Owning and Operating The HP 8410 Network Analyzer: Kahrs@caip - Rutgers.edu
Owning and Operating The HP 8410 Network Analyzer: Kahrs@caip - Rutgers.edu
Analyzer
Mark Kahrs, KB2VSQ
9 Everitt Place
Maplewood, NJ 07040A
[email protected]
http://www.caip.rutgers.edu/ kahrs
September 8, 2000
Abstract
The HP 8410 Network Analyzer offers the cheapest and most cost effec-
tive solution for network analysis (particularly scattering parameters) above
6 GHz. The paper details the various parts of the 8410 along with the various
trials and tribulations of building an automated 8410 system.
1 Introduction
Kurokawa[1] introduced the generalized scattering parameter (S-parameter) in
1965. S-parameters are extremely useful for all types of microwave circuit de-
sign including amplifiers and oscillators[2]. Therefore, when the HP 8410 was
introduced in 1967, it revolutionized microwave design.
It used the new 1430A sampler together with a superheterodyne receiver ar-
chitecture to produce a calibrated microwave receiver. Together with the test sets,
it can measure transmission and reflection coefficients for any two port device.
Subsequent offerings from HP (and others) have concentrated on the lower end as
shown in the following table:
As can be seen, the only analyzers that cover above 3 GHz (without internal
doublers) are the 8410, the 8510Aand the 8720. The 8510A/B/C and 8720A are
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Model Freq. Range(GHz) Std. Source Test set Comments
8407A 0.001-0.110 8601A none Compatible with 8410 plugins
8410ABC .11-18 8620C Many: 874x Needs display plugins
8505A 0.0005-1.3 internal 8503A 8501A normalizer
8510ABC 0.045-26 8341A 851x The gold standard of analyzers
8712ABC 0.0003-3 internal internal production use
8720ABCD 0.045-26 internal internal “Improved” version of 8510A
8753ABCD 0.003-3 internal 85046B,47A option 006 goes to 6 GHz
8754A 0.004-1.3 internal 850xx H26 option goes to 2.6 GHz
Table 1: HP network analyzers
still out of the reach of all but the most well funded of amateurs. That leaves the
8410.
The paper discusses the various parts of the 8410 as well as the complications
of trying to automate it. Also included is a discussion of the woes of calibration.
2 Principles of operation
Before discussing the various parts and components of the 8410, it will be useful
to see how they fit into the whole scheme. The overall schematic is shown in
Figure 1. Here, the swept signal source introduces an RF signal into the test set.
The RF signal is divided into test and reference signals. The reference signal is
passed directly to the first mixer stage. The test signal goes through the unit under
test and then to the mixer. Most test sets permit the selection of a particular S-
parameter set-up by engaging the RF relays inside the set. The 8411A harmonic
converter (shown in Figure 2) contains a sampler for each channel. The mainframe
tries to maintain phase lock between the sampler and the sweep oscillator. It also
downconverts the input to a 278 KHz IF. This is given to the display unit(s).
The inside of the 8411A harmonic converter is shown in Figure 2. The first
2
R
X
SRD VCO From 8410 mainframe
external VCO
T
X
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It packages several RF coax into one connector 1. The 8411A comes with an
option 018, which means that the diodes in the sampler were selected for 18 GHz
operation. It must be noted that many early 8411s do not have the full complement
of pins; these units are unsuitable for automation (but not for diodes!).
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6.1 The 8740A,41A,42A,43A reflection/transmission test sets
The 8740A, 8741A and 8742A are the earliest test sets. The 8740A is a reflection
test set, the 8741A and 8742A are transmission test sets. All of these units must
be considered obsolete and marginally useful because they required the user to
disconnect the Device Under Test (DUT) and reverse it.
The 8743A on the other hand is a switched reflection and transmission test
set. The external relay controls expect a 12 volt negative true signal. The 8743A
comes in a B model and also includes an option 018 for 18 GHz operation. The
11610B was a semirigid cable designed for use with the 8743A/B.
7 Auxiliary units
These units are useful but not required.
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It must be noted that the the flexible arms have been replaced by coaxial cables made by Gore
and others.
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7.1 The 8418A auxiliary power unit
So what do you do if you want both rectangular and polar display and you don’t
want to keep pulling one out? You need an extra power supply: the 8418A. The
8418A may also include option 70 which adds an internal 70 dB attenuator.
8 Test fixtures
For measuring coaxial components, you must use a test fixture. The 11601A
and 11602A are cute fixtures designed to mount on the 8745A . They measure
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transistors in the TO-18 and TO-5 packages. The fixtures also include shorts and
opens, so you can calibrate the analyzer. For more complex circuits, such as SMT
devices, the 11608A fixture is needed. It was designed to fit in the 8746A/B.
For more complex packages, the 85041A fixtures must be considered. But for
measuring “boxes” rather than components, cabling is needed.
9 Historical units
These units are of little practical use and are discussed here for completeness.
10 Automation
It would seem at first glance that just building an 8410 system would suffice to
have an accurate instrument. Unfortunately, this is not the case. The test sets add
additional complexity because they are part of the circuit being measured. Since
3
Recall the 5105A was before the 8660A
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this is no longer a lumped domain, these must be removed from the measure-
ment. To do so requires de-embedding. So, to get the values for the de-embedding
equations, you need to digitize the output of the 8410. Originally, HP used the
8419A/B/C discrete A/D converter as discussed earlier; subsequently, they used
the 59313A A/D converter to digitize the 8414A (and also the magnitude of the
8412A due to isolation problems in the 8414A).
After de-embedding, the results need to be displayed. In the 8542A system,
they are converted back to analog via a D/A and routed via the 8414. This is not
really needed when you have a computer display at your service.
There are additional areas for automation besides digitization.
11 Errors
In the ideal world, the perfect network analyzer would have infinite dynamic
range, perfect channel isolation, coupling without loss and impedance mismatches
with flat frequency response. However, we live in an inaccurate world. Random
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errors can of course, not be corrected (but can be averaged). Other (repeatable)
errors, such as those enumerated above, can be corrected.
These corrections can be realized by drawing the flow graph for each param-
eter measurement and including all the errors as well as the measurement paths.
These flow graphs can be written as equations and when combined will give a set
of equations for corrected measurements. Full details are given in HP’s applica-
tion note 221[5].
12 Calibration
In order to calibrate the 8410, you need a large collection of coaxial components
including a short, a load, an open, airlines and converters from 7 mm to SMA, 7
mm to N, 7mm to 3.5 mm and so forth. A sliding load isn’t harmful either.
And, as long as you’re calibrating, you might consider a gage to check your 7
mm connectors...
13 Extensions
The sampling mixer of the 8411A has considerable loss. If you desire more dy-
namic range, you can replace the 8411A with external mixers (assuming you can
take the IF and put it back into the mainframe) if you use an external LO for the
mixers. This was used by a group at NASA[6] for a far field antenna range.
14 Conclusion
The 8410 is still the only network analyzer that is affordable and operational above
the limit set by the 8753. This paper has related some of the trials and tribulations
a system builder will encounter when building up such a system. As an indication,
just consider the number of cables required...
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References
[1] K. Kurokawa. Power waves and the scattering matrix. IEEE Trans. MTT,
pages 194–202, March 1965.
[6] J. D. Terry and R. R. Kunath. Using a Modified Hewlett Packard 8410 Net-
work Analyzer as an Automated Farfield Antenna Range Receiver. (NASA-
TM-103700), 1990.
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