation 2
0
e Weak positive correlation 0 20 40 60 80
f No correlation Salary ($’000)
g Strong positive correlation b -0.18; No correlation
h Moderate negative correlation c There is no relationship between salary and level of
i Weak negative correlation contentment.
j Strong negative correlation d Various answers
2 a i 1.0 ii Strong positive correlation 1 a
1
b i 0.6 ii Moderate positive correlation 100
Weight (kg)
c i -0.75 ii Strong negative correlation 90 (3)

80
3 a i -1.0 ii Strong negative correlation 70
(2)
60
b i 0.6 ii Moderate positive correlation 50
c i -0.11 ii No correlation 0 5 10 15 20 25
4 B Exercise (hours)
5 C b -0.47; Weak negative correlation
622 Answers
c There is a little evidence to show that the greater the 11 a
Skeleton height (cm)

amount of exercise, the lower the body weight. 200
12 B
180
13 E
160
14 a q = 1 b Various answers
15 There is little evidence to suggest that the greater the 140
overcrowding, the lower the unemployment. Therefore, 0
30 35 40 45 50
the hypothesis that overcrowding causes unemployment Length of femur (cm)
is incorrect. b q = 1.0; There is a strong positive correlation. The
Exercise 4C — Linear modelling greater the length of the femur, the greater the height
1 a y = 0.5x b y = -2x + 14 of the person.
c y = 2x - 2 d y = -1.67x + 37 c H = 3.78l + 5.01
e y = 2.33x + 8.7 f y = -3.78x + 104.92 2 a
1
- 70
g y = 1.95x + 23.04 h y = -0.71x + 104.67
Lift test (kg)

60
i y = 0.5x + 5 j y = -1.59x + 0.87
2 C 3 C 4 D 50
5 These answers should be used as a guide only. 40
a y = 5x + 12
0
b y = -0.39x + 67 20 25 30 35 40
Circumference of biceps (cm)
c y = 100x – 500
6 a b q = 0.75; There is a strong positive correlation. The
270 greater the biceps circumference, the greater the
Length (mm)
260
250 performance on the lift test.
240
230 c S = 1.138b + 23.474
220 13 D
210
0 200 400 600 800 1000 Exercise 4D — Making predictions
Weight (g) 1 a $17.40 b $8.40 c 19.17 km d 8.5 km
2 a 159.7 cm b 178 cm c 31.1 cm d 25.7 cm
b L = 0.05m + 220
c The y-intercept is the natural length of the spring. The 3 a $500 b $1125 c $2500
gradient represents the extra length of the spring for d 3 years e 5 years
each extra gram added. 4 a 755 b 295
7 a c 20.4 degrees d 37.8 degrees
8 5 a $115 b $85
Volume
6
4 c 3 hours 30 minutes d 4 hours 30 minutes
2 6 D
0
50 0 50 100 7 a i 700 ii 450 iii 1170
Temperature iv 9.5 v 19 vi 3
b V = 0.05T + 3.3 b y = 42x + 198 c Various answers
c The y-intercept gives the volume of gas at 0 °C. 8 A
The gradient gives the increase in volume for each 9 a
Annual cost ($ ’000)
additional degree in temperature. 16

14
8 B 12
10
9 a 8
6
Adult height (males)
195 4
190 2
185 0
180 0 10 20 30 40
175 Distance (’000 km)
170
165
160
b Various answers c C = 0.4d + 2400
0
d i $2400 ii It is the cost of running a car
80 85 90 95 which is not driven at all.
Height at age two
e i 0.4 ii It is the additional cost
Answers 4B ➜ 4D
of running a car per

Adult height (females)
180 kilometre travelled.

175
170 f $8400 g $2800
165 h 14 000 km i 34 000 km
160
155 j Parts f and h may be considered to be reliable.
150 0 a
1
Weekly sales ($’000)
0 120
75 80 85 90 95
Height at age two 100
80
b Males: A = 2.1b - 6.4; Females: A = 1.8b + 13 60
40
10 a y = 1.031 25x + 13.968 75 20
b y = -1.4x + 98.25 0
0 1 2 3 4
c y = 5.05x – 110.8 Price ($)
d y = 4.1x – 291.6
Answers 623
b Various answers d 2375 million e 4642 million
c N = -20p + 135 where N is the number of cans sold in f 5713 million
thousands. g Only answer to part e as others are extrapolated.
d 73 000 e 43 000 h Lines of best fit are only approximations.
f $2.75 g $1.75
Chapter review
h Parts d, f and g may be considered to be reliable.
Multiple choice
1 a
1 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 C 5 B
2000
1500 6 B 7 C 8 E 9 D 10 D
Price $
1000 11 A 12 D 13 B 14 A 15 C
500 16 C 17 B
0
0 1000 2000 3000 Short answer
Distance (km) 1
y-variable
150
b q = 1; There is a strong positive correlation. The 100
greater the distance, the greater the air fare. 50
0
c Other factors affect air fare price such as fuel costs 0 5 10 15 20
and number of passengers. x-variable
d A = 0.45d + 275.44 Moderate negative
e $577.39 f $1231.69 2 a 0.6 b 0.43 c -0.75
g $736.24 h $1758.19 3 There is a strong positive correlation. The greater the
i Parts e, f and g may be considered to be reliable. thickness, the greater the strength.
2 a
1 4 There is a moderate negative correlation. There is
Carapace length (mm)
evidence to show that the greater the age of the person,

250
200
the lower the age of their car.
150 5 a y = 1.25x + 5.25 b y = -2.75x + 35
100 c y = 21.30x - 8.25
50 6 a y = 5x b y = -8.5x + 300
0 7 a Value of the car b Value = 17 600 - 1200 × age
0 5 10 15
Age (years) 8 a y = -0.375x + 60.375
b y = 12.2x – 659.2
b q = 1.0; There is a strong positive correlation. 9 a 50 b 394
The greater the age of the crayfish, the greater the 10 a 200 b 48
carapace length. 11 a Year b i $10 990 ii $185 750
c and d Various answers e L = 14.35a + 21.72 Extended response
f 93.47 mm g 251.32 mm 1 a
Mean duration of warm spell (days)
h 3 years i 107.82 mm 60
55 Correct answer
j Parts f and h may be considered to be reliable. 50
3 C
1 14 D 15 C 45
16 a 40
35
World population (millions)
6000 30
5000 25
4000 20
15
3000
10
2000
1000 0 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0
0 Mean surface temperature (nC)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year b 1964 c i 13.77 °C ii 0.013 degrees
2 a
Births per thousand
b Yes. Straight line. 50

c W = 71.4y - 136.873 40
30
20
World population (millions)
6000 10
0
5000 0 20 40 60 80 100
% married, using contraception
4000
b q = -1.0; There is a strong negative correlation. The
3000
greater the percentage of married women using
2000 contraception, the lower the birth rate.
1000 c and d Various answers.
0 e B = -0.45w + 49
f 38 births/thousand
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
g 32 births/thousand
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Year
h Both answers can be considered reliable.
624 Answers
3 a h Reliable, because interpolation has been used to
120 obtain the result.
Number remaining
100
80
6 a
1600
60 1500
1400
Number of bricks
40
20 1300
1200
0 1100
0 2 4 6 8 10 1000
Insecticide (micrograms) 900
800
b q = -0.6; There is a moderate negative correlation. 700
600
There is evidence to show that the greater the amount 500
of insecticide, the lower the number of survivors. 0 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
c and d Various answers
e S = -7.8I + 108 Area (m2)
f The y-intercept is the number of survivors if no b Strong positive relationship
insecticide is used. The gradient gives the decrease in c q = 1; Yes, the value of the q-correlation coefficient
the number of survivors per microgram of insecticide suggests a strong positive relationship, which closely
used. matches to the observation from b
g About 42 will survive. d N = 57.40a – 3.44
h 10 survivors e 57.40
i 13.85 micrograms f 1030 bricks are required. Michael needs to obtain
j Part g can be considered reliable. another 30 bricks.
4 a Number of days from the beginning of the course: g Interpolation
independent; size of vocabulary: dependent h Reliable, because interpolation has been used.
b
350
325
Exam practice 1
Number of words learned
300 Multiple choice

275
250 1 E 2 D 3 A
225
200 4 B 5 D 6 C
175
150 Extended response
125
100 a i Mean = 6.1
75
50 Standard deviation = 3.5
25 ii 50%
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 b Students need to be accurate when plotting points.
Number of days
9
Number of phone calls, p
c Strong positive linear correlation 8

6 4 7
d V = 24 7 n + 7 6
e On average, Rachel learned about 25 new words per 5
day. 4
3
f 522 words 2 r
g 20 days 1
h No, because the result is obtained using extrapolation.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
5 a Time spent working: independent; amount spent on
junk and take-away food: dependent Number of SMS text messages, s
b c (xL, yL) is (3.4, 5.2)
38
36 d y = −0.48x + 6.83
34 e i & ii
32
Amount spent ($)
30
28 9
Number of phone calls, p
26 8
24 7
Answers 4B ➜ 4D
22
20 6
18 5
16
14 4
12 3
10 2 r
0 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 1
Number of hours worked 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
c Strong positive correlation Number of SMS text messages, s
d A = 1.38n – 18.80
e With every extra hour of work, the amount spent per iii q = − 5 ≈ −0.71
7
week on junk and take-away food increases by $1.38. iv The q value is moderate and negative which
f $21.20 indicates that students generally use their mobile
g Interpolation
Answers 625
phones for either text messaging or phone calls but not two terms are 4, -3. Here the difference between
both, therefore, EasyDial should not spend money on successive terms follows an arithmetic sequence.
their new campaign. c Many possible answers since there is no obvious
pattern. It could be the start of a telephone number.
CHAPTER 5
d Each successive term is multiplied by an increasing
Sequences and series 1 1 −1
factor of 2 starting 2 = 2 then
10
= 1 and then
1
2 2
Exercise 5A — Describing sequences 1 3 3
followed by 4 , 16 , 256 .
1 a Add 3 (to the previous term); 10, 13, 16
b Subtract 1 (from the previous term); -3, -4, -5 e 34, 55; Each subsequent term is the sum of the
c Multiply by 4; 256, 1024, 4096 preceding two terms.
3 3 3 f 31, 63; Terms are 1 less than powers of 2.
d Divide by 2; 8, 16 , 32 g 5, 4; Add 2 to find the next term and then subtract 1 to
e Add three to the magnitude then change the sign; -17, find the subsequent term and repeat.
20, -23 6 a D b E c C
f The difference between the terms increases by 1 for 7 B 8 D
each pair; 27, 35, 44 9 a tn + 1 = tn - 2, t1 = 7
g Add the preceding two terms; 29, 47, 76 b tn + 1 = tn ÷ 2, t1 = 12
h Add 3b - a; -2a + 7b, -3a + 10b, -4a + 13b c tn + 1 = tn + 0.6, t1 = 12
i Many possible answers — assume the sequence d tn + 1 = tn × 5 + 1, t1 = 2
repeats; 0, -1, 0 e tn + 1 = -3tn, t1 = 4
j Append 1 to the decimal expansion of the preceding f tn + 1 = (tn)2, t1 = 2
term; 1.111, 1.1111, 1.111 11 10 a 26 and 25 b 23 cats
k Divide by -2; 64, -32, 16 11 The population size will rapidly decrease and by 2009,
4
2 a -3, 5, 15 b 3 , 108, 26 244 the stray cat population will be gone. (Happily, they were
c 1 5 10
, , d 13.3, -1.5, -20 all taken in by good and loving households.)
2 6 11
5 5 5 Exercise 5B — Arithmetic sequences
e , , 5 f , 20, 640
2 32 1024 4 2 a Arithmetic, difference = 2; t4 = 9; tn = 1 + 2n
g 0, 4, 11 h 3 243 59049
, , b Not arithmetic
2 32 1024 c Not arithmetic
i 41, 61, 131 j a, a + 4d, a + 9d d Arithmetic, difference = 3; t4 = 6; tn = -6 + 3n
k a, ar4, ar9 e Arithmetic, difference = -4; t4 = -14; tn = 2 - 4n
−3
3 a 7, 17, 21 b − 3 1 , − 13 1 , − 17 1 1 25
f Arithmetic, difference = 2 ; t4 = 14 ; tn = 14 + 2 n
1
2 2 2
c 7.65, 1858.95, 16 730.55 d -12, 384, 1536 g Not arithmetic
3 3
3 729 h Arithmetic, difference = 4 ; t4 = 3; tn = 4 n
e , , 6561 f 0, -35, -49
4 4096 65536 −7 −
7
g 3, -1, -1 h 0, 0, 0 i Arithmetic, difference = 4
; t4 = -5; tn = 2 - 4
n
i -1, -32, -128 j Arithmetic, difference = 2(p - 1); t4 = 8p - 3;
j a3 + a2 + a, a8 + a7 + . . . + a, a10 + a9 + . . . + a tn = 5 + 2(p - 1)n
k 2, 21, 55 3 a 104 b 682
l -123, -7.55 × 1066, -3.2 × 10267 c 1458 d -26 310
4 a 0.2, 0.128, 0.089, 0.065, 0.049, 0.037; sequence 4 a tn = 8 - 3n, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
converges to 0 n
b 0.096, 0.0347, 0.0134, 0.0053, 0.0021, 0.0008; b tn = 2 + , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
sequence converges to 0 2
c tn = -6 + 3n, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
c 0.099, 0.0981, 0.0973, 0.0967, 0.096, 0.0955; d tn = -3x + 5nx, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
1
sequence converges to 11 5 tn = 4 + 2n, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
d 0.456, 0.471 321, 0.473 437, 0.473 659, 0.473 682, 6 tn = 5n - 2
9 7 B 8 m = 21.5, n = 32.5
0.473 684; sequence converges to 19 -x + y, -5x + 9y
9 10 -2
e 0.525, 0.523 687 5, 0.523 821 7, 0.523 808 3, 1 5 2 5
11
0.523 809 6, 0.523 809 5; sequence converges to 21 11 -35; 15; 15n - 50 12 -4 4 ; 12 ; -4 3 + 12 n
f 0.525, 0.623, 0.587, 0.606, 0.597, 0.602; sequence 13 13.6, 19.2, 24.8, 30.4 14 m = 27, n = 32
converges to 5
3 5 a tn + 1 = tn + 4; t1 = 3
1
b tn + 1 = tn + 3; t1 = -3
g 0.48, 0.749, 0.564, 0.738, 0.581, 0.73; oscillates c tn + 1 = tn - 4; t1 = -2
h 0.714, 0.694, 0.722, 0.683, 0.736, 0.66; oscillates 1 2
i 0.378, 0.987, 0.052, 0.207, 0.689, 0.901; diverging d tn + 1 = tn + 2 ; t1 = 7
j 0.72, 0.907, 0.379, 1.059, -0.281, -1.619; diverging 3 3
5 a 15, 20; difference between subsequent terms increases e tn + 1 = tn + 4 ; t1 = 4
by 1. 7 1
f tn + 1 = tn - 4 ; t1 = 4
b There are many possible answers. A possible pattern
is the addition of 5 then 3 then 1 then -1. The next g tn + 1 = tn + 2p - 2; t1 = 2p + 3
626 Answers
16 9 17 3 18 B 19 E 3 a There are two possible answers because the ratio
5 n+2 could be -3 or 3. The nth term is tn = 2 × 3n - 1 or
20 a b
6 n+3 tn = 2 × (-3)n - 1, t10 = ±39 366.
b There are two possible answers because the ratio
Exercise 5C — Arithmetic series
could be -2 or 2. The nth term is tn = 2n - 1 or
1 a 55, 1275, 5050
tn = (-2)n - 1, t10 = ±512.
b 25, 100, 400
c The nth term is tn = 5 × 2n - 1, t10 = 2560
17 n + 3n2
c 80, 235, d The nth term is tn = -1 × (-2)n - 1, t10 = 512
2
e There are two possible answers because the ratio
d 15, -70, n(13 - 2n) −1 1
e 67.5, 272.5, 1095 could be 27
or 27
. The nth term is tn = 35 - 3n or
f 20p, 65p, 230p
tn = (-3)5 - 3n, t10 = ±3-25.
g 34, 424, 6304 ( n − 1)
3
h 35, 0, -122 2
1 4 ± 4
5 E 6 E 7 3 × 2 2
i 50 8 m = 12, n = 48 9 m = 36, n = 729

4
j 30, 2550, 250 500
2 a 1275 b 5050 0 a = 300, b = 0.75
1
3 a 5000 11 t1 = 25, r = ±2, tn = 25 × 2n - 1 or tn = 25 × (-2)n - 1
1
b Each of the 100 terms is 2 less than its corresponding 12 t1 = 13 , r = 32 , tn = 3n− 2 21 − n
term in question 3. There are 100 terms and so the −1
answer to this question is 50 less than in question 2. 13 -6 14 2, 12 , 18 , or − 2, 12 , 8
4 258 3 24
5 a -273, -480, -741 b -324 15 a 2
b
2n
6 a 280 b 1080 c 34 6 k = 6
1
7 D 8 B Exercise 5E — Geometric series
n( n + 1) 1 a 31, 1023, 1 048 575 b 121, 29 524, 1.74 × 109
9
2 c 33, -1023, -1 048 575 d -4, -103.8, -746.8
10 a Various answers b Various answers 3 − 2 − 31 − 341
11 17 12 45 e 2
, 46.5, 1534.5 f 3
, 24 , 256
13 a 20 100 b 9900 g 12 930, 70 972, 1 302 280
14 6 15 174 h -309, 2239, -1865 i 15 620, 48 828 120
16 The iterative equation is tn + 1 = tn + 8, t1 = 7. The j -1.375, -1.332
functional equation is t(n) = 8n - 1, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . 1 15 15
2 a 3108 b 16
, 63 16 , 66 535 16
Exercise 5D — Geometric sequences
3 458 4 9 5 121 875 000
1 a Not geometric 6 65 024 7 21 504 8 C
b Geometric, ratio = 3; t4 = 108; tn = 4 × 3n - 1 2 3
c Geometric, ratio = 2; t4 = 24; tn = 3 × 2n - 1 9 a 2 b 3
c 2
3 1
d Geometric, ratio = 2 ; t4 = 13 2 ; tn = 3n - 123 - n d 3 e 3
5
−1 1
e Geometric, ratio = 3
; t4 = 9 ; tn = (-3)2 - n 10 1.0
4
f Geometric, ratio = -3; t4 = -54; tn = 2 × (-3)n - 1 11 3
n −1
g Geometric, ratio = 2 ; t4 =
3 27
;t
2  3
= 7 ×  2  12 4; 25%, 18.75%, 14.06%
28 n
( 12 )
20
13 a 6[1 − ] = 5.999 994 278
h Geometric, ratio = 2; t4 = 6; tn = 3 × 2n - 3
-6
i Not geometric b 5.722 × 10 c 6
1
j Geometric, ratio = -6; t4 = -54; tn = 4 × (-6)n - 1 −
14 a 6 43 [1 − ( 13 )9 ] = 6.750 343
k Geometric, ratio = 2p; t4 = 16p 4; tn = (2p)n
2 a tn = 5 × 2n - 1, t6 = 160, t10 = 2560 b -3.425
× 10-4 c 6 43
b tn = 2 × 2.5n - 1, t6 = 195.31, t10 = 7629.39
15 6 23 16 16, 8, 4
Answers 5A ➜ 5E
c tn = 1 × (-3)n - 1, t6 = -243, t10 = -19 683

d tn = 2 × (-2)n - 1, t6 = -64, t10 = -1024 ( 3 + 5) (4 3 + 3 5 )
e tn = 2.3 × (1.5)n - 1, t6 = 17.47, t10 = 88.42 17 4 − 15 , =
1 ( 15 − 3) 3
f tn = 2
× 2n - 1, t6 = 16, t10 = 256 −1
18 19 13
()
6
1 1 n−1 1 1
g tn = × 3 4
=
, t6 ,t=
3072 10 786432 0 1, 0.99
2
tn = 35 × ( 13 ) , t6 = 405
− n −1 −1 −1 21 a Mathematically, the student will never make it past
h , t10 = 32805 the other side of the road. After each attempt, the
i tn = x × (3x3)n - 1, t6 = 243x16, t10 = 19 683x28 distance remaining is halved and this result is the
n−1 extra distance walked at the next attempt. Thus, the
j t = 1 ×  2  , t6 =
32 512
, t10 = 10 distance travelled across the road approaches, but
x  x 
n
x6 x never reaches, 10 metres.
Answers 627
b As shown in part a the extra distance travelled at each 3 a Functional rule: t(n) = 156n - 458
attempt is equal to half the remaining distance from b Iterative rule: tn + 1 = tn + 156; t1 = -302
the previous attempt. Given that there will always be 4 a 5.0 m b 27.5 m c 63 s
an amount remaining to travel only half this amount 5 a 5.4 km b Day 11
can be achieved on the next attempt, regardless of the c 61.5 km d 3.9
width of the road. 6 a t1 = 1.4 t5 = 7.0875
Exercise 5F — Applications of sequences b S10 = 158.66
and series c 33.9%
1 a i $91 253 ii $120 681 7 a 134.2 milli-rem b 3361.6 milli-rem
b 3.059 times 8 b 10% c 2928
2 a Arithmetic b $63 000 c $682 500 d 31 874
89
d i 8.9% ii 4.1% 9 99
3 a Geometric b $48 487 c $560 660
4 3
d i $1120 ii $1865 10 a 3
b 5
4 a 36 mg, 44 mg, 100 mg, 20 + 8n mg
b 23rd day 11 a 1.5, 1.416 666 7, . . . b 2
c 39 mg, 55 mg, 579 mg, 28 × (1.4)n - 1 or 20 × 1.4n
2 5
d 7th day 12 a 9
b 2 11
5 a 310 Extended response
b The workers must remove 12 full rows and 17 logs
( )
n −1
from the 13th row. 1 a 8 b 4 2 c 4 d Pn = 8 2
2
6 2801
7 The last person received 13 tickets and Frank had 9 left. 2 a i Arithmetic ii t4 = − 2 18
8 The last person received 64 tickets and Kate had 73 left.
9 a 1.8 × 1019 grains of rice b i Geometric ii t4 = a3b2
b 1.8 × 1015 kg c i Neither ii t4 = -1.394 531 25
10 a 4096 grains of rice 3 a i 80 ii 37 iii 18
b 0.41 kg b The trout population will reach 0 in 9 years.
11 The student will cover a distance of 2 m and thus will c 57 and 86
never get closer than 1 m from door. d No, as the terms in the sequence will keep increasing.
12 Yes, 7th day e No, the sequence will converge to 0.375, that is, the
1 1 57 232
limiting number is 375 fish.
13 a b c d
9 3 99 99 4 a
3139 700 50
Pop A Pop B
e 999
f 33
g 3 Growth Annual
14 a 249 b 2596 rate increment
5 After 8 years, that is, at the start of the ninth year.
1 Year n = 1.12 = 1000 Difference
16 18 m, 24 m, 30 m 1990 1 10 000 15 000 5000
17 a p, 3p, 5p, 7p — arithmetic progression with a = p 1991 2 11 200 16 000 4800
and d = 2p 1992 3 12 544 17 000 4456
1
b , 3, 5, 7
16 16 16 16
1993 4 14 049 18 000 3951
1994 5 15 735 19 000 3265
18 a 192 - 12n m/s 6 17 623 20 000 2377
1995
b During the 16th second 7 19 738 21 000 1262
1996
c 1440 m 8 22 107 22 000 -107
1997
19 After 8 minutes, the coffee has cooled to below 50 °C. 9 24 760 23 000 -1760
1998
20 The sequence for the arithmetic series tnun is 12n - 15, 10 27 731 24 000 -3731
1999
n ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . .} 2000 11 31 058 25 000 -6058
Chapter review 2001 12 34 785 26 000 -8785
Multiple choice
b During 1997
1 D 2 E 3 D 4 B c Annual increment of 1606 insects
5 A 6 B 7 C 8 B d Annual growth rate of 1.095 96
9 E 10 A 11 D 12 C 5 a The common difference is 4, which is a constant;
13 E 14 E therefore, the sequence is arithmetic with definition
Short answer tn = 4n + 1.
1 a tn + 1 = 2tn - 3; t1 = 7 b The common difference is 2a, which is a constant;
b tn + 1 = (tn)2 + 1; t1 = -2 therefore, the sequence is arithmetic with definition
2 a i 0.072, 0.02, 0.0059, 0.0018, 0.0005 tn = 2an + b - a.
ii Convergent iii 0 6 a 8700 b 7950
b i 0.672, 0.617, 0.662, 0.627, 0.655 c 8850 d Day 14
ii Convergent iii 149 e 5% f 10 830
g Rn = 12000 × 0.95n - 1 h 398
c i 0.496, 0.775, 0.541, 0.77, 0.549 i 5056 j 25.25
ii Oscillating l 16 minutes m Day 12
628 Answers
CHAPTER 6 11 Create perpendicular bisectors, then angle bisectors
to create 45° angles from the centre of circle, and a
Geometry in two and three dimensions diameter.
Exercise 6A — Review of basic geometry
1 a 56°
b 67.5°
c x = 38°, y = 32°
2 D 3 C
4, 5 and 6 Answers will vary. 7 A
8 a x = 60°, y = 114° Exercise 6D — Three-dimensional geometry
b x = 47°, y = 55°, z = 78° 1 and 2 Answers will vary.
c x = 59°, y = 121°, z = 59° 3 Faces = ABCDEF, GHJKLM, ABGM, EFHJ, CDKL,
9 a x = 75°, y = 30°, z = 150° AFHG, DEJK, BCLM.
b x = 45°, y = 42° c 60° Edges = AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FA, GM, ML, LK, KJ, JH,
10 Answers will vary. 11 B HG, AG, FH, EJ, DK, CL, BM.
12 25 cm Vertices = A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M.
13 C V = 12, E = 18, F = 8; 12 = 18 − 8 + 2
14 122° 4 D 5 D 6 V = 5, E = 8, F = 5 7 C
15 AB = BC, therefore ABC is isosceles. 8 9
∠BAC = ∠BCA = 45° (property of isosceles triangles).
In triangle OAB, ∠OAB + ∠ABO + ∠BOA = 180°
(sum of angles in a triangle).
∠OAB = ∠ABO = 45°, so ∠BOA = 90°.
16 A B 10 G H
J K
H G M LK J H
C
F
E D
F A B CD E F
ED
Exercise 6B — Geometric constructions A F
1, 2a and 3a Constructions. Check with your teacher.
2 b The bisectors meet at the same point. 1 Square
1 12 Construction 13 2a
3 b The bisectors still meet at a point. 14 8 1
15 32
4
r 2r r
Exercise 6E — Circle geometry
5 A 1 x = 44°, y = 44°, z = 44° 2 C 3 74°
r 4 B 5 x = 46°, y = 34°, z = 46°
4r 6 AED = BEC (opposite angles)
ADE = BCE (Circle theorem 2)
B r 6r r C Thus, similar triangles, so x = z.
6–9 Constructions. Check with your teacher. 7 B 8 90 9 x = 30°, y = 60°
10 Draw an arc with A as the centre, crossing the line at 10 x = 126°, y = 96°
B and C. 11 a Theorem 3, 90° b Theorem 1, 25.5°
With B as the centre, draw an arc above the line. c Theorem 4, 99° d Theorem 2, 51°
Repeat with the same radius at C. e Theorem 1, 58°
Join the points where the arcs meet to point A. x
12 y = 180° − 13 x = y = z = 20°
Exercise 6C — Polygons 2
1 Perpendicular bisectors meet outside the triangle. 14 Answers will vary. 15 x = y = z = 42°
2 Perpendicular bisectors meet on the hypotenuse. 16 Answers will vary.
3 Construct the perpendicular bisector of the base; vary 17 a + b + c = 180° — sum of angles in a triangle
the radius to get different triangles. c + d = 180° — straight angle
a + b + c = c + d — equating the two equations
Answers 5F ➜ 6E
4 Answers will vary.

5 a + b = d QED
18 y + ECO = EBC — isosceles triangle
BEC + EBC + y = 180° — sum of angles in triangle EBC
BEC + y + ECO + y = 180° — substitution
2y + ECO = 180° − BEC — rearranging
x + OAE + AEO = 180° — sum of angles in triangle OAE
AEO = BEC — opposite angles
6 and 7 Answers will vary. x + OAE = 180° − BEC — rearranging
8 Find the angle bisectors of the angles formed at the centre 2y + ECO = x + OAE — equating two equations
of the circle. Join them to the circumference to create involving 180° − BEC
12 vertices. Join the 12 vertices to create the dodecagon. ECO = OAE — isosceles triangle
9 and 10 Constructions 2y = x QED
Answers 629
Exercise 6F — Tangents, chords and circles 6 a 60° b 0.289 m
1 Construction 2 x = 42°, y = 132° 7 There are 10 differently shaped triangles.
3 MAC, NAC, FDA, FBA, EDG, EBG
4 B 5 D 6 x = 42°, y = 62°
7 Answers will vary. 8 60° 9 x = 180° − a − b
10 x = 80°, y = 20°, z = 80° 11 Answers will vary.
12 x = 85°, y = 20°, z = 85° Five different Three different
13 a ABE, DCE and ADE, BCE b 4.17, 5.83 triangles triangles
14 a CBD, CEA b 85°, 70° c 7.36 cm
15 D
16 S
8
P R
Q Verification of
Name Faces Edges Vertices Euler’s formula
17 x = 50°, y = 95° 18 B 19 C
0 x = 33°, y = 55°, z = 22° 21 x = 25°, y = 65°, z = 40°
2 Tetrahedron 4 6 4 4=6−4+2
22 x = a, y = 90° − a, z = 90° − 2a
Cube 6 12 8 8 = 12 - 6 + 2
23 18.92° 24 48.87 cm
Exercise 6G — Geometry in architecture, design Octahedron 8 12 6 6 = 12 − 8 + 2
and art Dodecahedron 12 30 20 20 = 30 - 12 + 2
1 2 C 3 D
Isosahedron 20 30 12 12 = 30 − 20 + 2
9 a b
4 Figure a, tall adult; figure b, short child

5 Construction 6 Approximately 1.6 to 1
b a
7 a b − a b c
a b−a 0 a x = 15°, y = 75°
1 b x = 30°, y = 92°, z = 90°
11 x = 28, y = 15.7 12 24° 13 a, e
a ± 5a
d b2 − ab − a2 = 0 e b = Extended response
2 1 b Diameter c 2r − y
1+ 5 2r − y x x2 + y2
f , approximately 1.618 d = or an equivalent ratio e
2 x y 2y
8 a Long side = 6.472 b Short side = 2.472 2 43.5 cm
c Long side = 18.170 d Short side = 309.333 3 a ∆ABC and ∆DBC are similar triangles as they both
9 a Regular triangle, square contain a right angle and share ∠C. Therefore the
b 3, 3, 3, 4, 4 and 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3; irregular third angle is the same.
10 b 25 m c 6.72 m
d i 1.96 m ii 23.04 m
e Drivers must take into account that the height and
width of the tunnel space will have decreased and
therefore larger trucks may not be able to pass
Chapter review through safely.
Multiple choice f 5.91 m
1 B 2 B 3 E 4 D 5 E g Yes, the maximum height is 5.64 m.
6 C 7 B 8 B 9 E 10 B 4 Constructions. Check with your teacher.
11 D 5 Answers will vary.
Short answer
1 a 97° b y = 177° − 2x CHAPTER 7
2 45°
3 Make a 60° angle, bisect it, then bisect one of the smaller Trigonometry
(30°) angles. Exercise 7A — Trigonometry of right-angled
4 Make a straight angle, then a 60° angle, then bisect the triangles
60° angle. Its supplement is 150°. 1 a
5 a Adjacent Q
Hypotenuse
Opposite
b Angle subtended by each side at centre = 36°
630 Answers
b Adjacent b i 143.5 m ii 4.31 km/h
Opposite
Exercise 7C — Non–right-angled triangles — the
Q
sine rule
Hypotenuse
1 44°58′, 77°2′, 13.79
c Opposite 2 39°18′, 38°55′, 17.21
3 70°, 9.85, 9.4
Adjacent 4 33°, 38.98, 21.98
Hypotenuse 5 19.12
Q
6 C = 51°, b = 54.66, c = 44.66
7 A = 60°, b = 117.11, c = 31.38
d Hypotenuse 8 B = 48°26′, C = 103°34′, c = 66.26; or B = 131°34′,
Q C = 20°26′, c = 23.8
Adjacent Opposite 9 24.17
10 A 11 C
2 a 6.43 b 11.89 c 24.99 12 A = 73°15′, b = 8.73; or A = 106°45′, b = 4.12
d 354.05 e 4.14 f 18.11 13 51.9 or 44.86
g 445.90 h x = 21.14, y = 27.13 14 C = 110°, a = 3.09, b = 4.64
3 a 44°26′ b 67°23′ c 44°25′ 15 B = 38°, a = 3.36, c = 2.28
d 17°10′ e 68°58′ f 38°41′ 16 B = 33°33′, C = 121°27′, c = 26.24; or B = 146°27′,
4 E C = 8°33′, c = 4.57
5 a 2 3 cm b 12 3 cm 2 c 12 + 8 3 cm 17 43.62 m
6 99.03 m 18 a 6.97 m b 4 m
7 a 4.98 m b 66°56′ 19 a 13.11 km b N20°47′W
8 7°11′ 9 23°4′ 10 8.58 m 20 a 8.63 km b 6.48 km/h c 9.90 km
11 1.44 m 12 4 and 4 3 21 22.09 km from A and 27.46 km from B
13 a = 5.36, b = 4.50, c = 4.78, d = 10.72 22 D 23 B
14 a = 14.90, b = 20.05 24 Yes, she needs 43 m altogether.
15 x = 13.39 16 115.91 m Exercise 7D — Non–right-angled triangles — the
17 64°51′, 64°51′, 50°18′ cosine rule
18 10.91 m3 1 7.95 2 55.22 3 23.08, 41°53′, 23°7′
19 a 18°59′ b 15.7 m 4 28°57′ 5 88°15′
20 a 0.76 m 6 A = 61°15′, B = 40°, C = 78°45′
b No, the foot of the ladder moves through a distance of 7 2218 m
0.96 m. 8 a 12.57 km b S35°1′E
21 A 9 a 35°6′ b 6.73 m2
Exercise 7B — Applications of right-angled 10 23° 11 89.12 m 12 E
triangles 13 a 130 km b S22°12′E
1 571 m 2 30 m 3 91 m 4 43.18 m 14 28.5 km 15 74.3 km 16 70°49′
5 a 22.33 m b 13.27 m 17 a 8.89 m b 76°59′ c x = 10.07 m
6 6°47′ 18 1.14 km/h
7 a b 1319.36 m Exercise 7E — Area of triangles

Helicopter 1 12.98 2 38.14 3 212.88
4 A = 32°4′, B = 99°56′, area = 68.95 cm2
35n 5 A = 39°50′, B = 84°10′, area = 186.03 m2
48n
2500 m 6 A = 125°14′, C = 16°46′, area = 196.03 mm2
7 C 8 14.98 cm2 9 570.03 mm2
S2 S1 10 2.15 cm2 11 B
12 3131.41 mm2 13 610.38 cm2
8 22 m 14 a 187.5 cm2 b 15.03 cm c 187.47 cm2
15 17 goldfish 16 22.02 m2
50 3 17 a Area = 69.63 cm2
9 50 − m
3 b Dimensions are 12.08 cm and 6.96 cm.
Answers 6F ➜ 7F
10 a 325° T b 227° T c 058° T d 163° T 18 17 kg 19 52.2 hectares

11 a S66°W b S73°E c N39°W d N74°E 20 174.5 m3 21 D 22 B
12 a C b D Exercise 7F — Radian measurement
13 1691 m
14 a 5.39 km b N21°48′W π π 2π 5π
1 a b c d
15 201°48′ T 6 3 3 6
16 a 4.36 km b 156°35′ T 5π 3π 7π 8π
17 a 12.2 km b 348 T or N12°W e f g h
4 2 4 3
18 a 29.82 km b 38.08 km c 232° T
19 a 112.76 km b 5 hours 30 minutes 2π 10π
i j
20 a 82.08 m b 136.03 m c 301°7′ T 5 9
21 a i 571.5 m ii 715 m 2 a 45° b 270°
Answers 631
c 210° d 300° 3 a and b
e 105° f 510° B B
g 15° h 234° 57.33 m
i 247.5° j 1440° 124 m
56 m 56 m
3 a 0.4712 b 1.9024 1
2
c 4.2412 d 6.1261 A C
95º 64º
e 0.1222 f 1.1118 105.86 m 52 m
O
g 2.4147 h 4.7845 O
i 5.7052 j 0.8209
C O
4 a 134°22′ b 34°58′ 52 m
c 57°18′ d 92°15′ O
80º
e 205°48′ f 415°24′
g 10°26′ h 334°37′ 3
25º
i 223°22′ j 353°21′ 78.10 m
68 m 68 m
Exercise 7G — Arcs, sectors and segments 43 m
4
1 15.88 cm 2 200.28 mm D
3 4.89 cm 4 7.77 cm E 34.25 m
5 a 0.2667c b 15°17′ D
6 a 1.6c b 91°40′
O A 105.86 m
7 35°16′
8 77°59′ 58º 38º O
85 m 6
9 73.3 cm 65.19 m
10 2.20 m 11 141.23 cm2 85 m
5 43 m
12 85.88 cm2 13 36.75 cm F
14 106°54′ 15 270 cm2 F
16 a 10 m2 b 1 m3 72.11 m
17 8050.85 cm2
18 a 188.5 cm2 b 5 cm E
19 237.66 cm2 20 5.44 m2 c 840.84 m
21 24.14 cm 22 50°56′ d $3784.50
23 6.64 cm2 24 D e Area 1 = 2952.80 m2
25 E 26 2.95 m2 (Note: Due to rounding, this answer may vary slightly
27 A depending on which side lengths and angles were used.)

Area 2 = 1308.64 m2
Chapter review Area 3 = 1741.14 m2
Multiple choice Area 4 = 617.87 m2
1 C 2 B 3 C 4 B 5 D Area 5 = 1549.81 m2
6 D 7 E 8 C 9 D 10 E Area 6 = 2769.89 m2
11 D 12 B 13 D 14 B 15 B Total area = 10 940.15 m2
16 D 17 E 18 C 4 a 45°
Short answer b 77.8 m
1 2.34 m c 033°
2 9.38 m d 102.9 m
3 a 45.5 m b 24.9° e 12 601 m2
f ii 33.7°
4 a 12.59 km
b S36°10′E g 80 m
5 2783 m
6 b = 22.11 m, c = 5.01 m, C = 10° Exam practice 2
7 94°56′ Multiple choice
8 a i 1.6 km ii 1.2 km 1 B 2 E 3 D
b 115° c 3.2 km d 111° T 4 A 5 D 6 E
9 a 159.10 cm2 b 17.68 cm c 159.09 cm2 7 D 8 D
4π 25π 32π
10 a i ii iii Extended response
9 36 9
b i 9° ii 337.5° iii 1260° 1 a i & ii
c i 0.9774c ii 2.2558c iii 3.7050c 47n
S
d i 67°2′ ii 204°33′ iii 14°33′
11 a 228.54 m b 2945.25 m2
12 0.96 m2
Extended response
1 a 44°25′, 57°7′, 78°28′ b 14.697 cm2 200 T 55n
c 1.270 cm2 R 18n
2 a 3.931 km b 6.075 km2 Mt Blizzard
c N89°53′E d 2.190 km
632 Answers
b i y j y
S
47n
2 0 x 0 x
1
x > 2 x<1
200 T 55n
Region required Region required
R 18n k l
y y
Mt Blizzard
x a 1
c
S 0 x 0 x
47n 1
x>0
T 2 a y b y
R 18n
x < 7
Mt Blizzard
0 x 0 x
d RS = 865 m 7
e h = 633 m 2 y q 2
2 a $76.39
b 69.30 – 66 = 3.3 72.75 – 69.3 = 3.45 Region required Region required
No common difference therefore not arithmetic sequence c y d y
c C = 66 × 1.05n - 1 x > 3
d Price difference = $23.57
e i Common ratio : 0.95 3 0 x 0 5 x
ii Percentage decrease is 5%
x q 5
CHAPTER 8 Region required
Region required
Linear programming e y f y
Exercise 8A — Graphs of linear inequations y a 3
4
1 a y b y x
0 0 x
2 y > 4 3
0 x 0 x
yq2 ya0
g y h y
c y d y 3
2 0 x 0 x
y > 1
6
x2>0 y 3a0
0 x 0 x
1 y<6 Region required Region required
Region required i y j y
e y f y
y a 6 0 x 0 x
y>0 8 4
x x 8<0 x 4 q 0
0 x 0
Answers 7G ➜ 8A
6 Region required Region required

Region required Region required k y l y
g y h y
5 y 6 a 2
x
0 x 0
0 x 0 x y 2<3
4 8
xq4 xa0 0
3 E
Answers 633
4 a y b y q y r y
4 y x q 1 2y > 4x 8 4x 2y a 8
0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x
2 1 2 2
y 2x a 4 1 4
4
Region required Region required Region required Region required
c y d y
s y t y
4 1 4
1 0 x 0 x
0 x 0 x – 4
4 2 2x y > 1
4x 4y a 16 y xa0 y x 4<0

u y v y
e y f y
2 6 y 2x 6 q 0
y > 2x 14 x
0
1–
0 x 0 x 2 2y 8x 4 a 0
2 7 0 x
yq x2 3 2
14
w y x y
g y h y 9x 9y 9 q 0 5
21 5x 2y 10 > 0
y < 6x 2 4 0 x
1
3
0 4 x 0 x
1 0 x
2
y q 7x 21
2 4
5 B 6 D
i y j y
Exercise 8B — Solutions of simultaneous linear
1 xy> 0 7 equations
0 x 0 x 1 a y b y
1 7 2
y q x 7
1 (2, 1)
0 x 0 x
Region required Region required 2 4 1
(4, 2) 1
k y l y
2 y > 12x 24 c y d y
5 7
0 x 0 2 x (2, 5)
2
x > y 2 24 ( 4, 1) 1
0 1 x
Region required Region required x – 7
5 0 1 3
m y n y
e y f y
2y q 4x 6 6 2
4
(3, 3) 02 x
0 x 0 x – 10
1 2 1.5 3
3y a x 12
3 0 3 6
x (3, 7)
–
3 2 10
o y p y g y h y
22
x y < 10 y<x 4 5
(9, 4)
0 x 0 x 15
10 4 1 0 x
x 1– 7
10 4 3 0 11 ( 27, 4) 7
634 Answers
i y j y e y f y
6
1 6
3
0 1 1 1 x 0 x 2
(2 –2, 1 –2 ) 1 1
0 x 0 x
1 (0, 1) 4 8
3
9
k y l y
8 17
15 (2, 11)
1 1
(4 –2 , 3 –2) 2 a y b y
0
x 0 5 2– 71– x 2 3
1 1 8 3 2 1
2 x
0 x 0 1
2 3 4
2 a y b y
8 3
5 –5 Region required Region required
2 (3.6, 0.8)
0 2 2– x
3 (4, 4) 0 x c y d y
1 2 6 4 10
14
1 x x
c y d y 0 3 4 0 10
( 7– , 9 1–) 7 1 1– 10
3 3 1
3 –2 2 x
x
0 2
1–
5
7
( 3– , 2) e y f y
2
5 3
e y f y 45 x x
5 1
( 6 – , 2) 0 0
2 2
7– 2 1–
1– x 7 x 5 3
8 3
0 7 3 1– 0 1
– (2 3–, 3 1– ) 2 – Region required Region required
12 4 4 7 2
–
3
g y h y
1 5
3 A 7–2
4 B 3 x x
5 a x = 3, y = 1 b x = 2, y = 4 0 0 3 5
3 6
c x = 2, y = −4 d x = -3, y = 5 2
e x = 1, y = 1 f x = -1, y = 3
g x = -2, y = 2 h x = 4, y = 5 Region required Region required
Exercise 8C — Graphs of simultaneous linear i y j y
inequations 7
1
1 a y b y 2–4 x x
2 0 23 0 1 2
1 1 14 8
x
– 0
1
4 0 x Region required Region required
1
k y l y
Region required Region required 4 12
c y d y 3
x 2 1 x
Answers 8B ➜ 8C
2 4 0 3 0
2
0 1 x 0 x
2 1
2 3
m y n y
Region required Region required 2
1
x x
0 1 0 1
– 1– 1
2 2 2
Answers 635
o p m y n y
y y
4 2
6 1
1 2 x
3 x
x 1 x 0 3 5
0 10 0 1–
1– 4– 0 1 3 5 2
2 2 3

o y p y
q y r y
3 2
6
4 x
x x 0 x
0 2
1 1 4 0 6 3
0 1– 2
1 2
2
q y r y
3 a B b A 8
1
Exercise 8D — Graphs of systems of linear x 4
inequations 1– 0 1 4 x
2 1 0
1 a y b y 2
4 6 Region required
Region required
x x
s y t y
0 3 0 2
1.5 8
x 3
Region required 0 1.5 3
Region required
0 x
4.5 5 71– 16
y y 2
c d
x
0 1
5 2 x y y
0
u v
3– 6
7 8
2
3
Region required Region required 8
0 x 0 x
y y 5 2 3 4
e f
6
x x
1 0 5 4 0 4 w y x y
2 9
3 7
1
Region required Region required 023 x
9
y y 3 0 1 x
g h
4 9 8 3
x 2
x
1 0 2 0 2 B 3 E 4 D 5 B 6 C
3
Exercise 8E — Maximising and minimising linear
Region required Region required functions
i y j y
2 1 a i, ii y iii Maximum
6 value 4
1 6 (4, 6)
x x
0 1 0 1 2
1– 1
2 0 x
4
Region required
y y
k l
1 b i, ii y iii Minimum
1–
2 value 0
2 x x 7 (7, 7)
0 0
1 3 1– 1– 1
3
2 2
0 x
Region required
636 Answers
c i, ii y iii Maximum 2 a i, ii y iii Minimum
value 15 4 ( 7–, 40
–) value 0
(5, 5) 11 11
3
(6, 4– )
7
0 x 3 0 6 7 x
5
d i, ii y iii Maximum b i, ii y iii Maximum
4
value 20 5 8 value 16
4 ( 8–, 12
–)
3 5 5
(6, 2)
x 2
0 4 8 0 8 x

e i, ii y iii Minimum y
1 c i, ii iii Minimum
value -22 2 (6, 14)
4 value -8
(1, 3) 8
3 3–
4
0 4 5 x
8 0 6 x
f i, ii y iii Maximum
d i, ii y iii Minimum
value 10.35 (8, 12)
4 ( 182
– 8–
15 , 15 ) value 12
x
0 10 14 4
1
2 –2
4 0 4 8 x
Region required
Region required
g i, ii y iii Minimum
7 1– value 18 e i, ii y iii Maximum
2
8 (2, 7) (10, 7) value 33.4
6
7
10 x
0 (10, 3)
9
0 10 16 x
Region required
Region required
h i, ii y iii Maximum
2 4
10 (–5 , 9) (3, 9) value 7 5 f i, ii y iii Minimum
9 9 20 84
( 11
–,–) value -1.15
11
(3, 5–) 5
2 1
4 (5 –3, 5)
0 3 4 x ( 1– , 5)
2
2 0 12 x
Region required
i i, ii y iii Minimum Region required
5 (2– ,16
–) value 0 g i, ii y iii Maximum
3 3
3 (3, 2) 10 30 80
( 11
–,–) value 23.72
11
6
3 0 2 5 x
–2 5 (4, 6)
( 6– , 6)
5
4
6 0 10 x
Answers 8D ➜ 8E
Region required
j i, ii y iii Maximum Region required
10 (6, 10) value 58 h i, ii y iii Minimum
9 (1– , 10) 14
2 6–
(211
5–
, 1111 ) value -9.6
1
4 –2 (6, 6–5 ) 8
7 4 7
12 0 x (15
– , 7– )
15
– 4 6
5
Region required 4 0 4 14 x
Region required
Answers 637
i i, ii y iii Maximum Short answer
9 18 27
( –7 , –7 ) value 25 1 a y b y
3
(4, 1)
9 0 3 4 1– x
0 3 x 0 x
3 2
3
Region required
j i, ii y4 iii Minimum Region required Region required
9 ( –3, 7)
value -35.7 c y
7
5 3
(4, 3)
0 2 4 6 x 2 0 x
Region required
3 a C b C c D d B Region required
Exercise 8F — Solving linear programming 2 y

10
problems
1 a Style A = 5, Style B = 19 b $67 8
2 a Design A = 24, Design B = 4 b $146 6
3 a 35 rollerblades, 5 bicycles b $155 4
4 a Brand A = 20, Brand B = 260 b $1840
2
5 a 36 aerobic classes, 9 circuit classes b $252 (3, 0)
6 a 20 2-person tents, 18 3-person tents b $984 x
1 2 3 4
7 a 15 bubble jet printers, 10 laser printers b $330
8 a 70 hectares of corn, 10 hectares of peas b $14 200 3 y
9 a Nature’s Own = 80 litres, 3
generic brand = 10 litres b $212
0 6– 4 x
10 a 255 tourists, 255 businesspeople b $8415 5
11 a 2 batches of 3-D puzzles, 3 batches of logic games
b $147 8
12 a 40 Arctic and 36 Cool Breeze b $11 960 Region required
c Yes ($9560)
4 x + y ≥ 400, y ≤ 400, x − 2y ≤ 400
13 a Variables need to be defined in order to determine
how many bags of CP1 and CP2 will produce 5 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, −x + y ≥ −300, x + y ≤ 600, x − y ≥ −400
maximum profit. 6 a y
b 20x + 15y ≤ 300, 15x + 10y ≤ 210 2 1– B
(4, 5)
c x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 d P = 45x + 50y e $836 1
(0, 2 –3)
3
A
14 A 15 A
(0, 0)O C (2, 0)
Exercise 8G — Further applications of linear 1
3–2 0 2 x
programming 5
1 $69 Region required
2 a Rod A = 16, rod B = 10 b $13 800
3 a x = the number of type A uniforms produced; b y
4 B (0, 4)
y = the number of type B uniforms produced.
b 5x + 10y ≤ 480, 6x + 12y ≤ 600, 3x + 3y ≤ 450, 3
(6, 0)
A (0, 3)
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 C
c P = 7x + 12y 0 4 6 x
d 80 type A uniforms and 10 type B uniforms D (4, 0)
e $680 Region required
2 1 y
4 a 2 5 kg of Zest, 1 5 kg of Boom 7 a O (0, 0) b $27.40
7 B A (0, 6)
b $15.72 (rounded down $15.70) 6 A B ( 1– , 6 3–)
5 5
5 a 200 Gold Pass packages, 100 Classic packages C 2– 2–
b $5000 2 O D C (2 3, 13 )
6 a 1.6 tonnes at plant A, 4.2 tonnes at plant B
0 1 31– D(1, 0) x
1 2
b $2532
Region required
Chapter review
Multiple choice 8 a 54 b −4
1 D 2 D 3 D 4 E 5 A 9 x = 0, y = 0, minimum = 0
6 B 7 B 8 C 9 D 10 B 10 x = 0, y = 3.4, maximum = 4080
11 A 12 A 13 A 14 E 15 E 11 a x = the number of runners produced,
16 B 17 B 18 A y = the number of walking shoes produced.
b x ≥ 400, y ≥ 350, x + y ≤ 900 c P = 12.5x + 10y
638 Answers
12 a The total number of hours of driving with petrol plus 5 a x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0; x ≤ 1600; y ≥ 200; x ≥ 2y;
the hours driving with gas must be no more than 24. x + y ≥ 1500; x + y ≤ 2100
b i y ii y b y
25 25 2200
(0, 2100)
20 20 2000
15 15 1800
1600
10 10 1400
(0, 1500)
5 5 1200
1000 (1400, 700)
0 5 10 15 20 25 x 0 5 10 15 20 25 x 800 B
(1000, 500)
600 A C (1600, 500)
c Yes, Ten hours on gas and 5 hours on petrol lies on 400
1 D (1600, 200)
the line y = 2 x and is within the feasible region. 200 (1300, 200) E
d Min = 17 x
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
Max = 18
Extended response Region required
1 a 20 hectares of oats, 15 hectares of wheat
b $7600 c Yes c A(1000, 500) B(1400, 700) C(1600, 500)
2 a 10x + 5y ≥ 70, 2x + 4y ≥ 28, 3x + 3y ≥ 36 D(1600, 200) E(1300, 200)
b Yes, x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 d P = 2.5x – 3.5y + 45 150
We are dealing with items produced; therefore x ≥ 0 e 1600 cake platters, 200 cheese platters and 300 fruit
and y ≥ 0. bowls
c y f $48 450
.
14 A (0, 14) 6 a x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0; x + y ≥ 80; 0.03x + 0.05y ≥ 2.5;
12 B (2, 10) 0.05x + 0.08y ≥ 4.5; 0.05x + 0.025y ≥ 3
7 C (10, 2) b y
D (14, 0)
0 7 12 14 x A (0, 120)
Region required
d C = 300x + 200y
e $2600 B (40, 40)
3 a 5 kg C1, 2 kg C2 1 2
C (63 –3, 16 –3)
b $27.50
D (90, 0)
4 a y (831–3 , 0) x
12
Region required
11
10 1 2
9
c A(0, 120) B(40, 40) C(633, 16 3 ) D(90, 0)
8 d C = 0.012x + 0.016y
1 2
7 e 633 g of Chicken Bites and 16 3 g of Fish Bites per day
6
5 f $1.03 per day g C = 0.012x + 0.014y
4 1 2
h 63 3 g of Chicken Bites and 16 3 g of Fish Bites per day
3
2 i $0.99 per day
1
7 a Line A b (24, 28) c x ≤ 64 and y ≤ 52
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x d y
80
b y ≥ 2x 70
x = 64
c i y 60 y = 52
12 50
11 40
10 30
9 20
8 10
Answers 8F ➜ 8G
7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 x
6
5
4 e C = 100x + 70y f $4240 g 2x + 3y ≥ 150
3 h y
2 80
1 70
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x 50
40
ii 2 dogs 30
d P = 40x + 30y 20
e i 2 washes and 6 clips 10
ii $260 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 x
Answers 639
i No: he will sell 146 books, which is fewer than the 8 a $6928 b $6486 c $145 778 d $12 823
required 150 books. 9 a 7.14% b 11.25% c 8.75% d 7.95%
j i $5400 10 a $627.13 b $12 542.50
ii Any point on the line 20x + 15y = 900 between 11 a i $1540.63 ii $6162.50 b Yes
(0, 60) and (15, 40). 1
12 a $2247 b $15 729 c 7 2 years
CHAPTER 9 Exercise 9B — Compound interest, inflation and
appreciation
Financial arithmetic 1 a $34 656.08 b $32 289.18
Exercise 9A — Simple interest c $32 566.77 d $34 433.26
1 a i $126 ii $1326 Rosemary should choose option a.
b i $1609.92 ii $9929.92 2 a $16 300 b $17 138.24
c i $220.80 ii $1180.80 c $16 822.61 d $16 322.40
d i $1309.32 ii $5039.32 Alternative b is clearly the best for Warren.
e i $347.33 ii $18 747.33 3 a i $253.63 ii $256.84
f i $601.16 ii $3061.16 iii $259.60 iv $260.15
g i $5260.50 ii $131 260.50 b i $43.20 ii $43.69
h i $10.71 ii $2008.71 iii $44.10 iv $44.18
i i $6812.19 ii $51 412.19 c i $1728.28 ii $1755.41
j i $578.39 ii $5413.39 iii $1778.87 iv $1783.50
k i $2866.14 ii $12 728.14 d i $23 089.26 ii $23 416.59
l i $4.19 ii $119.19 iii $23 698.83 iv $23 754.45
m i $416.74 ii $15 411.74 e i $6237.77 ii $6410.19
n i $65.63 ii $5065.63 iii $6563.42 iv $6594.13
o i $32.15 ii $1782.15 f i $1 076 914.65 ii $1 155 992.28
p i $215.08 ii $8135.08 iii $1 230 982.76 iv $1 246 580.62
2 a $405.90 b $1534.40 c $90.93 4 D 5 $2822.87 6 $2599.61
d $1668.05 e $410.03 f $50.03 7 $20 800
g $129.94 h $3771.90 i $2134.62 8 a $878.05 b $901.76
j $11 760 k $313.50 l $768 9 $3.04 10 $1.20 11 E
m $40.39 n $496.40 o $2533.86 12 $6350.86 13 $2330 14 $1330
p $395.42 15 $6420 16 13 years 17 23 years
18 15 years and 4 months
3 $131.86 4 ≈ 1 year and 3 months 5 $3774.17 19 a C b B
6 a D b C c A 20 a 4.88% b 3.65% c 7.78% d 1.53%
7 a 11 b 12 c 18 d 31 e 28 e 6.92% f 1.35% g 2.29% h 5.60%
i 6.58% j 3.14%
Exercise 9C — Savings and credit card accounts

1 a $3857.67
b $3483.18
c
Date Transaction detail Debit Credit Balance
30 Sep 2009 Opening balance $12 526.07 CR
1 October ABWDL Chadstone 65.89 $12 591.96 CR
ABWDL Northland 400.00 $12 191.96 CR
State Govt Tax GDT 12.85 $12 179.11 CR
5 October Salary 1895.89 $14 075.00 CR
8 October ABWDL Jam Factory 750.93 $13 324.07 CR
16 October ABWDL Camberwell 590.86 $12 733.21 CR
19 October Salary 1895.89 $14 629.10 CR
27 October ABWDL Northland 100.00 $14 529.10 CR
29 October ABWDL Chadstone 1628.54 $12 900.56 CR
31 October 2009 Closing balance $12 900.56 CR
d $12 900.56
2 a $3473.14 b $13.89
3 $0.76
4 $2.04
5 11.13%
640 Answers
6 Date Transaction Debit Credit Balance
1 August 2009 Balance B/F $4172.90 CR
4 August 2009 Deposit $178.15 $4351.05 CR
8 August 2009 Cheque 3192 $628.50 $3722.55 CR
17 August 2009 Wages $1191.28 $4913.83 CR
23 August 2009 Cheque 3193 $486.75 $4427.08 CR
31 August 2009 Interest $16.29 $4443.37 CR
3 September 2009 Cheque 3195 $511.29 $3932.08 CR
8 September 2009 Deposit $42.60 $3974.68 CR
13 September 2009 Wages $1191.28 $5165.96 CR
20 September 2009 ATM $500.00 $4665.96 CR
23 September 2009 Cheque 3194 $840.00 $3825.96 CR
30 September 2009 Interest $16.74 $3842.70 CR
2 October 2009 Deposit $17.80 $3860.50 CR
10 October 2009 ATM $120 $3740.50 CR
16 October 2009 Wages $1191.28 $4931.78 CR
24 October 2009 Cheque 3196 $789.70 $4142.08 CR
31 October 2009 Interest $16.36 $4158.44 CR
7 a $56.11 b $6.72
8 Date Transaction Debit Credit Balance
1 June 2009 Opening balance $1262.80 CR
8 June 2009 Salary $1254.68 $2517.48 CR
15 June 2009 Car registration $532.65 $1984.83 CR
22 June 2009 Salary $1254.68 $3239.51 CR
30 June 2009 Rent $828.40 $2411.11 CR
Interest $3.68 $2414.79 CR
1 July 2009 $2414.79 CR
6 July 2009 Salary $1254.68 $3669.47 CR
7 July 2009 Electricity $71.57 $3597.90 CR
10 July 2009 Gym membership $599.00 $2998.90 CR
20 July 2009 Salary $1254.68 $4253.58 CR
24 July 2009 Visa $138.57 $4115.01 CR
29 July 2009 Tax refund $528.37 $4643.38 CR
30 July 2009 Rent $828.40 $3814.98 CR
31 July 2009 Interest $7.04 $3822.02 CR
9 C 16 a $27.27 b $950
Answers 9A ➜ 9D
10 a $17.50 b $25 c $25 d $25 7 a $1000

1 b $15
e $25 f $34 g $52 h $83 c $522.73 d $17.50 e $11.87
i $54.48 j $126 f $535.56 g The card with the interest-free period
11 $4.95 12 $0.75 Exercise 9D — Purchase options
13 a 53 days, 48, 40, 34 and 26 b very beginning 1 $670.68 2 $2374.05 3 $464.07
14 $17.70 4 D 5 $27.75 6 $18.13
15 a 28 days b $22.10 7 a $1800 b $31.50
c No, since it was paid on 29/4, which was less than c $1831.50 d $1863.55
25 days from the end of the statement. 8 a $1767.50 b $88.38
d The balance is over $25, but under $1700, so the c Interest = $20.26, balance = $2046.68
minimum amount due is $25. 9 a $47 040 b $21 840 c 10.83%
e Credit limit − closing balance = $1000 − $650 10 a $1348.50 b $14 868.50 c $5878.50
= $350 d 3 weeks e 12.82%
Answers 641
11 a $161.79 e Period Dep. Accum. Book value
b $1146.79 n (years) ($) dep. ($)
c $63.71
12 22.23% 1 3456 3456 18 144
13 a 25.40%
2 2903 6359 15 241
b Effective rate of interest is almost double the flat rate
of interest. 3 2439 8798 12 802
14 C
4 2048 10 846 10 754
15 a B b D
16 a 11 b $1280.33 5 1721 12 567 9033
c $80.33
17 a $4392.38, $4283.74, $4174.08, $4063.39, $3951.65, 6 1445 14 012 7588
$3838.86 f The graph is an
b $661.14 c 73.46% 21 600
exponential graph.
Book value ($)

18 144
Exercise 9E — Depreciation 15 241
12 802
1 a $191 620 b $235 950 10 754
c ≈ 5.85 years ⇒ ≈ 5 years 10 months 9 033
7 588
5 0000
d Period Dep. Accum. Book value 1 2 3 4 5 6 n (years)
n (years) ($) dep. ($) ($)

9 a $480 b $154, 4.81%
1 47 190 47 190 238 810 10 a ≈ $6396 b $5204
c ≈ 10.31 years ⇒ ≈ 10 years 4 months
2 47 190 94 380 191 620 11 ≈ $1 278 722 12 B 13 D
14 a i $28 200 ii 43.03%
3 47 190 141 570 144 430 b ($)
150 000
Book value
4 47 190 188 760 97 240
100 000
5 47 190 235 950 50 050 50 000
10 40 050 276 000 10 000 0 1 2 3 4 5 n

512 Years
(scrap value)
15 $10 483 16 $24 500
e The graph is a straight 17 a ≈ $51 056
line with a negative b ≈ 12.15 years ⇒ ≈ 12 years 2 months
286 000 gradient. 18 A 19 C 20 C
Book value ($)
238 810
191 620 21 a ≈ $20 467 b ≈ $20 467 c ≈ 23 844 hours
144 430
97 240 Chapter review
50 050
10 000 Multiple choice
0 1 2 3 4 5 510
—
12 n 1 C 2 A 3 D 4 B 5 A
6 A 7 C 8 E 9 E 10 C
2 $90 000 3 $173 600 11 B 12 B 13 E 14 D 15 D
16 E 17 B 18 A 19 E 20 D
4 B 5 C
21 C 22 C
6 a $1040 b $13 104
c $92 820 d $9367.20 Short answer
7 a $6250 b $5372.85 1 12.86%
1
c $914.83 d $159.96 2 a $113.10 b 8 3 % p.a. c 3 d $3030.30
e $11 286 f $3270.72 3 ≈ 3 years
g $32 812.50 h $25 025 4 a $115.32 b 7.72% p.a.
i $96 662.50 j $39 200 c ≈ 2 years 10 months d $2940.12
8 a ≈ $10 754 b ≈ $14 012 5 $70 300
c ≈ 4.42 years ⇒ ≈ 4 years 5 months 6 a $10 500 b $16 103
d ≈ 11.32 years ⇒ ≈ 11 years 4 months 7 a $3387.60 b $4380.95
*c See at the foot.
*c Date Transaction detail Debit Credit Balance
2 April 2009 Cheque 2694 $128.00 $5684.29 CR
5 April 2009 Salary $1693.80 $7378.09 CR
11 April 2009 ABWDL Northland $800.00 $6578.09 CR
19 April 2009 Salary $1693.80 $8271.89 CR
23 April 2009 ABWDL Jam Factory $800.00 $7471.89 CR
29 April 2009 Cheque 2695 $2652.95 $4818.94 CR
642 Answers
d $4818.94 e $2554.33 f $1044.67
8 a $21.42 b $30.29 g $20.09
9 a $52 b $25 c $25 h With the hire-purchase plan, Christopher can have the
d $25 e $27 notebook now rather than in 2 years’ time.
10 a 0.0452% b $19.34 c $73.34 15 a i $1750 ii $218.75
d $1411.37 b i $8420 ii 7.3%
11 a $672 b 11.2% p.a. c 21.5% p.a. c $5950 d $225 e $818.18
12 a $1936.18 b $96.18 c 60.11% f i $120 ii $325
13 a $2840 p.a. g $5277 h 16.7%
b Constant depreciation; the amount does not change
from year to year, hence, 0. Exam practice 3
14 ≈ $25 449 Multiple choice
15 a 3000 b 542 857 143 1 B 2 D 3 B 4 C 5 D
Extended response 6 B 7 A 8 C 9 E
1 a
Date Credit Debit Balance Short answer 5000 − x
1 a 5000 - x = 4600 or = 4.6
2 Feb. $122.81 $877.35 b x = $400 1000
7 Feb. $461.76 $1339.11 c BV = $2930
2 a $20.55 b In 2013.
15 Feb. $931.99 $407.12 Extended response
21 Feb. $461.76 $868.88 1 The number of hours that Lily works is less than or equal
to twice the number of hours Rose works.
28 Feb. $819.89 $48.99 OR Lily works less than or double the number of hours
b Total credits = $1046.33 that Rose works

c Total debits = $1751.88
d $0.2143
( )
2 a B 83 , 163 .
2 Interest = $3.51 b C = 14.6x + 14.1y

3 Minimum payment = $27 (rounded down to the nearest c The maximum cost in wages is $115.80.
dollar) d i Georgina is justified because the coordinate (2, 5) is
4 a Interest = $680 over 2 years outside the feasible region.
b Flat rate of interest is 7.39% p. a. ii 4 hours
c Effective rate of interest is 14.19% p. a. 3 a $75 000 b $300 000
5 Amount owing = $4689.16 c i Number of repayments = 180
6 Yearly depreciation = $5000 ii $3178.09
7 BV12 = $261 000 d i $280 461.80 ii 172.489 or 173 instalments.
8 a BV4 = $78 732
b Total depreciation = $56 227.08
c n ≈ 14 years 11 months CHAPTER 10
d n ≈ 23 years 7 months Shape and measurement
e
Exercise 10A — Pythagoras’ theorem in two
Period Depreciation Accumulated Book value dimensions
n yrs $ depreciation $ 1 a 15 b 9.2 c 18.3
1 12 000 12 000 108 000 d 7.6 e 6.6 f 4.7
2 a 87.7 cm b 0.88 m
2 10 800 22 800 97 200 3 B
3 9720 32 520 87 480 4 Yes, it would be classified as stable. The base would be
0.92 m or 92 cm out from the wall.
4 8748 41 268 78 732 5 a a = 0.7 m b b = 23.7 c x = 6.8
5 7873.20 49 141.20 70 858.80 6 Across the park: total distance = 28.98 km
Via the streets: total distance = 32.5 km
Answers 9E ➜ 10A
9 P = $379 259.26 Using the streets will enable the runner to complete
10 Book value after 5 years is $51 207.53 30 + km.
11 a U. C. D. = 3.25 $/h 7 a 24.4 cm b 48 cm c 199 cm
b Book value = $32 600 8 a 46.7 cm b 75 cm, 50 cm, 25 cm
12 a i $107.86 ii 2 years 10 months c Approximately $129.88
b i $109.71 ii 2 years 7 months 9 a Buoy 1 Buoy 2 b 1200 m
c Michelle must add an extra $180.55.
1
13 a i $1474 ii 11 2 years
b i $23 920 ii $6630 iii 9.59% iv 19.08%
14 a $359.90
b Fortnightly repayments: $73.75; interest charged:
$595.99
c $4194.99 d 18.05%, higher S/F
Answers 643
c 20 km d 1250 m, 3000 m and 3250 m Exercise 10D — Total surface area (TSA)
e 30002 + 12502 = 32502 f 56.7 km 1 a 577 cm2 b 2670.4 cm2 c 483.1 m2
d 247.0 m2 e 261.2 cm2 f 2463.0 mm2
Exercise 10B — Pythagoras’ theorem in three
dimensions 2 a viii b vi c ii d i e v
1 a 22.4 b 25.3 c 14.8 d 27.9 f iii g iv h ix i vii
2 a 21.5 b 23.1 c 18.1 d 18.5 3 a 12 cm b 10 mm c 11.4 m d 9.5 cm
e 30.6 f 7.9 4 113 cm2
3 a 25 cm b 26.9 cm 5 a 5.0 m b 7.0 m c 7.6 cm d 8.4 cm
4 a i AB = 5 m ii CD = 4.5 m iii DE = 14.4 m 6 No, the diameter of the cork is 1.6 cm, so it will fall
iv EF = 6.7 m v GH = 7.2 m vi GI = 7.8 m through.
b i Length 7 C 8 E 9 D 10 6.3 m2
Number Total metres 11 a 8294 cm2 b 0.56 m
14 × 8 = 112 12 a 251.2 m2 b 314 m2 c $18 840
3 × 12 = 36 d $5024 e $23 864
4 × 12 = 48 13 a Cylindrical container — 539 cm2
5 × 3 = 15 Rectangular prism — 686 cm2
4.5 × 2 = 9 Triangular prism — 881 cm2
14.4 × 2 = 28.8 b 539 × 1.3 = 700.7 cm2. The rectangular prism meets
8 × 3 = 24 this criteria.
6.7 × 2 = 13.4 14 a Triangular prism b
7.2 × 1 = 7.2
7.8 × 1 = 7.8
301.2 m c 215.3 cm2 d 25.5 cm × 10.5 cm
ii $1506.00 5 a 110.8 cm2
1 b 90 labels c 4.8 cm × 23.1 cm
5 a AB = 10.2 m AC = 10 m d 80 labels e 8870 cm2 f 11%
b DE = 14.2 m DF = 14.1 m 16 a
6 20.6 m
Exercise 10C — Perimeter and area
1 a i 97.98 mm2 ii 48 mm
b i 1.4 m2 ii 4.88 m b 174 cm2 c 57 containers d 45 containers
c i 168 cm2 ii 54 cm 17 a 101 cm2 b 5.7 cm
d i 32 cm2 ii 49.34 cm c Dimensions are 45.6 cm × 22.8 cm with area
e i 8.75 m2 ii 13.40 m 1039.68 cm2
2 a i 540 cm2 ii 106 cm d 22.3%
b i 60.73 m2 ii 45.71 m 18 235.6 mm2 19 26 482 cm2
c i 29.74 cm2 ii 21.42 cm 20 TSA of bin: 4626.937 66 cm2
Two coats of paint = 9253.875 32 cm2
3 a C b E c B Paint at home covers 10 000 cm2, so you don’t need to
4 a i ii 1.1 m2
1.2 m
buy any more.
21 1137 cm2
1.2 m Exercise 10E — Volume
b i 2m ii 22 m2
1 a ii b vi c v d iii e iv f i
2 a 489.6 cm3 b 848.7 cm3 c 502.7 cm3
6m d 1075.2 cm3 e 768.9 cm3 f 684.7 cm3
3 3
3m g 185.6 m h 5413.8 cm
3 a 336 cm3 b 80.5 cm3 c 1218 mm3
1m d 2750 cm3
4 $54.00 5 96 cm3
c 5.29 m
6 a 6.1 m3 b 123 717.1 cm3 c 2356.2 cm3
5 Radius = 0.6 m or 60 cm
7 a 179.59 cm3 b 808.17 cm3 c 269.4 cm3
6 34.4% 7 33%
8 4.2 cm
8 a Parallelograms b 2.6 cm2 in total
9 a 3 cups
c d 11.0 cm2
b Radius = 8.7 cm
10 Rectangular prism: 91 200 cm3
Composite prism: 94 004.6 cm3
Trapezium prism: 79 192 cm3
Container a will be best as apples require (512 × 160)
9 30.6 cm2 81 920 cm3. Container b has too much space, while c
10 Chimney circumference = 150.79 cm does not have enough.
Santa can use the chimney, provided he doesn’t breathe. 11 a Volume of mixing bowl = 1154.8 cm3
11 107 cm2 12 9.8 cm i Square tin: 5.1 cm ii Round tin: 4.5 cm
13 The chain is 137.4 cm long, so it’s too short. iii Rectangular tin: 5.6 cm iv Ring tin: 5.1 cm
14 a 2474 cm2 b 34.4% c 110 cm b i Square tin → 7 − 5.1 = 1.9 cm from top: would rise
15 66% to 1.1 cm over brim ∴ too high.
644 Answers
ii R ound tin → 7 − 4.5 = 2.5 cm from top: would rise b 0.025 m, 2.5 cm, 25 mm
to 0.5 cm over brim. Caters for constraints. c 0.015 m, 1.5 cm, 15 mm
iii Rectangular tin → 7 − 5.6 = 1.4 cm from top: d 5 m, 500 cm, 5000 mm
would rise to 1.6 cm over brim ∴ too high. e 25 m, 2500 cm, 25 000 mm
iv Ring tin → 7 − 5.1 = 1.9 from top: would rise to f 2.188 m, 218.8 cm, 2188 mm
1.1 cm over brim ∴ too high. 9 B 10 b
12 a Vase 1 — 5227.6 cm3 11 a Tree in photo: real tree = 1:600 b 2 mm
Vase 2 — 3744 cm3 12 a 1:50 b 4.2 cm c 210 cm
Vase 3 — 2207.8 cm3 d Length 70 cm; width 70 cm e 1256.6 cm2
b 3980.4 cm3 c 76% 13 a 25 200 inches b 25 200, 640
Exercise 10F — Capacity c i 6.4 cm to 640 m ii 1:10 000
1 a 750 mL b 0.8 L c 2500 mL d 40 L d RL = 10 000 scale length
e 6 000 000 cm3 → 6 000 000 → 6000 L 14 a Similar b Similar c Not similar
f 12 000 L g 4.2 kL h 7.5 kL → 7500 L d Similar e Similar f Not similar
i 5.2 cm3 j 6000 cm3 g Not similar h Similar
k 20 000 mL = 20 000 cm3 l 5.3 m3 15 a 2:5 or 4:10
2 660 mL 3 7.1 litres 4 63 mm 22:52 or 42:102
5 a 3 b 95 mL 4:25 or 16:100
6 a 35 kL b i 29.2 minutes ii 41.7 minutes 4:25
7 60 cm b Area of small rectangle = 8 cm2
16 a Answers will vary. b 3:2 c 9:4
Exercise 10G — Similar figures d Answers will vary. 17 C
1 a Delete enlarged, keep reduced 18 a 8000 m2 b 89.4 m
b Delete reduced, keep enlarged 19 a 6:10 or 3:5
2 Answers shown in proportion, but not to size. 63:103 33:53
a A' B' b A' B' 216:1000 27:125
O A B
A O F
27:125
B F' C C'
C D Volume of smaller cylinder 27
E D E' D'
b =
785.4 126
C' D'
= 169.6 cm3
c 20 a 8:27 b 16.7 cm3
O
A A'
3 Answers shown in proportion, but not to size. Exercise 10H — Similar triangles
a b 1 a Similar b Congruent c Similar
d Not enough information
O 2 a a, b, c, d = 78°
b b = 68°; a and c = 112°
c c = 32°; a, b, d, e = 74°
d a, b, e = 102°; c, d = 78°
c e y = 36°, x = 63°
f a, e = 122°; b = 32°; d, c = 26°
3 A 4 B
5 Answers will vary.
6 a A b A
x B
4 a 1:1000 b 1:500 c 3:2500 A
x
d 2:5 e 2:1 f 7:40
E C D E
1 1 3 x x
5 a 1000
b 500
c 2500 Share same angle C D B E
Answers 10B ➜ 10H
Corresponding angles
2 2 7 Share same angle
d 5
e 1
f 40
x Corresponding angles
x Corresponding angles
6 a RL = SL × 1000 b RL = 500 × SL
2500SL 5SL
c RL = d RL = c D d A
3 2 A
SL 40SL
e RL = f RL = A
2 7
C E B D
7 a 30 000 mm, 3000 cm, 30 m Shared angle
b 15 000 mm, 1500 cm, 15 m x x Corresponding angles
C B E B
c 25 000 mm, 2500 cm, 25 m
d 75 mm, 7.5 cm, 0.075 m x Equal (vertically opposite)
angles
e 15 mm, 1.5 cm, 0.015 m Corresponding angles
f 171 mm, 17.1 cm, 0.171 m Corresponding angles
8 a 0.0125 m, 1.25 cm, 12.5 mm
Answers 645
e A b
x A
x
Number Angle of Order
B B
Number of lines of first super- of
C D
Polygon of sides symmetry imposition rotation
as shown Nonagon 9 9 40° 9
Decagon 10 10 36° 10
7 a x = 7.4, y = 48
b y = 3.1, x = 3.1 6 a 2 b 2
c x = 12.5, y = 19.5 c 6 d Infinite
d x = 7.5, y = 10 e None f None
e x = 4 7 a, b, c, e planes of symmetry
f x = y = 75°, z = 4 d, f not planes of symmetry
}
g x = 13.8, y = 67°23′, z = 39 8 a 5
h x = 15, y = 12 b AC/BD: order of 2
i x = 24, y = 11.3
8 A Midpoint of AD and BC order of 2
or midpoint of AB and DC
9 a 2.4 m (Need to find an alternative route) EF: order of 4
b 4.5 m 9 a Planes of symmetry: 4 Axes of symmetry: 1
c 18 m (Need a longer ladder) b Order of rotational symmetry: 4
d 2.55 m 10
10 Perimeter = 17 cm
11 a x = 5.5, y = 3.75, z = 2.5 Vertical Horizontal Rotational
b 34.38, 23.44, 15.63 symmetry symmetry symmetry None
12 2.9 m A B H F
Exercise 10I — Symmetry H C I G
1 a All, (AB, CD, EF, GH) b AB, CD, EF I D O J
c AB, CD, EF d None M E S L
2 a b O H X P
T I Z Q
U K R
3 1 V O N
W X
c d X
1
Y
11 a MUM DAD b KID SIS
2 Vertical None Horizontal Rotational
c Back to front, the same upside down
e f 1 2 Chapter review
3 Multiple choice
4 1 C 2 D 3 A 4 A 5 A
0 6 B 7 D 8 B 9 D 10 D
5
6 11 E 12 C 13 D 14 A 15 B
3 a and b 16 B 17 D 18 A 19 E 20 C
21 A 22 C
Short answer
1 95 cm
2 The board just fits diagonally (that is, along the line CB).
3 a i P = 48.0 cm ii A = 129.4 cm2
b i P = 12.3 m ii A = 11.5 m2
c 72° d 5 times e 5 c i P = 48 cm ii A = 173.7 cm2
4
Number Angle of Order 4 a b 1.4 m
Pole
Number of lines of first super- of
Guy-rope
Polygon of sides symmetry imposition rotation 2.4 m
2.5 m 2.1
Triangle 3 3 120° 3 m
Square 4 4 90° 4
Pentagon 5 5 72° 5
Hexagon 6 6 60° 6
Octagon 8 8 45° 8 5 TSA = 617 cm2
6 a 1.5 m b 13 m2
5 a Polygon of n sides = n lines of symmetry and 7 Answers will vary.
n = order of rotation. The first angle of 8 12 cm
360° 9 a × 2.5 b × 12
superimposition =
n
646 Answers
10 8 cm 6 a
11 7 cm
12 9.6 cm
13 a Lines of symmetry b 2
Extended response b 1 : 16 c 0.96 m

1 a Triangular window: P = 4.16 m; Trapezoidal d Not similar (does not pass the SSS test)
window: P = 6.72 m e i No ii No
b $147 f Equilateral triangle; side length may vary
c Triangular window: A = 0.834 m2; Trapezoidal g Answers will vary depending on answer to part f.
window: A = 2.334 m2
d $143
CHAPTER 11
e Yes
Networks
x
y y Node Exercise 11A — Undirected graphs and networks
x
1 a i V=4 ii E = 6 iii deg(A) = 2
deg(B) = 4
x plus y = 180º deg(C) = 3
The sum of angles around
deg(D) = 3
each node add to 360º.
b i V=4 ii E = 3 iii deg(A) = 2
f P = 72 cm deg(B) = 1
g A = 300 cm3 deg(C) = 2
h A = 9.252 m2 deg(D) = 1
i 29 boxes c i V=4 ii E = 3 iii deg(A) = 2
2 a Annulus: A = 766 cm2; propeller-shaped: deg(B) = 2
A = 838 cm2 deg(C) = 2
b A = 10 586.4 cm2 c $264 deg(D) = 0
d A = 7628 cm2 e $62.36 d i V=4 ii E = 7 iii deg(A) = 4
f 2.42 m g 3.388 m2 deg(B) = 4
h 0.033 88 m3 deg(C) = 3
3 a deg(D) = 3
i ii e i V=5 ii E = 7 iii deg(A) = 2
TSA Volume deg(B) = 2
(cm2) (cm3) deg(C) = 3
I 13.076 3.1 deg(D) = 3
II 12.897 2.9 deg(E) = 4
III 7.069 1.8 f i V=6 ii E = 7 iii deg(1) = 3
IV 13.5 3.4 deg(2) = 3
V 19.5 5.6 deg(3) = 4
VI 17.096 4.4 deg(4) = 1
deg(5) = 2
b 332.6 cm2 c 7 full boxes deg(6) = 1
d 84.8 mL e 11 full boxes 2 a, b, d, f
4 a 12 cm b 12 3 c A B e A C
D
d 3344 cm2 e 7168 cm3
Answers 10I ➜ 11A
3 37
h 4
i 64 D C
B E
3
5 a i 3 cm to 2 m ii 3:200 iii 200
b a=2m 4 d and e
b = 2.5 m 5 B There are 15 edges.
c = 1.6 m A deg(A) = 3 deg(E) = 2
d=2m G C deg(B) = 5 deg(F) = 6
e=2m F deg(C) = 4 deg(G) = 5
f = 2.5 m deg(D) = 5
c i 22.76 m2 ii 5.69 litres E D
d 16.8 m3 e 5.01 m
Note: This is only one possibility.
Answers 647
6 a B b B 2 a
C V R E V+R-E
A C E i 5 5 8 2
A ii 5 4 7 2
D
E D iii 6 6 10 2
c A B d A B C
iv 6 5 9 2
E
v 5 2 4 3
E D
C D vi 7 8 13 2
e A connected graph cannot be drawn. vii 4 2 4 2
7 a deg(A) = 3 b deg(A) = 3
deg(B) = 4 deg(B) = 2 viii 4 1 2 3
deg(C) = 3 deg(C) = 3 b Connected, 2, Euler’s
deg(D) = 4 deg(D) = 2 3 a Euler’s formula holds, and the given graph is a
deg(E) = 2 deg(E) = 2 connected planar graph.
c deg(A) = 5 d deg(A) = 2 b Sum of degrees is 14. There are 7 edges. The sum of
deg(B) = 7 deg(B) = 2 degrees is twice the number of edges.
deg(C) = 5 deg(C) = 2 c Two odd-degree vertices
deg(D) = 7 deg(D) = 2 4 a i 4 ii 2 iii deg(A) = 2 iv 8 v 4
deg(E) = 4 deg(E) = 2 deg(B) = 2
e A connected graph could not be drawn. deg(C) = 2
8 4 deg(D) = 2
9 a A B b b i 5 ii 5 iii deg(A) = 3 iv 16 v 8
E deg(B) = 3
deg(C) = 4
H F
deg(D) = 3
C D deg(E) = 3
G c i 5 ii 4 iii deg(A) = 2 iv 14 v 7
0 a 8
1 deg(B) = 3
b 11 deg(C) = 4
c deg(A) = 2 deg(B) = 4 deg(C) = 5 deg(D) = 3
deg(D) = 4 deg(E) = 3 deg(F) = 3 deg(E) = 2
deg(G) = 1 deg(H) = 0 d i 6 ii 6 iii deg(A) = 4 iv 20 v 10
d No, since vertex H is not connected to any other vertex. deg(B) = 3
e Draw an edge from vertex H to any of the other deg(C) = 2
vertices. deg(D) = 4
11 a i No ii Yes deg(E) = 5
b A–C–B–E and A–D–C–E (Note: These are not the deg(F) = 2
only possibilities.) e i 6 ii 5 iii deg(A) = 2 iv 18 v 9
12 a A–C–F (Note: There are other possibilities.) deg(B) = 4
b D–E–F–G (Note: There are other possibilities.) deg(C) = 3
c G–A–B (Note: There are other possibilities.) deg(D) = 2
13 A deg(E) = 3
14 B deg(F) = 4
15 A f i 7 ii 8 iii deg(A) = 3 iv 26 v 13
16 C deg(B) = 3 vi 2
deg(C) = 4
Exercise 11B — Planar graphs deg(D) = 5
1 a b deg(E) = 3
deg(F) = 5
deg(G) = 3
5 a 0 b 4 c 2 d 2 e 2 f 6
6 True
7 a, b, c
8 a E = 9 b E = 9 c R = 3 d R = 4
c d e V = 5 f V = 4 g E = 11 h R = 7
i V = 6 j V = 4
9 B 10 D 11 C 12 D
Exercise 11C — Eulerian paths and circuits
1 a i, ii, iii, v
b i, v
648 Answers
2 2 O–2–4–1–6–7–8–5–3–O (This is one of many possible
answers.)
Degree Degree Degree Degree Degree Degree 3 4 A
of of of of of of 5 1
vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex vertex
3 B C
in in in in in in D E
graph graph graph graph graph graph
Vertex i ii iii iv v vi 4 2 F
A 2 3 2 3 4 1 5 i, ii, iii, vi
6 O–D–E–F–C–B–A–O, 69 km
B 2 2 2 3 2 4 7 D–E–F–G–H–I–D, 53 km
C 2 3 3 3 4 3 8 a 22 b 31 c 60 d 32
9 a 8 D 15 E
D 2 2 3 3 4 2 A 12
16 15
12
E 4 2 3 29 F
15 C
10 14 19
F 1 G
B 22
No. of 0 2 2 4 0 4 b D–A–B–C–G–F–E–D, 96 km
odd 10 a 19 km
vertices b 27 km c 35 km
11 a 24 b 29
Eulerian Y Y Y N Y N 12 934 km
path 13 a A b 1348 km c Yes d 1942 km
(Yes/No) 300
280 345 B
Eulerian Y N N N Y N E 219
402
circuit
35
258
417
3
45
3 C
(Yes/No) D 291
3 a 0 or 2 b Even 4 1476 km
1
4 a i deg(A) = 4 ii Yes iii No 15 D 16 A
deg(B) = 4 Exercise 11E — Trees
deg(C) = 2 1 a, c and f are trees.
deg(D) = 5 b is not a tree as the network contains a circuit.
deg(E) = 2 d is not a tree as the network is not connected.
deg(F) = 5 e is not a tree as the network contains multiple edges
deg(G) = 2 and a circuit.
deg(H) = 4 g is not a tree as the network contains multiple edges
b i deg(A) = 5 ii No iii No and a circuit.
deg(B) = 5 h is not a tree as the network contains multiple edges
deg(C) = 5 and a circuit.
deg(D) = 5
2 b d e
deg(E) = 4
c i deg(A) = 5 ii Yes iii No
deg(B) = 4
deg(C) = 4
deg(D) = 5
g h
d i deg(A) = 3 ii No iii No
deg(B) = 4
deg(C) = 3
deg(D) = 5
deg(E) = 4
Answers 11B ➜ 11E
deg(F) = 4
deg(G) = 5 3 a i ii 4 edges
deg(H) = 2
5 a There are 2 odd vertices.
b Edge FI
6 a Yes
b A–B–J–F–G–J–I–G–E–I–H–E–F–B–C–E–D–C–A– b i ii 10 edges
D–H–A
7 D 8 B 9 B
10 E 11 D 12 C
Exercise 11D — Hamiltonian paths and circuits
1 a i, ii, iii, iv, vi
b i, iii, iv c V − 1
Answers 649
4 a 9 b 10 c 17 3 a 4
d 18 e 21 b 1 2
5 Possible answers:
3
a b
5 4
4
B C
c d A D
E F
5 a i Yes ii No iii Yes iv Yes

6 a 10 b 13 b i 17 ii 13 iii 1 iv 3
c 22 d 30 6 a V = 6, E = 10
e 24 f 33 b deg(A) = 3 deg(B) = 4 deg(C) = 2
7 321 km deg(D) = 5 deg(E) = 2 deg(F) = 4
8 a B F J c There are 2 odd-degree vertices. For an Eulerian
8 7 7 14 circuit to exist there must be 0 odd-degree vertices.
A E
3 16 I d A–B–A–D–B–C–F–D–E–F–D
L
5 7 a i Yes
13 12 D H 15 ii A–D–I–J–E–B–C–F–K–J–L–H–M–B–A
C 8
K iii No, M–B–C–F–K–J–E–B–A–D–I–J–L–H–M
b i Yes
G
ii Eulerian
b 108 km c 33 km d 52 km iii L–H–M–B–A–D–I–J–E–B–C–F–K–J–L
e An extra 19 km of pipeline is required with the L–J–K–F–C–B–E–J–I–D–A–B–M–H–L
minimal spanning tree because many towns are 8 a 1–5–3–4–6–2–1
passed (C, D, E and H) before reaching town G. 1–2–6–3–4–5–1
f It would be better to replace all of the pipes at once b 48
rather than replacing just individual sections. In the c Postal deliveries, paper deliveries, garbage and
long run fewer pipelines would be required, therefore recycling collection, etc.
saving the council money. Also, maintenance of the d Yes
pipeline would be more efficient: a mixture of new 9 a 24
sections and older sections would result in their b i C or G
wearing down at different rates, and needing ongoing ii 2800 m
maintenance. c F–G–A–B–C–D–E–F or
9 C 10 D 11 D F–E–D–C–B–A–G–F
Chapter review 10 a A b 1620 km
Multiple choice 310 400
489
462
1 D 2 C 3 C 4 A 5 B E B
420
6 C 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 B 470 5 290
11 C 12 C 13 D 14 D 15 D 300 49
C
16 E 17 D 18 C D 320
Short answer c Yes d 2239 km
1 a 9 b 13 c deg(A) = 4 d No
deg(B) = 3 11 a B C
deg(C) = 4
A D
deg(D) = 4
deg(E) = 2 E F
deg(F) = 5
deg(G) = 2 b i 5
deg(H) = 2 ii 10
deg(I) = 0 iii 13
e Connect vertices G and I to any of the other vertices, c i A B ii B
that is, to A, B, C, D, E, F or H. A C
2 B C D
K J D
A E I F E
C E F
H H
D J F G
I G
650 Answers
iii A B i 51 km
j A minimal spanning tree would connect each of the
C D
towns for the least cost.
G E k 83 km l B–A–F–E–D–C–B m iii
F 4 a Yes
H J b i 7 ii 11 iii 6
I c Yes, 7 + 6 - 11 = 2
M K
L
d i deg(A) = 2 deg(B) = 3 deg(C) = 5
N deg(D) = 3 deg(E) = 3 deg(F) = 4
2 43
1 deg(G) = 2
Extended response ii S = 22 The sum is equal to twice the number of
1 a Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 edges.
A–E F–B A–F A–G iii 4, an even amount
H–B A–C B–E B–D e Yes, for any connected planar graph
G–C H–D C–H C–E i Euler’s Law states that V + R - E = 2.
F–D G–E D–G H–F ii S = 2E
b Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 iii There is always an even number of odd-degree
A–B A–J A–F B–G C–H vertices.
C–D I–H B–J A–C B–D f C–A–D–E–F–G–B (Answers may vary; there are
E–F G–F C–I D–J A–E other possibilities.)
G–H E–D H–D I–E F–J g A Hamiltonian path, because each vertex was passed
I–J C–B E–G H–F I–G only once.
Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Round 9 h Eulerian circuit. No, because each edge must be used
D–I E–J A–D D–G only once and the path must begin and end with the
C–E F–D G–J C–J same vertex.
B–F C–G C–F F–I Eulerian path. No, because each edge must be used
A–G H–B I–B B–E only once.
H–J A–I E–H A–H Hamiltonian circuit. No, because the Hamiltonian
c Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 path did not begin and end at the same vertex.
A–B A–Bye A–E B–F i 128 km
C–D G–F B–Bye A–C j B G
E–F E–D C–G D–Bye 44
34
C 48
G–Bye C–B D–F E–G A
F
Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 41
A–D C–Bye A–G 36
D 37 E
B–G A–F B–D
F–C B–E C–E k 240 km
E–Bye D–G F–Bye l The difference between the number of vertices and
Create an imaginary team so that there is an even edges of the minimal spanning tree is one, that is,
number of teams in the tournament. Set up the V - E = 1.
network as for an even number of teams. When one
of the teams ‘plays’ the imaginary team they actually CHAPTER 12
have a bye.
2 a 5 b 30 km Matrices
c i Hamiltonian path Exercise 12A — Operations with matrices
ii E 1
25 D Matrix Order 2, 1 element 1, 3 element
8 15 21 6 A 2×2 8 —
F 12 20
9 W C
B 3×1 5 —
6 4 6
15 C 1×4 — 10
Answers 12A ➜ 12A
25 B
A D 2×3 4 4
d i It is not possible, as a Euler circuit does not exist. E 3×3 1 2
ii C
2 C
3 a A planar network is a graph without crossing edges.
b There are 3 roads to/from F. 3 3  −7 3  6 −3   3 −6 
3 a   b   c  −  d  − −1 
c deg(A) = 2 deg(B) = 4 deg(C) = 3  0 9   8 5   2 8  2 
deg(D) = 2 deg(E) = 4 deg(F) = 3
d 18 −
4 6 −
9 6  11 6 
e 9 4 a   b   c  − 
 8 14   12 12   4 20 
f S = 2E
g F–A–B–F–E–D–C–B–E–C 9 9  7 18 
h ii d   e  − −4 
 0 27   12 
Answers 651
5 a C b D c E d A e B  2 −7 
4 3 0 0   3 2
 2 0 14  0 8 0  2 8 14  3 a  − 9
b   c   d  − 
      0   24 9 0 0   8 5
6 a  4 0 0  b  0 10 16  c  4 10 16 
 6 0 18   0 12 2 0  10 −
4  31 0  10 11 
−
0   6 12 18  e  f  − g   h 
−3  −9 
0   24   0 31 16 1
 3 4 21  4 0 28   −1 4 −
7
      0 0   3 2
d  6 5 8  e  8 0 0  f  − 2 5 8 i   j  − 
 9 6 27  12 0 36   −3 6 −9   0 0   8 5
 
1 0  1 0  1 0 
2 0  −2 0   −1 0 1 4 a i   ii   iii  
7 a  − 1
b  −  c  −1  0 1  0 1  0 1 
3   6 2  2 3 
b All are I c Multiplicative inverses
 2 −
6 5 a A b C c D d B
 −12  6 C
d  −1 
 −2 −1  3
   
7 a  1 
8 Different orders
 0 
0 1 3 1  0 0 1 1
   
1 0 2 2 0 0 1 2 32 
9 a  b  b   Sharks have a total of 32 points.
3 2 0 1 1 3
  
1 0
  31 Dolphins have a total of 31 points.
1 2 1 0  1 2 3 0
18 12 
82 54   
1415  6 
  8 a  b  
10  76 68  10 14  1 
 91 82   
 9 16 
15 14 104  c Carlton 120, Essendon 99, West Coast 74, Sydney 70
11 a  
 7 10 52  10 
 
9 a  25  b Shop A = $820, Shop B = $345
13 7 5 1 31 18 26  12 
b  
12 4 4 4 17 15 16  1.1 0
10 a  
14 8 5 1 35 19 29   0 1.15 
12  
13 4 4 5 18 19 16   3.96 1.32 2.20 
13 a True b True c False d True b New price matrix =  
 7.36 3.68 4.37 
R N A L M S E
1 1 1 0 1 R 0 1 1  0.36 0.12 0.20 
    c Price increase =  
14 a 2  0 0 1 2 b N  1 1 1  0.96 0.48 0.57 
3 0 1 1 1 A 0 2 0 Exercise 12C — Multiplicative inverse and solving
   
4 1 1 0 1 L 3 0 2 matrix equations
Exercise 12B — Multiplying matrices 1 0  −1 1 −1 1
1 a A (2 × 2), B (2 × 2), C (3 × 2), D (1 × 2), E (2 × 3), 1 AB = 6   a A = B b B = A
I (2 × 2) 0 1  6 6
b CA, DB, AE, AI, IA, IB, A2, EC 1 0  −1
−
1 −1
−
1
c (3 × 2), (1 × 2), (2 × 3), (2 × 2), (2 × 2), (2 × 2), 2 MN = − 2  , M = N, N = M
0 1  2 2
(2 × 2), (2 × 2)
3 a 5 b 12 c −2 d −8 e 7 f 14
 20 14 
   −4 18 − 8  2 −3 
1 10 −3 
d  44 22   2 − 2 1  0 3 1 1 6
  −8 −8 
6 4

5 4 a   b  −2 
c  −2 
 4 5   5  −5 2 12  − 4  2 0 
2 − 3  1 1   −8 − 21   14 15  1  −13 1 1  −5 1  4 1
    d   e  −2 
f  
− 30  8 4 −4 7 3 14  − 6 2 
4 5  1 0   28 13   − 24    
5 a C b E c D d A
10 20   8 26 
2 a  − −  b No 6 Answers will vary.
 5 10   4 12 
652 Answers
b i (−3, 1) ii (−4, −2) iii (2, −4) iv (1, 3)
1 1 6 1  1 2 12 2
7 a  −2 
b  −  c  − −1 
c i (1, 3) ii (−2, 4) iii (−4, −2) iv (3, −1)
2 0  4  2 0  2  −
 0 1
1 1 2 1  −11 2  1 1 2 4 (0, −1), (−1, 0)  − 
d  − −12 
e   f  −12 
 1 0
8 2  8  4 0  8  −2  −
0 1  −1 0  0 1 1 0 
8 a D − det = 0 b E − det = 0 5 a   b  −  c  −  d  
c F − Not a square matrix 1 0  0 1  1 0 0 1 
 0 8 1  −2 −8 
 1
  −1
−
1 3
9 a  − b    0 1
−2  f 
2
g  − 2 2 
2
 1  8 1 0 e  −  1 1 −1
 1 0    3
 2 2  2 2
10 E
− −1  − 3 −
1  − 31 − 22 
1  −5 5 1  −6 2   3 1  −1 3
h 
2
i  
2 2 2
1 a 
1  b  −8 
c  −  − j  2 2 
2  24 18  2 14  6  6 4  1 3  3 1   3 −1 
 2 2  2 2   2 2 
1  18 23  1  78 103  1 0 
d  −16 
e  − 34 
f   6 a i (0, 2) ii (0, −2)
2  −12  30  − 24  0 1  −
iii (−2,
0) iv (1, 3 )
1 1 −5 
1  −132 −114  b i (−1, 3) ii (1, −3)
g   h  
15  2 5 15  186 162   3 + 3 − 3 3 1
iii (−3, −1) iv  , + 
 2 2  2 2 2
12 a  −  b  
 1 3 c i (−2, -2) ii (2, 2)
− −2) iv (− 1 + 3 , 3 + 1)
13 a x = 2, y = 1 b x = 1, y = 2 iii (2,
c x = −2, y = 3 d x = 7, y = 4
Exercise 12D — Applications of matrices d i (−4, 0) ii (4, 0)
1 a (5, −1) b (3, 0) c (10, 2) iii (0, −4) iv (2 3 , 2)
d (0, 0) e (4, 4) f (−2, −3)
7 a D b B c E
2 a and b Answers will vary. c Det = 0
4 1 − 13
d i y ii y Both lines
8 a i 10, 11.2, 13.6 ii , , 4
3 2
iii 80°, 46°, 54° iv 54.78
O 2 x b (2, 4), (8, 12), (12, −1)
O 3 x
4–
3 2 c Same as a.
1 3 d i (0, 0), (−6, 8), (−10, −5)
2 ii Lengths, angles, area same; gradients
− 4 1 13
, , .
3 2 4
3 e i (0, 0), (−8, 6), (−10, −5)
−3 4
ii Lengths, angles, area same; gradients , 2, .
e In i there are parallel lines; in ii there is only one line. 4 13
3 a E b B f
4 a C b D Transformation Matrix Length Gradient Angle Area
5 a Pair (iv) has no solutions.
b Pairs (i) and (ii) have a unique solution. Translation 2 No No No No
c Pair (iii) has infinite number of solutions.   change change change change
6 16, 4 7 15, 10 4 
8 Anh 9 $51 070 Reflection  − 1 0  No Change No No
 0.6 0.25    change change change
0 a 
1   0 1
 0.4 0.75 
Answers 12C ➜ 12E
Rotation 0 −
1  No Change No No
 40 
b     change change change
 60  1 0
c In 6 months, 39 people will be buying bread from the 9 a y
P(3, 5)
supermarket and 61 from the bakery. 5
4
3
Exercise 12E — Matrices and transformations 2 (5, 1)
1
 −4   −4   3  −3  O 1 2 3 4 5 x
1 a   b  −  c  −  d  − 
 0  8  3  4 b i (0, 0), (6, 5), (10, 1) ii (0, 0), (9, 5), (15, 1)
−
2 a (7, 0) b (0, 3) c (2, 8) d (0, 0) iii (0, 0), (3, 10), (5, 2) iv (0, 0), (3, −10), (5, −2)
3 a i (3, −1) ii (4, 2) iii (−2, 4) iv (−1, −3) v (0, 0), (9, 10), (15, 2) vi (0, 0), (9, 15), (15, 3)
Answers 653
3 0 k 0  0.025 544 − 0.093 523 0.066 579 
c (3, 0), (0, 1) d  0 1  e  0 1  −  
    c A1 =  − 0.039 222 0.091 991 −0
.044 166 
 0.011 042 0.033 767 − 0.042 189 
f Answers will vary. g (4, 0), (0, 4)  
h Answers will vary. i 6 square units d The cost of an adult’s ticket is $75, a child’s ticket is
Chapter review $50 and a pensioner’s ticket is $35.
Multiple choice 3 a Support rate and
1 D 2 D 3 C 4 B 5 A losses (%)
6 C 7 D 8 C 9 C 10 A A B C
11 B 12 A 13 B 14 E 15 C A  90 8 5 
16 C B  5 80 10  Support rates and gains (%)
Short answer  
C  5 12 85 
 9 3
1 b 2 a, f, g, i 3  −   0.90 0.08 0.05   0.40   0.4008 
 6 0     
4 a 2 × 3
 0.05 0.80 0.10   0.36  =  0.3320 
 0.05 0.12 0.85   0.24   0.2672 
145 978.00 
b i M =   The support on 4 February is 40.08% for Agatha,
171 848.50  33.20% for Brian and 26.72% for Cheryl.
ii Total revenue from selling products A, B and C at
 0.75 0.06 0.04   0.4008   0.3312 
Eastown and Noxland.     
c Total number of columns in P ≠ number of rows in Q. b  0.10 0.85 0.06   0.3320  =  0.3383 
 0.15 0.09 0.90   0.2672   0.3305 
1  1 2
5 a   b (5, −1) Brian is the new school captain with 33.83% of the
10  − 3 4 
vote, closely followed by Agatha with 33.12% of the
2 1 1  x  12   −1 3 2 vote and Cheryl with 33.05% of the vote. (This must
 −1      −2 −1  surely be the closest election for school captain in the
6 a  1 1  y  =  1  b  1  history of the school!)
 0 − 1  z   2 −3 
    6 
2 −4
  1.2 20.1 4.2 
c 3 bookshops, 4 sports shoe shops and 2 music stores 4 a  
7 a (2, 3), (−3, 2) b (3, 2), (3, −2)  6.7 0.4 0.6 
8 a No change b i [1890] ii 4 × 4
b Rotation of 180° iii The total energy content of the servings of these
c Reflection in the x-axis four fast foods in one sandwich
d Reflection in the y-axis c b = 4, m = 4, p = 2, h = 1
e Reflection in the line y = x
f Rotation of 270° Exam practice 4
g Reflection in the line y = −x Multiple choice
h Dilation of 3 about O 1 C 2 B 3 B 4 C 5 B
i Dilation of −3 about O 6 E 7 C 8 D
j Rotation of 90°
Extended response Extended response
1 a 1: Despatch for Deluxe model takes 1 hour. 1 a Hamiltonian path
b 14: Packaging at Plant 1 has a wage rate of b C or B
$14 per hour. c Requires Eulerian Circuit which is not possible
c (3 × 3), (3 × 2), (3 × 2) because not all vertices have even degrees.
2 a B E
 433.25 420.50 
 
d  529.50 514.00 
A D H
 605.25 587.50  I
e The total costs for the Standard model at Plants C
1 and 2. G
F
f The assembly costs for each model at Plant 1.
g i $529.50, ii $514.00 b 136 metres
2 a 145x + 103y + 121z = 20 260 3 a V = 1.70 m3
130x + 110y + 90z = 18 400 b 1: 150
142x + 115y + 80z = 19 200 c x = 16.67 cm
145 103 121  x   20 260   6 8   t   587 
     4 a    =  
b 130 110 90   y  =  18 400   7 5   j   488.75 
142 115 80   z  19 200  b Trevor’s hourly rate is $37.50 and Joel’s is $45.25
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Hot Warm Mild Cool

Caught Bowled L B W Stumped Run out Hit 10

Cumulative frequency (%)

9 a Frequency column: 1, 2, 4, 6, 4, 2, 1 125

6 20 trial results 100%

Cumulative frequency (%)

Cumulative frequency (%)

30 100% Group B: mean = median = mode = 170 cm

b No c Group B d Group B e Group B

10 c Q3 = 21, Q1 = 13.5, interquartile range = 7.5

Age of fruit on each tree

emergency ward i No 30 100%

2 Key: 3|6 = 36 min

12 a Key: 8|2 = 82 cm 3 10 15 20 25 30 35 Scale

7 C 8 E 9 B 10 C c toe Variability versus Consistency.

Cumulative frequency (%)

Decagon 10 1440° Exercise 2F — Solving problems using

Expenses/selling price ($000)

Exercise 3A — Plotting straight line graphs

Exercise 3C — Finding the gradient of

1 ( 2 12 , 0), (0, -5)

3 E 4 D Point of intersection: (1, 6)

Point of intersection: (2, 5) n

b and c Point of intersection is (-2, 1).

Fuel usage (L/km)

500 variable (y-axis).

Number of sick days

Height of son (cm)

c Strong positive correlation 6

c i -0.75 ii Strong negative correlation 90 (3)

Skeleton height (cm)

Lift test (kg)

additional degree in temperature. 16

of running a car per

180 kilometre travelled.

evidence to show that the greater the age of the person,

b Yes. Straight line. 50

300 Multiple choice

c Strong positive linear correlation 8

i 50 8 m = 12, n = 48 9 m = 36, n = 729

c tn = 1 × (-3)n - 1, t6 = -243, t10 = -19 683

4 Answers will vary.

4 Figure a, tall adult; figure b, short child

7 a b 1319.36 m Exercise 7E — Area of triangles

10 a 325° T b 227° T c 058° T d 163° T 18 17 kg 19 52.2 hectares

27 A depending on which side lengths and angles were used.)

Region required Region required

6 Region required Region required

Region required Region required Region required Region required

Region required Region required

Region required Region required

Region required Region required

Region required Region required

Region required Region required

Exercise 8F — Solving linear programming 2 y

Exercise 9C — Savings and credit card accounts

10 a $17.50 b $25 c $25 d $25 7 a $1000

Book value ($)

7 C 8 E 9 B 10 C c toe Variability versus Consistency.