7-Pile Design - DESIGN CALCULATION REPORT

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The document discusses the design calculations for bored cast in-situ piles for the Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Plant project in Kenya.

It is a design calculation report for bored cast in-situ piles to support buildings and structures at the Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Plant project site.

Design codes referenced include BS 8110 for structural use of concrete, BS 8004 for foundations, and principles of foundation engineering.

For Review

A 18 APR 2012 FOR REVIEW H.I.KIM J.B.SEO S.H.JU

Rev. DATE REASON FOR REVISION DRAWN CHECKED APPROVED


EMPLOYER Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd.
Stima Plaza, Phase III
Kolobot Road,
P.O. Box 47936 – 00100 GPO,
Nairobi, KENYA

Tel : +254 20 3666000


Fax : +254 20 248848
EMPLOYER’S REPRESENTATIVE
Sinclair Knight Merz Ltd
Carlaw Park Commercial,
12-16 Nicholls Lane, Parnell, Auckland,
NEW ZEALAND

Tel : +64 9 928 5500


Fax : +64 9 928 5501

EPC CONTRACTOR

Hyundai Engineering Co., Ltd. Toyota Tsusho Corporation


Hyundai 41 Tower, Mok 1-dong, Yangcheon-gu, 3-13, Konan 2-chome, Minato-ku,
Seoul, KOREA Tokyo, JAPAN

Tel : +82 2 2166 8573 Tel : +81 3 4306 3200


Fax : +82 2 2643 0773 Fax : +81 3 4306 8908
DRAWN BY DATE PROJECT
H.I.KIM 18 APR 2012
OLKARIA IV GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
DESIGN BY DATE

E.J.LIM 18 APR 2012 TITLE & DESCRIPTION


CHECK BY DATE
DESIGN CALCULATION –
J.B.SEO 18 APR 2012

APPROVED BY DATE BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE


S.H.JU 18 APR 2012
DRAWING SCALE DRAWING No. Rev.

NONE ZP00700-B2CE-ECG-CLC-0001 A

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No. CONTENTS REF.

1.0 GENERAL

1.1 General
1.2 Design Code & Reference
1.3 Design Method
1.4 Design Data

2.0 GEOTECHNICAL PILE CAPACITY

2.1 BH-01
2.2 BH-02
2.3 BH-04
2.4 BH-05
2.5 BH-06
2.6 BH-08
2.7 BH-09
2.8 BH-10
2.9 BH-11
2.10 DBH-01
2.11 DBH-02

3.0 SUMMARY

40
4.0 STRUCTURAL PILE DESIGN

4.1 Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 15m ) Calculation


4.2 Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 18m ) Calculation
4.3 Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 20m ) Calculation
4.4 Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 25m ) Calculation

5.0 CONCLUSIONS

ATTACHMENT

Attachment-1: Borehole Location


Attachment-2: Borehole Logs
Attachment-3: Pile Drawing

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1.0 GENERAL

1.1 General

For the Olkaria Ⅳ Geothermal Power Plant Project, pile foundation will be needed to support the
buildings and concrete structures depending on sub-soil condition.
The allowable pile capacity was calculated base on soil investigation results which will be submitted
as separate report(Doc No. ZP00700-B2CE-ECG-RPT-0001).
In consideration of sub-soil condition, the various bored pile will be adopted.

1.2 Design Code & Reference

1) BS 8110 : Structural Use of Concrete


2) BS 8004 : Foundations
3) Principles of Foundation Engineering, 6th Edition, Braja M. Das, Thomson Learning, 2007
4) ZP00700-B2CE-ECG-DSC-0001: Design Criteria for Civil and Building Works
5) FHWA-IF-99-025: Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and Design Methods

1.3 Design Criteria

1) Factor of Safety for End Bearing, FSbearing = 2.0


2) Factor of Safety for Skin Friction, FSfriction = 2.0
3) Factor of Safety for Lateral Load, FSlateral = 2.0

1.4 Design Data

1) Pile

- Type : Bored Pile


- Dimension : D 600 mm
- Modulus of elasticity (Ep) : 25,000 MPa = 25,000,000 kN/m²
- Pile section (Ap) : 0.28 m2

2) Concrete

- Strength at 28 days (fc') : 25 MPa = 25,000 kN/m² (Cube strength)


- Unit weight (γc) : 2,500 kg/m³ = 25.0 kN/m3
- Modulus of elasticity (Ec) : 25,000 MPa = 25,000,000 kN/m²

3) Reinforcement steel (BS 4449)

- Minimum yield strength (fy) : 460 MPa = 460,000 kN/m²


- Modulus of elasticity (Es) : 2.0E+05 MPa = 2.0E+08 kN/m²
- Minimum cover for concrete protection : 60 mm

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2.0 GEOTECHNICAL PILE CAPACITY

2.1 BH-01

2.1.1 Subsoil Conditions

BH-01 Pile Length = 18.0 m G.W.T (m) = 0.0


Depth of layer (m) 1) γ2) N
3)
N604) Su5)
Soil type
from to center (kN/m3) (blow) (blow) (kPa)
0.0 -3.0 -1.5 Cohesive 13.0 4 4 17.6
-3.0 -6.0 -4.5 Cohesive 13.0 5 5 22
-6.0 -9.0 -7.5 Cohesive 13.0 8 8 35.2
-9.0 -11.0 -10.0 Cohesive 13.0 18 18 79.2
-11.0 -13.0 -12.0 Cohesive 13.0 24 24 105.6
-13.0 -15.0 -14.0 Cohesive 13.0 35 35 154
-15.0 -18.0 -16.5 Cohesive 13.0 42 42 184.8

-25.0 ~ Cohesive 184.8

Note: 1) "Cohesive" = clay or plastic sily, "Cohesionless" = sand, gravel or non-plastic silt

2) For cohesionless soil, we couldn't carry out unit weight tests because sampling of
cohesionless soil is very difficult. Therefore, we use typical soil properties in a natural
state and conservartively select soil type.

- Type of soil = Loose angular-grained silty sand


- Natural moisture content in a saturated sta = 25 %
- Dry unit weight, γd = 12 kN/m3

3) SPT N-value obtained from the field test Attachment-2

4) Corrected for hammer energy without overburden pressure correction


N60 = ( ER / 60 ) x N where, ER = SPT energy ratio = 60 %

5) Cohesion of so(take minimum value from following two equations)


K · N where K = 4 kN/m2 (Stroud, 1974)
0.72( Hara et al, 1971)
29 N

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2.1.2 Allowable Compression Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

qmax = Nc* x su = 1663.2 kPa

where, Nc* = bearing capacity factor = 9


6.5 at su = 24 kPa
8.0 at su = 48 kPa
9.0 at su > 25 kPa

su = average undrained shear strength between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base

b) Cohesionless soil

qmax = 57.5 N60 = 0.0 kPa

where, N60 = average SPT blow count between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base for condition which approximately
60 percent of the potential energy of hammer is transferred

2) Side Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

fmax = α x su

where, α = a dimensionless correction coefficient defined as follows:


α=0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m or to the
depth of seasonal moisture change, whichever is deeper
α=0 for a distance of B (the diameter of the base) above the base
α = 0.55 for su / Pa ≤ 1.5 (Mpa)
α = 0.55 - 0.1 ( su / Pa - 1.5 ) for 1.5 ≤ su / Pa ≤ 2.5 (Mpa)
where, Pa =the atmospheric pressure in the units being used
(e.g., 101 kPa in the SI system).

b) Cohesionless soil

fmax = β x σ'v

where, σ'v = vertical effective stress at the middle of layer

β = dimensionless correction factor defined as follows:


in sands
0.5
β = 1.5 - 0.245 z for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
in gravelly sands or gravels
β = 2.0 - 0.15 z0.75 for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
where, z = vertical distance from the ground surface to the middle
of layer (in meters)

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Layer N60 su σv' fmax Thick.1) As Qs


β α 2
No. (blow) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) (m ) (kN)
1 4 17.6 0.32 4.8 0.55 9.7 1.0 1.9 18.2
2 5 22.0 0.33 14.4 0.55 12.1 3.0 5.7 68.4
3 8 35.2 0.44 23.9 0.55 19.4 3.0 5.7 109.5
4 18 79.2 0.87 31.9 0.55 43.6 2.0 3.8 164.2
5 24 105.6 1.04 38.3 0.55 58.1 2.0 3.8 219.0
6 35 154.0 0.58 44.7 0.55 84.3 2.0 3.8 317.9
7 42 184.8 0.50 52.6 0.52 95.5 2.0 3.8 360.2
8 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 2.0 3.8 0.0
9 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
sum 1257.4

Note: 1) Thickness of layer.

4) Allowable compression capacity

Qa = ( qmax x Ap ) / FSbearing + Qs / FSfriction = 863.8 kN

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2.1.3 Allowable Tension Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base resistance for uplift loading

1)
qmax (uplift) = 0

Note: 1) qmax should be taken as zero for uplift loading unless experience or load testing at
the construction site can show that suction between the bottom of the drilled shaft
and the soil can be predicted reliably or the drilled shaft has a bell.

2) Side resistance for uplift loading

fmax (uplift) = ψ x fmax (compression)

where, ψ = 1.00 for Cohesive soil


ψ = 0.75 for Cohesionless soil

Qs Ts
Soil type ψ
(kN) (kN)
Cohesive 18.2 1.00 18.2
Cohesive 68.4 1.00 68.4
Cohesive 109.5 1.00 109.5
Cohesive 164.2 1.00 164.2
Cohesive 219.0 1.00 219.0
Cohesive 317.9 1.00 317.9
Cohesive 360.2 1.00 360.2
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
sum = 1257.4

3) Allowable tension capacity

Ta = ( Tp + Ts ) / FSfriction = 628.7 kN

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2.1.4 Allowable Lateral Load Capacity (Broms' Method)

1) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

a) General soil type1) : Cohesive

Note: 1) Determine the general soil type within the critical depth below the grond FHWA-HI-97-013
surface (about 4 or 5 pile diameters). Chapter 9

b) Average soil parameter with the critical depth

su = 17.6 kPa for Cohesive soil

ϕ = 0.0 deg for Cohesionless soil

1)
where, ϕ = Internal friction angle correleted by Ozaki's equation

0.5
Note: 1) ϕ = ( 20 N ) + 15

c) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Kh

Kh = n1 x n2 x 80 x qu / b =1727.1 kN/m3 for Cohesive soil

where, qu = Unconfined compressive strength = 35.2 kPa

b = Width or diameter of pile = 0.6 m

n1 = Empirical coefficients dependent on qu = 0.32


n1 = 0.32 for less than 48 kPa
n1 = 0.36 for 48 to 191 kPa
n1 = 0.40 for more than 191 kPa

n2 = Empirical coefficient dependent on pile material = 1.15


n2 = 1.00 for steel
n2 = 1.15 for concrete
n2 = 1.30 for wood

Kh = 0.0 kN/m3 for Cohesionless soil

where, above ground water


Kh = 1900 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 8143 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 17644 kN/m3 for dense density

below ground water


Kh = 1086 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 5429 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 10857 kN/m3 for dense density

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2) Pile parameters

a) Modulus of elasticity, E = 25000 Mpa

b) Moment of inertia, I = 0.0064 m4

c) Section modulus, S = 0.0212 m3

d) Embedded pile length D = 18.0 m

e) Diameter or width, b = 0.60 m

f) Ultimate compression strength for concrete, f'c = 25.0 Mpa

g) Eccentricity of applied load for free-headed piles, ec = 0.0

h) Resisting moment of pile for concrete piles, My = fc' S 530.1 kN-m

3) Dimensionless length factor

a) Stiffness factor

βh = ( Kh b / 4EI )0.25 = 0.20 m


-1
for Cohesive soil,

0.20 0.00 -1
η = (Kh / EI) = m for Cohesionless soil,

b) Length factor

βh D = 3.62 for Cohesive soil,

ηD = 0.00 for Cohesionless soil,

4) Determine if the pile is long or short

a) Cohesive soil: long pile

where, βh D > 2.25 (long pile)


βh D < 2.25 (short pile)

b) Cohesionless soil: short pile

where, η D > 4.0 (long pile)


η D < 2.0 (short pile)
2.0 < η D < 4.0 (intermediate pile)

→ Soil type = Cohesive


Pile type = long pile

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5) Soil parameters

cu = 17.6 kPa

where, cu = cohesion for cohesive soil

6) Ultimate lateral load (Cohesive, long pile)

My/cub3 = 139.5
ec/b = 0
Qu/cub2 = 57.0 from the below chart
Qu = 361.2 kN

7) Allowable lateral load capacity

Hu = 361.2 kN

Ha = Hu / FSlateral = 180.6 kN

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2.1.5 PILE SETTLEMENT

Elastic Settlement of Pile

se(1) = (Qwp + ξ·Qws) x L / (Ap x Ep)

where, Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
ξ = coefficient which will depend on the nature of the distribution of the unit
friction resistance along the pile shaft
conservatively, 0.5

Qwp Qws Ap L Ep se(1)


Borehole 2
ξ
(kN) (kN) (m ) (m) (Mpa) (mm)
Design-N 444.7 419.1 0.28 18.0 25000 0.5 1.67

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load at the Pile Tip (Vesic, 1977)

se(2) = (Qwp x Cp) / (D x qp)

where, qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile


Cp = an empirical coefficient

Type of soil Driven piles Bored piles


Sand (dense to loose) 0.02 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.18
Clay (Stiff to Soft) 0.02 - 0.03 0.03 - 0.06
Silt (dense to loose) 0.03 - 0.05 0.09 - 0.12

D Qwp qp se(2)
Borehole Cp
(mm) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 600 444.7 1663.2 0.04 17.82

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load Transmitted along the Pile Shaft (Vesic, 1977)

se(3) = (QwS x CS) / (L x qp)

where, Cs = an empirical constant = [ 0.93 + 0.16 (L / D)0.5 ] Cp

L Qws qp se(3)
Borehole Cs
(m) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 18.0 419.1 1663.2 0.07 1.01

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Total Settlement of Pile

se = se(1) + se(2) + se(3)

where, se(1) = elastic settlement of pile


se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

se(1) se(2) se(3) se


Borehole Check1)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Design-N 1.67 17.82 1.01 20.50 O.K

Note: 1) se(allowable) = 50.0 mm


Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design, Annex H,
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm are
often acceptable.

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2.2 BH-02

2.2.1 Subsoil Conditions

BH-02 Pile Length = 15.0 m G.W.T (m) = 0.0


2) 3)
Depth of layer (m) 1) γ N N604) su5)
Soil type 3
from to center (kN/m ) (blow) (blow) (kPa)
0.0 -3.0 -1.5 Cohesive 13.0 35 35 154
-3.0 -6.0 -4.5 Cohesive 13.0 31 31 136.4
-6.0 -8.0 -7.0 Cohesive 13.0 25 25 110
-8.0 -11.0 -9.5 Cohesive 13.0 21 21 92.4
-11.0 -13.0 -12.0 Cohesive 13.0 16 16 70.4
-13.0 -15.0 -14.0 Cohesive 13.0 16 16 70.4

-15.0 ~ Cohesive 70.4

Note: 1) "Cohesive" = clay or plastic sily, "Cohesionless" = sand, gravel or non-plastic silt

2) For cohesionless soil, we couldn't carry out unit weight tests because sampling of
cohesionless soil is very difficult. Therefore, we use typical soil properties in a natural
state and conservartively select soil type.

- Type of soil = Loose angular-grained silty sand


- Natural moisture content in a saturated sta = 25 %
- Dry unit weight, γd = 12 kN/m3

3) SPT N-value obtained from the field test Attachment-2

4) Corrected for hammer energy without overburden pressure correction


N60 = ( ER / 60 ) x N where, ER = SPT energy ratio = 60 %

5) Cohesion of so(take minimum value from following two equations)


K · N where K = 4 kN/m2 (Stroud, 1974)
0.72( Hara et al, 1971)
29 N

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2.2.2 Allowable Compression Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

qmax = Nc* x su = 633.6 kPa

where, Nc* = bearing capacity factor = 9


6.5 at su = 24 kPa
8.0 at su = 48 kPa
9.0 at su > 25 kPa

su = average undrained shear strength between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base

b) Cohesionless soil

qmax = 57.5 N60 = 0.0 kPa

where, N60 = average SPT blow count between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base for condition which approximately
60 percent of the potential energy of hammer is transferred

2) Side Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

fmax = α x su

where, α = a dimensionless correction coefficient defined as follows:


α=0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m or to the
depth of seasonal moisture change, whichever is deeper
α=0 for a distance of B (the diameter of the base) above the base
α = 0.55 for su / Pa ≤ 1.5 (Mpa)
α = 0.55 - 0.1 ( su / Pa - 1.5 ) for 1.5 ≤ su / Pa ≤ 2.5 (Mpa)
where, Pa =the atmospheric pressure in the units being used
(e.g., 101 kPa in the SI system).

b) Cohesionless soil

fmax = β x σ'v

where, σ'v = vertical effective stress at the middle of layer

β = dimensionless correction factor defined as follows:


in sands
0.5
β = 1.5 - 0.245 z for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
in gravelly sands or gravels
β = 2.0 - 0.15 z0.75 for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
where, z = vertical distance from the ground surface to the middle
of layer (in meters)

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Layer N60 su σv' fmax 1)


Thick. As Qs
β α
No. (blow) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) (m2) (kN)
1 35 154.0 1.20 4.8 0.55 84.3 3.0 5.7 476.8
2 31 136.4 0.98 14.4 0.55 75.0 3.0 5.7 424.2
3 25 110.0 1.42 22.3 0.55 60.5 2.0 3.8 228.1
4 21 92.4 1.04 30.3 0.55 50.8 3.0 5.7 287.4
5 16 70.4 0.69 38.3 0.55 38.7 2.0 3.8 146.0
6 16 70.4 0.62 44.7 0.55 38.7 2.0 3.8 146.0
7 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
8 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
9 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
sum 1708.4

Note: 1) Thickness of layer.

4) Allowable compression capacity

Qa = ( qmax x Ap ) / FSbearing + Qs / FSfriction = 943.8 kN

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2.2.3 Allowable Tension Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base resistance for uplift loading

1)
qmax (uplift) = 0

Note: 1) qmax should be taken as zero for uplift loading unless experience or load testing at
the construction site can show that suction between the bottom of the drilled shaft
and the soil can be predicted reliably or the drilled shaft has a bell.

2) Side resistance for uplift loading

fmax (uplift) = ψ x fmax (compression)

where, ψ = 1.00 for Cohesive soil


ψ = 0.75 for Cohesionless soil

Qs Ts
Soil type ψ
(kN) (kN)
Cohesive 476.8 1.00 476.8
Cohesive 424.2 1.00 424.2
Cohesive 228.1 1.00 228.1
Cohesive 287.4 1.00 287.4
Cohesive 146.0 1.00 146.0
Cohesive 146.0 1.00 146.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
sum = 1708.4

3) Allowable tension capacity

Ta = ( Tp + Ts ) / FSfriction = 854.2 kN

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2.2.4 Allowable Lateral Load Capacity (Broms' Method)

1) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

a) General soil type1) : Cohesive

Note: 1) Determine the general soil type within the critical depth below the grond FHWA-HI-97-013
surface (about 4 or 5 pile diameters). Chapter 9

b) Average soil parameter with the critical depth

su = 154 kPa for Cohesive soil

ϕ = 0.0 deg for Cohesionless soil

1)
where, ϕ = Internal friction angle correleted by Ozaki's equation

0.5
Note: 1) ϕ = ( 20 N ) + 15

c) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Kh

Kh = n1 x n2 x 80 x qu / b = 18891 kN/m3 for Cohesive soil

where, qu = Unconfined compressive strength = 308 kPa

b = Width or diameter of pile = 0.6 m

n1 = Empirical coefficients dependent on qu = 0.4


n1 = 0.32 for less than 48 kPa
n1 = 0.36 for 48 to 191 kPa
n1 = 0.40 for more than 191 kPa

n2 = Empirical coefficient dependent on pile material = 1.15


n2 = 1.00 for steel
n2 = 1.15 for concrete
n2 = 1.30 for wood

Kh = 0.0 kN/m3 for Cohesionless soil

where, above ground water


Kh = 1900 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 8143 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 17644 kN/m3 for dense density

below ground water


Kh = 1086 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 5429 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 10857 kN/m3 for dense density

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2) Pile parameters

a) Modulus of elasticity, E = 25000 Mpa

b) Moment of inertia, I = 0.0064 m4

c) Section modulus, S = 0.0212 m3

d) Embedded pile length D = 15.0 m

e) Diameter or width, b = 0.60 m

f) Ultimate compression strength for concrete, f'c = 25.0 Mpa

g) Eccentricity of applied load for free-headed piles, ec = 0.0

h) Resisting moment of pile for concrete piles, My = fc' S 530.1 kN-m

3) Dimensionless length factor

a) Stiffness factor

βh = ( Kh b / 4EI )0.25 = 0.37 m


-1
for Cohesive soil,

0.20 0.00 -1
η = (Kh / EI) = m for Cohesionless soil,

b) Length factor

βh D = 5.48 for Cohesive soil,

ηD = 0.00 for Cohesionless soil,

4) Determine if the pile is long or short

a) Cohesive soil: long pile

where, βh D > 2.25 (long pile)


βh D < 2.25 (short pile)

b) Cohesionless soil: short pile

where, η D > 4.0 (long pile)


η D < 2.0 (short pile)
2.0 < η D < 4.0 (intermediate pile)

→ Soil type = Cohesive


Pile type = long pile

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5) Soil parameters

cu = 154 kPa

where, cu = cohesion for cohesive soil

6) Ultimate lateral load (Cohesive, long pile)

My/cub3 = 15.9
ec/b = 0
Qu/cub2 = 14.0 from the below chart
Qu = 776.2 kN

7) Allowable lateral load capacity

Hu = 776.2 kN

Ha = Hu / FSlateral = 388.1 kN

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2.2.5 PILE SETTLEMENT

Elastic Settlement of Pile

se(1) = (Qwp + ξ·Qws) x L / (Ap x Ep)

where, Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
ξ = coefficient which will depend on the nature of the distribution of the unit
friction resistance along the pile shaft
conservatively, 0.5

Qwp Qws Ap L Ep se(1)


Borehole 2
ξ
(kN) (kN) (m ) (m) (Mpa) (mm)
Design-N 374.3 569.5 0.28 15.0 25000 0.5 1.40

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load at the Pile Tip (Vesic, 1977)

se(2) = (Qwp x Cp) / (D x qp)

where, qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile


Cp = an empirical coefficient

Type of soil Driven piles Bored piles


Sand (dense to loose) 0.02 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.18
Clay (Stiff to Soft) 0.02 - 0.03 0.03 - 0.06
Silt (dense to loose) 0.03 - 0.05 0.09 - 0.12

D Qwp qp se(2)
Borehole Cp
(mm) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 600 374.3 1663.2 0.04 15.00

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load Transmitted along the Pile Shaft (Vesic, 1977)

se(3) = (QwS x CS) / (L x qp)

where, Cs = an empirical constant = [ 0.93 + 0.16 (L / D)0.5 ] Cp

L Qws qp se(3)
Borehole Cs
(m) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 15.0 569.5 1663.2 0.07 1.58

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Total Settlement of Pile

se = se(1) + se(2) + se(3)

where, se(1) = elastic settlement of pile


se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

se(1) se(2) se(3) se


Borehole Check1)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Design-N 1.40 15.00 1.58 17.98 O.K

Note: 1) se(allowable) = 50.0 mm


Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design, Annex H,
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm are
often acceptable.

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.3 BH-04

2.3.1 Subsoil Conditions

BH-04 Pile Length = 20.0 m G.W.T (m) = 0.0


2) 3)
Depth of layer (m) 1) γ N N604) su5)
Soil type 3
from to center (kN/m ) (blow) (blow) (kPa)
0.0 -3.0 -1.5 Cohesive 13.0 7 7 30.8
-3.0 -6.0 -4.5 Cohesive 13.0 16 16 70.4
-6.0 -8.0 -7.0 Cohesive 13.0 9 9 39.6
-8.0 -11.0 -9.5 Cohesive 13.0 4 4 17.6
-11.0 -13.0 -12.0 Cohesive 13.0 9 9 39.6
-13.0 -15.0 -14.0 Cohesive 13.0 10 10 44
-15.0 -18.0 -16.5 Cohesive 13.0 16 16 70.4
-18.0 -20.0 -19.0 Cohesive 13.0 25 25 110

-20.0 ~ Cohesive 110

Note: 1) "Cohesive" = clay or plastic sily, "Cohesionless" = sand, gravel or non-plastic silt

2) For cohesionless soil, we couldn't carry out unit weight tests because sampling of
cohesionless soil is very difficult. Therefore, we use typical soil properties in a natural
state and conservartively select soil type.

- Type of soil = Loose angular-grained silty sand


- Natural moisture content in a saturated sta = 25 %
- Dry unit weight, γd = 12 kN/m3

3) SPT N-value obtained from the field test Attachment-2

4) Corrected for hammer energy without overburden pressure correction


N60 = ( ER / 60 ) x N where, ER = SPT energy ratio = 60 %

5) Cohesion of so(take minimum value from following two equations)


K · N where K = 4 kN/m2 (Stroud, 1974)
0.72( Hara et al, 1971)
29 N

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.3.2 Allowable Compression Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

qmax = Nc* x su = 990.0 kPa

where, Nc* = bearing capacity factor = 9


6.5 at su = 24 kPa
8.0 at su = 48 kPa
9.0 at su > 25 kPa

su = average undrained shear strength between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base

b) Cohesionless soil

qmax = 57.5 N60 = 0.0 kPa

where, N60 = average SPT blow count between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base for condition which approximately
60 percent of the potential energy of hammer is transferred

2) Side Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

fmax = α x su

where, α = a dimensionless correction coefficient defined as follows:


α=0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m or to the
depth of seasonal moisture change, whichever is deeper
α=0 for a distance of B (the diameter of the base) above the base
α = 0.55 for su / Pa ≤ 1.5 (Mpa)
α = 0.55 - 0.1 ( su / Pa - 1.5 ) for 1.5 ≤ su / Pa ≤ 2.5 (Mpa)
where, Pa =the atmospheric pressure in the units being used
(e.g., 101 kPa in the SI system).

b) Cohesionless soil

fmax = β x σ'v

where, σ'v = vertical effective stress at the middle of layer

β = dimensionless correction factor defined as follows:


in sands
0.5
β = 1.5 - 0.245 z for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
in gravelly sands or gravels
β = 2.0 - 0.15 z0.75 for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
where, z = vertical distance from the ground surface to the middle
of layer (in meters)

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Layer N60 su σv' fmax 1)


Thick. As Qs
β α
No. (blow) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) (m2) (kN)
1 7 30.8 0.56 4.8 0.55 16.9 3.0 5.7 95.8
2 16 70.4 1.05 14.4 0.55 38.7 3.0 5.7 219.0
3 9 39.6 0.51 22.3 0.55 21.8 2.0 3.8 82.1
3 4 17.6 0.25 30.3 0.55 9.7 3.0 5.7 54.7
3 9 39.6 0.39 38.3 0.55 21.8 2.0 3.8 82.1
3 10 44.0 0.39 44.7 0.55 24.2 2.0 3.8 91.2
3 16 70.4 0.54 52.6 0.55 38.7 3.0 5.7 219.0
3 25 110.0 0.72 60.6 0.55 60.5 2.0 3.8 228.1
3 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
sum 1072.0

Note: 1) Thickness of layer.

4) Allowable compression capacity

Qa = ( qmax x Ap ) / FSbearing + Qs / FSfriction = 675.9 kN

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2.3.3 Allowable Tension Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base resistance for uplift loading

1)
qmax (uplift) = 0

Note: 1) qmax should be taken as zero for uplift loading unless experience or load testing at
the construction site can show that suction between the bottom of the drilled shaft
and the soil can be predicted reliably or the drilled shaft has a bell.

2) Side resistance for uplift loading

fmax (uplift) = ψ x fmax (compression)

where, ψ = 1.00 for Cohesive soil


ψ = 0.75 for Cohesionless soil

Qs Ts
Soil type ψ
(kN) (kN)
Cohesive 95.8 1.00 95.8
Cohesive 219.0 1.00 219.0
Cohesive 82.1 1.00 82.1
Cohesive 54.7 1.00 54.7
Cohesive 82.1 1.00 82.1
Cohesive 91.2 1.00 91.2
Cohesive 219.0 1.00 219.0
Cohesive 228.1 1.00 228.1
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
sum = 1072.0

3) Allowable tension capacity

Ta = ( Tp + Ts ) / FSfriction = 536.0 kN

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.3.4 Allowable Lateral Load Capacity (Broms' Method)

1) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

a) General soil type1) : Cohesive

Note: 1) Determine the general soil type within the critical depth below the grond FHWA-HI-97-013
surface (about 4 or 5 pile diameters). Chapter 9

b) Average soil parameter with the critical depth

su = 30.8 kPa for Cohesive soil

ϕ = 0.0 deg for Cohesionless soil

1)
where, ϕ = Internal friction angle correleted by Ozaki's equation

0.5
Note: 1) ϕ = ( 20 N ) + 15

c) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Kh

Kh = n1 x n2 x 80 x qu / b =3400.3 kN/m3 for Cohesive soil

where, qu = Unconfined compressive strength = 61.6 kPa

b = Width or diameter of pile = 0.6 m

n1 = Empirical coefficients dependent on qu = 0.36


n1 = 0.32 for less than 48 kPa
n1 = 0.36 for 48 to 191 kPa
n1 = 0.40 for more than 191 kPa

n2 = Empirical coefficient dependent on pile material = 1.15


n2 = 1.00 for steel
n2 = 1.15 for concrete
n2 = 1.30 for wood

Kh = 0.0 kN/m3 for Cohesionless soil

where, above ground water


Kh = 1900 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 8143 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 17644 kN/m3 for dense density

below ground water


Kh = 1086 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 5429 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 10857 kN/m3 for dense density

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2) Pile parameters

a) Modulus of elasticity, E = 25000 Mpa

b) Moment of inertia, I = 0.0064 m4

c) Section modulus, S = 0.0212 m3

d) Embedded pile length D = 20.0 m

e) Diameter or width, b = 0.60 m

f) Ultimate compression strength for concrete, f'c = 25.0 Mpa

g) Eccentricity of applied load for free-headed piles, ec = 0.0

h) Resisting moment of pile for concrete piles, My = fc' S 530.1 kN-m

3) Dimensionless length factor

a) Stiffness factor

βh = ( Kh b / 4EI )0.25 = 0.24 m


-1
for Cohesive soil,

0.20 0.00 -1
η = (Kh / EI) = m for Cohesionless soil,

b) Length factor

βh D = 4.76 for Cohesive soil,

ηD = 0.00 for Cohesionless soil,

4) Determine if the pile is long or short

a) Cohesive soil: long pile

where, βh D > 2.25 (long pile)


βh D < 2.25 (short pile)

b) Cohesionless soil: short pile

where, η D > 4.0 (long pile)


η D < 2.0 (short pile)
2.0 < η D < 4.0 (intermediate pile)

→ Soil type = Cohesive


Pile type = long pile

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5) Soil parameters

cu = 30.8 kPa

where, cu = cohesion for cohesive soil

6) Ultimate lateral load (Cohesive, long pile)

My/cub3 = 79.7
ec/b = 0
Qu/cub2 = 40.0 from the below chart
Qu = 443.5 kN

7) Allowable lateral load capacity

Hu = 443.5 kN

Ha = Hu / FSlateral = 221.8 kN

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.3.5 PILE SETTLEMENT

Elastic Settlement of Pile

se(1) = (Qwp + ξ·Qws) x L / (Ap x Ep)

where, Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
ξ = coefficient which will depend on the nature of the distribution of the unit
friction resistance along the pile shaft
conservatively, 0.5

Qwp Qws Ap L Ep se(1)


Borehole 2
ξ
(kN) (kN) (m ) (m) (Mpa) (mm)
Design-N 318.6 357.3 0.28 20.0 25000 0.5 1.41

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load at the Pile Tip (Vesic, 1977)

se(2) = (Qwp x Cp) / (D x qp)

where, qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile


Cp = an empirical coefficient

Type of soil Driven piles Bored piles


Sand (dense to loose) 0.02 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.18
Clay (Stiff to Soft) 0.02 - 0.03 0.03 - 0.06
Silt (dense to loose) 0.03 - 0.05 0.09 - 0.12

D Qwp qp se(2)
Borehole Cp
(mm) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 600 318.6 990.0 0.04 21.46

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load Transmitted along the Pile Shaft (Vesic, 1977)

se(3) = (QwS x CS) / (L x qp)

where, Cs = an empirical constant = [ 0.93 + 0.16 (L / D)0.5 ] Cp

L Qws qp se(3)
Borehole Cs
(m) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 20.0 357.3 990.0 0.07 1.34

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No. CALCULATION REF.

Total Settlement of Pile

se = se(1) + se(2) + se(3)

where, se(1) = elastic settlement of pile


se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

se(1) se(2) se(3) se


Borehole Check1)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Design-N 1.41 21.46 1.34 24.20 O.K

Note: 1) se(allowable) = 50.0 mm


Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design, Annex H,
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm are
often acceptable.

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.4 BH-05

2.4.1 Subsoil Conditions

BH-05 Pile Length = 18.0 m G.W.T (m) = 0.0


2) 3)
Depth of layer (m) 1) γ N N604) su5)
Soil type 3
from to center (kN/m ) (blow) (blow) (kPa)
0.0 -3.0 -1.5 Cohesive 13.0 30 30 132
-3.0 -6.0 -4.5 Cohesive 13.0 9 9 39.6
-6.0 -8.0 -7.0 Cohesive 13.0 30 30 132
-8.0 -11.0 -9.5 Cohesive 13.0 11 11 48.4
-11.0 -13.0 -12.0 Cohesive 13.0 17 17 74.8
-13.0 -15.0 -14.0 Cohesive 13.0 14 14 61.6
-15.0 -18.0 -16.5 Cohesive 13.0 15 15 66

-18.0 ~ Cohesive 66

Note: 1) "Cohesive" = clay or plastic sily, "Cohesionless" = sand, gravel or non-plastic silt

2) For cohesionless soil, we couldn't carry out unit weight tests because sampling of
cohesionless soil is very difficult. Therefore, we use typical soil properties in a natural
state and conservartively select soil type.

- Type of soil = Loose angular-grained silty sand


- Natural moisture content in a saturated sta = 25 %
- Dry unit weight, γd = 12 kN/m3

3) SPT N-value obtained from the field test Attachment-2

4) Corrected for hammer energy without overburden pressure correction


N60 = ( ER / 60 ) x N where, ER = SPT energy ratio = 60 %

5) Cohesion of so(take minimum value from following two equations)


K · N where K = 4 kN/m2 (Stroud, 1974)
0.72( Hara et al, 1971)
29 N

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.4.2 Allowable Compression Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

qmax = Nc* x su = 594.0 kPa

where, Nc* = bearing capacity factor = 9


6.5 at su = 24 kPa
8.0 at su = 48 kPa
9.0 at su > 25 kPa

su = average undrained shear strength between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base

b) Cohesionless soil

qmax = 57.5 N60 = 0.0 kPa

where, N60 = average SPT blow count between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base for condition which approximately
60 percent of the potential energy of hammer is transferred

2) Side Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

fmax = α x su

where, α = a dimensionless correction coefficient defined as follows:


α=0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m or to the
depth of seasonal moisture change, whichever is deeper
α=0 for a distance of B (the diameter of the base) above the base
α = 0.55 for su / Pa ≤ 1.5 (Mpa)
α = 0.55 - 0.1 ( su / Pa - 1.5 ) for 1.5 ≤ su / Pa ≤ 2.5 (Mpa)
where, Pa =the atmospheric pressure in the units being used
(e.g., 101 kPa in the SI system).

b) Cohesionless soil

fmax = β x σ'v

where, σ'v = vertical effective stress at the middle of layer

β = dimensionless correction factor defined as follows:


in sands
0.5
β = 1.5 - 0.245 z for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
in gravelly sands or gravels
β = 2.0 - 0.15 z0.75 for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
where, z = vertical distance from the ground surface to the middle
of layer (in meters)

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No. CALCULATION REF.

Layer N60 su σv' fmax 1)


Thick. As Qs
β α
No. (blow) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) (m2) (kN)
1 30 132.0 1.20 4.8 0.55 72.6 3.0 5.7 410.5
2 9 39.6 0.59 14.4 0.55 21.8 3.0 5.7 123.2
2 30 132.0 0.85 22.3 0.55 72.6 2.0 3.8 273.7
2 11 48.4 0.55 30.3 0.55 26.6 3.0 5.7 150.5
2 17 74.8 0.74 38.3 0.55 41.1 2.0 3.8 155.1
2 14 61.6 0.54 44.7 0.55 33.9 2.0 3.8 127.7
2 15 66.0 0.50 52.6 0.55 36.3 3.0 5.7 205.3
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
sum 1446.0

Note: 1) Thickness of layer.

4) Allowable compression capacity

Qa = ( qmax x Ap ) / FSbearing + Qs / FSfriction = 807.0 kN

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.4.3 Allowable Tension Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base resistance for uplift loading

1)
qmax (uplift) = 0

Note: 1) qmax should be taken as zero for uplift loading unless experience or load testing at
the construction site can show that suction between the bottom of the drilled shaft
and the soil can be predicted reliably or the drilled shaft has a bell.

2) Side resistance for uplift loading

fmax (uplift) = ψ x fmax (compression)

where, ψ = 1.00 for Cohesive soil


ψ = 0.75 for Cohesionless soil

Qs Ts
Soil type ψ
(kN) (kN)
Cohesive 410.5 1.00 410.5
Cohesive 123.2 1.00 123.2
Cohesive 273.7 1.00 273.7
Cohesive 150.5 1.00 150.5
Cohesive 155.1 1.00 155.1
Cohesive 127.7 1.00 127.7
Cohesive 205.3 1.00 205.3
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
sum = 1446.0

3) Allowable tension capacity

Ta = ( Tp + Ts ) / FSfriction = 723.0 kN

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2.4.4 Allowable Lateral Load Capacity (Broms' Method)

1) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

a) General soil type1) : Cohesive

Note: 1) Determine the general soil type within the critical depth below the grond FHWA-HI-97-013
surface (about 4 or 5 pile diameters). Chapter 9

b) Average soil parameter with the critical depth

su = 132 kPa for Cohesive soil

ϕ = 0.0 deg for Cohesionless soil

1)
where, ϕ = Internal friction angle correleted by Ozaki's equation

0.5
Note: 1) ϕ = ( 20 N ) + 15

c) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Kh

Kh = n1 x n2 x 80 x qu / b =###### kN/m3 for Cohesive soil

where, qu = Unconfined compressive strength = 264 kPa

b = Width or diameter of pile = 0.6 m

n1 = Empirical coefficients dependent on qu = 0.4


n1 = 0.32 for less than 48 kPa
n1 = 0.36 for 48 to 191 kPa
n1 = 0.40 for more than 191 kPa

n2 = Empirical coefficient dependent on pile material = 1.15


n2 = 1.00 for steel
n2 = 1.15 for concrete
n2 = 1.30 for wood

Kh = 0.0 kN/m3 for Cohesionless soil

where, above ground water


Kh = 1900 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 8143 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 17644 kN/m3 for dense density

below ground water


Kh = 1086 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 5429 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 10857 kN/m3 for dense density

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2) Pile parameters

a) Modulus of elasticity, E = 25000 Mpa

b) Moment of inertia, I = 0.0064 m4

c) Section modulus, S = 0.0212 m3

d) Embedded pile length D = 18.0 m

e) Diameter or width, b = 0.60 m

f) Ultimate compression strength for concrete, f'c = 25.0 Mpa

g) Eccentricity of applied load for free-headed piles, ec = 0.0

h) Resisting moment of pile for concrete piles, My = fc' S 530.1 kN-m

3) Dimensionless length factor

a) Stiffness factor

βh = ( Kh b / 4EI )0.25 = 0.35 m


-1
for Cohesive soil,

0.20 0.00 -1
η = (Kh / EI) = m for Cohesionless soil,

b) Length factor

βh D = 6.33 for Cohesive soil,

ηD = 0.00 for Cohesionless soil,

4) Determine if the pile is long or short

a) Cohesive soil: long pile

where, βh D > 2.25 (long pile)


βh D < 2.25 (short pile)

b) Cohesionless soil: short pile

where, η D > 4.0 (long pile)


η D < 2.0 (short pile)
2.0 < η D < 4.0 (intermediate pile)

→ Soil type = Cohesive


Pile type = long pile

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5) Soil parameters

cu = 132 kPa

where, cu = cohesion for cohesive soil

6) Ultimate lateral load (Cohesionless, long pile)

My/cub3 = 18.6
ec/b = 0
Qu/cub2 = 17.0 from the below chart
Qu = 807.8 kN

7) Allowable lateral load capacity

Hu = 807.8 kN

Ha = Hu / FSlateral = 403.9 kN

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2.4.5 PILE SETTLEMENT

Elastic Settlement of Pile

se(1) = (Qwp + ξ·Qws) x L / (Ap x Ep)

where, Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
ξ = coefficient which will depend on the nature of the distribution of the unit
friction resistance along the pile shaft
conservatively, 0.5

Qwp Qws Ap L Ep se(1)


Borehole 2
ξ
(kN) (kN) (m ) (m) (Mpa) (mm)
Design-N 325.0 482.0 0.28 18.0 25000 0.5 1.44

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load at the Pile Tip (Vesic, 1977)

se(2) = (Qwp x Cp) / (D x qp)

where, qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile


Cp = an empirical coefficient

Type of soil Driven piles Bored piles


Sand (dense to loose) 0.02 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.18
Clay (Stiff to Soft) 0.02 - 0.03 0.03 - 0.06
Silt (dense to loose) 0.03 - 0.05 0.09 - 0.12

D Qwp qp se(2)
Borehole Cp
(mm) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 600 325.0 1663.2 0.04 13.03

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load Transmitted along the Pile Shaft (Vesic, 1977)

se(3) = (QwS x CS) / (L x qp)

where, Cs = an empirical constant = [ 0.93 + 0.16 (L / D)0.5 ] Cp

L Qws qp se(3)
Borehole Cs
(m) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 18.0 482.0 1663.2 0.07 1.16

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Total Settlement of Pile

se = se(1) + se(2) + se(3)

where, se(1) = elastic settlement of pile


se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

se(1) se(2) se(3) se


Borehole Check1)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Design-N 1.44 13.03 1.16 15.63 O.K

Note: 1) se(allowable) = 50.0 mm


Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design, Annex H,
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm are
often acceptable.

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2.5 BH-06

2.5.1 Subsoil Conditions

BH-06 Pile Length = 20.0 m G.W.T (m) = 0.0


2) 3)
Depth of layer (m) 1) γ N N604) su5)
Soil type 3
from to center (kN/m ) (blow) (blow) (kPa)
0.0 -3.0 -1.5 Cohesive 13.0 4 4 17.6
-3.0 -6.0 -4.5 Cohesive 13.0 13 13 57.2
-6.0 -8.0 -7.0 Cohesive 13.0 14 14 61.6
-8.0 -11.0 -9.5 Cohesive 13.0 18 18 79.2
-11.0 -13.0 -12.0 Cohesive 13.0 21 21 92.4
-13.0 -15.0 -14.0 Cohesive 13.0 16 16 70.4
-15.0 -18.0 -16.5 Cohesive 13.0 17 17 74.8
-18.0 -20.0 -19.0 Cohesive 13.0 21 21 92.4

-20.0 ~ Cohesive 92.4

Note: 1) "Cohesive" = clay or plastic sily, "Cohesionless" = sand, gravel or non-plastic silt

2) For cohesionless soil, we couldn't carry out unit weight tests because sampling of
cohesionless soil is very difficult. Therefore, we use typical soil properties in a natural
state and conservartively select soil type.

- Type of soil = Loose angular-grained silty sand


- Natural moisture content in a saturated sta = 25 %
- Dry unit weight, γd = 12 kN/m3

3) SPT N-value obtained from the field test Attachment-2

4) Corrected for hammer energy without overburden pressure correction


N60 = ( ER / 60 ) x N where, ER = SPT energy ratio = 60 %

5) Cohesion of so(take minimum value from following two equations)


K · N where K = 4 kN/m2 (Stroud, 1974)
0.72( Hara et al, 1971)
29 N

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.5.2 Allowable Compression Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

qmax = Nc* x su = 831.6 kPa

where, Nc* = bearing capacity factor = 9


6.5 at su = 24 kPa
8.0 at su = 48 kPa
9.0 at su > 25 kPa

su = average undrained shear strength between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base

b) Cohesionless soil

qmax = 57.5 N60 = 0.0 kPa

where, N60 = average SPT blow count between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base for condition which approximately
60 percent of the potential energy of hammer is transferred

2) Side Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

fmax = α x su

where, α = a dimensionless correction coefficient defined as follows:


α=0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m or to the
depth of seasonal moisture change, whichever is deeper
α=0 for a distance of B (the diameter of the base) above the base
α = 0.55 for su / Pa ≤ 1.5 (Mpa)
α = 0.55 - 0.1 ( su / Pa - 1.5 ) for 1.5 ≤ su / Pa ≤ 2.5 (Mpa)
where, Pa =the atmospheric pressure in the units being used
(e.g., 101 kPa in the SI system).

b) Cohesionless soil

fmax = β x σ'v

where, σ'v = vertical effective stress at the middle of layer

β = dimensionless correction factor defined as follows:


in sands
0.5
β = 1.5 - 0.245 z for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
in gravelly sands or gravels
β = 2.0 - 0.15 z0.75 for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
where, z = vertical distance from the ground surface to the middle
of layer (in meters)

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Layer N60 su σv' fmax 1)


Thick. As Qs
β α
No. (blow) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) (m2) (kN)
1 4 17.6 0.32 4.8 0.55 9.7 3.0 5.7 54.7
2 13 57.2 0.85 14.4 0.55 31.5 3.0 5.7 177.9
2 14 61.6 0.80 22.3 0.55 33.9 2.0 3.8 127.7
2 18 79.2 0.89 30.3 0.55 43.6 3.0 5.7 246.3
2 21 92.4 0.91 38.3 0.55 50.8 2.0 3.8 191.6
2 16 70.4 0.62 44.7 0.55 38.7 2.0 3.8 146.0
2 17 74.8 0.57 52.6 0.55 41.1 3.0 5.7 232.6
2 21 92.4 0.60 60.6 0.55 50.8 2.0 3.8 191.6
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
sum 1368.5

Note: 1) Thickness of layer.

4) Allowable compression capacity

Qa = ( qmax x Ap ) / FSbearing + Qs / FSfriction = 801.8 kN

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2.5.3 Allowable Tension Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base resistance for uplift loading

1)
qmax (uplift) = 0

Note: 1) qmax should be taken as zero for uplift loading unless experience or load testing at
the construction site can show that suction between the bottom of the drilled shaft
and the soil can be predicted reliably or the drilled shaft has a bell.

2) Side resistance for uplift loading

fmax (uplift) = ψ x fmax (compression)

where, ψ = 1.00 for Cohesive soil


ψ = 0.75 for Cohesionless soil

Qs Ts
Soil type ψ
(kN) (kN)
Cohesive 54.7 1.00 54.7
Cohesive 177.9 1.00 177.9
Cohesive 127.7 1.00 127.7
Cohesive 246.3 1.00 246.3
Cohesive 191.6 1.00 191.6
Cohesive 146.0 1.00 146.0
Cohesive 232.6 1.00 232.6
Cohesive 191.6 1.00 191.6
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
sum = 1368.5

3) Allowable tension capacity

Ta = ( Tp + Ts ) / FSfriction = 684.2 kN

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2.5.4 Allowable Lateral Load Capacity (Broms' Method)

1) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

a) General soil type1) : Cohesive

Note: 1) Determine the general soil type within the critical depth below the grond FHWA-HI-97-013
surface (about 4 or 5 pile diameters). Chapter 9

b) Average soil parameter with the critical depth

su = 17.6 kPa for Cohesive soil

ϕ = 0.0 deg for Cohesionless soil

1)
where, ϕ = Internal friction angle correleted by Ozaki's equation

0.5
Note: 1) ϕ = ( 20 N ) + 15

c) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Kh

Kh = n1 x n2 x 80 x qu / b =1727.1 kN/m3 for Cohesive soil

where, qu = Unconfined compressive strength = 35.2 kPa

b = Width or diameter of pile = 0.6 m

n1 = Empirical coefficients dependent on qu = 0.32


n1 = 0.32 for less than 48 kPa
n1 = 0.36 for 48 to 191 kPa
n1 = 0.40 for more than 191 kPa

n2 = Empirical coefficient dependent on pile material = 1.15


n2 = 1.00 for steel
n2 = 1.15 for concrete
n2 = 1.30 for wood

Kh = 0.0 kN/m3 for Cohesionless soil

where, above ground water


Kh = 1900 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 8143 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 17644 kN/m3 for dense density

below ground water


Kh = 1086 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 5429 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 10857 kN/m3 for dense density

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2) Pile parameters

a) Modulus of elasticity, E = 25000 Mpa

b) Moment of inertia, I = 0.0064 m4

c) Section modulus, S = 0.0212 m3

d) Embedded pile length D = 20.0 m

e) Diameter or width, b = 0.60 m

f) Ultimate compression strength for concrete, f'c = 25.0 Mpa

g) Eccentricity of applied load for free-headed piles, ec = 0.0

h) Resisting moment of pile for concrete piles, My = fc' S 530.1 kN-m

3) Dimensionless length factor

a) Stiffness factor

βh = ( Kh b / 4EI )0.25 = 0.20 m


-1
for Cohesive soil,

0.20 0.00 -1
η = (Kh / EI) = m for Cohesionless soil,

b) Length factor

βh D = 4.02 for Cohesive soil,

ηD = 0.00 for Cohesionless soil,

4) Determine if the pile is long or short

a) Cohesive soil: long pile

where, βh D > 2.25 (long pile)


βh D < 2.25 (short pile)

b) Cohesionless soil: short pile

where, η D > 4.0 (long pile)


η D < 2.0 (short pile)
2.0 < η D < 4.0 (intermediate pile)

→ Soil type = Cohesive


Pile type = long pile

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5) Soil parameters

cu = 17.6 kPa

where, cu = cohesion for cohesive soil

6) Ultimate lateral load (Cohesionless, long pile)

My/cub3 = 139.5
ec/b = 0
Qu/cub2 = 58.0 from the below chart
Qu = 367.5 kN

7) Allowable lateral load capacity

Hu = 367.5 kN

Ha = Hu / FSlateral = 183.7 kN

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.5.5 PILE SETTLEMENT

Elastic Settlement of Pile

se(1) = (Qwp + ξ·Qws) x L / (Ap x Ep)

where, Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
ξ = coefficient which will depend on the nature of the distribution of the unit
friction resistance along the pile shaft
conservatively, 0.5

Qwp Qws Ap L Ep se(1)


Borehole 2
ξ
(kN) (kN) (m ) (m) (Mpa) (mm)
Design-N 345.6 456.2 0.28 20.0 25000 0.5 1.62

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load at the Pile Tip (Vesic, 1977)

se(2) = (Qwp x Cp) / (D x qp)

where, qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile


Cp = an empirical coefficient

Type of soil Driven piles Bored piles


Sand (dense to loose) 0.02 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.18
Clay (Stiff to Soft) 0.02 - 0.03 0.03 - 0.06
Silt (dense to loose) 0.03 - 0.05 0.09 - 0.12

D Qwp qp se(2)
Borehole Cp
(mm) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 600 345.6 1663.2 0.04 13.85

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load Transmitted along the Pile Shaft (Vesic, 1977)

se(3) = (QwS x CS) / (L x qp)

where, Cs = an empirical constant = [ 0.93 + 0.16 (L / D)0.5 ] Cp

L Qws qp se(3)
Borehole Cs
(m) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 20.0 456.2 1663.2 0.07 1.02

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Total Settlement of Pile

se = se(1) + se(2) + se(3)

where, se(1) = elastic settlement of pile


se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

se(1) se(2) se(3) se


Borehole Check1)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Design-N 1.62 13.85 1.02 16.49 O.K

Note: 1) se(allowable) = 50.0 mm


Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design, Annex H,
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm are
often acceptable.

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.6 BH-08

2.6.1 Subsoil Conditions

BH-08 Pile Length = 20.0 m G.W.T (m) = 0.0


2) 3)
Depth of layer (m) 1) γ N N604) su5)
Soil type 3
from to center (kN/m ) (blow) (blow) (kPa)
0.0 -3.0 -1.5 Cohesive 13.0 15 15 66
-3.0 -6.0 -4.5 Cohesive 13.0 12 12 52.8
-6.0 -8.0 -7.0 Cohesive 13.0 15 15 66
-8.0 -11.0 -9.5 Cohesive 13.0 15 15 66
-11.0 -13.0 -12.0 Cohesive 13.0 21 21 92.4
-13.0 -15.0 -14.0 Cohesive 13.0 17 17 74.8
-15.0 -18.0 -16.5 Cohesive 13.0 16 16 70.4
-18.0 -20.0 -19.0 Cohesive 13.0 16 16 70.4

-20.0 ~ Cohesive 70.4

Note: 1) "Cohesive" = clay or plastic sily, "Cohesionless" = sand, gravel or non-plastic silt

2) For cohesionless soil, we couldn't carry out unit weight tests because sampling of
cohesionless soil is very difficult. Therefore, we use typical soil properties in a natural
state and conservartively select soil type.

- Type of soil = Loose angular-grained silty sand


- Natural moisture content in a saturated sta = 25 %
- Dry unit weight, γd = 12 kN/m3

3) SPT N-value obtained from the field test Attachment-2

4) Corrected for hammer energy without overburden pressure correction


N60 = ( ER / 60 ) x N where, ER = SPT energy ratio = 60 %

5) Cohesion of so(take minimum value from following two equations)


K · N where K = 4 kN/m2 (Stroud, 1974)
0.72( Hara et al, 1971)
29 N

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2.6.2 Allowable Compression Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

qmax = Nc* x su = 633.6 kPa

where, Nc* = bearing capacity factor = 9


6.5 at su = 24 kPa
8.0 at su = 48 kPa
9.0 at su > 25 kPa

su = average undrained shear strength between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base

b) Cohesionless soil

qmax = 57.5 N60 = 0.0 kPa

where, N60 = average SPT blow count between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base for condition which approximately
60 percent of the potential energy of hammer is transferred

2) Side Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

fmax = α x su

where, α = a dimensionless correction coefficient defined as follows:


α=0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m or to the
depth of seasonal moisture change, whichever is deeper
α=0 for a distance of B (the diameter of the base) above the base
α = 0.55 for su / Pa ≤ 1.5 (Mpa)
α = 0.55 - 0.1 ( su / Pa - 1.5 ) for 1.5 ≤ su / Pa ≤ 2.5 (Mpa)
where, Pa =the atmospheric pressure in the units being used
(e.g., 101 kPa in the SI system).

b) Cohesionless soil

fmax = β x σ'v

where, σ'v = vertical effective stress at the middle of layer

β = dimensionless correction factor defined as follows:


in sands
0.5
β = 1.5 - 0.245 z for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
in gravelly sands or gravels
β = 2.0 - 0.15 z0.75 for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
where, z = vertical distance from the ground surface to the middle
of layer (in meters)

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Layer N60 su σv' fmax 1)


Thick. As Qs
β α
No. (blow) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) (m2) (kN)
1 15 66.0 1.20 4.8 0.55 36.3 3.0 5.7 205.3
2 12 52.8 0.78 14.4 0.55 29.0 3.0 5.7 164.2
2 15 66.0 0.85 22.3 0.55 36.3 2.0 3.8 136.8
2 15 66.0 0.74 30.3 0.55 36.3 3.0 5.7 205.3
2 21 92.4 0.91 38.3 0.55 50.8 2.0 3.8 191.6
2 17 74.8 0.66 44.7 0.55 41.1 2.0 3.8 155.1
2 16 70.4 0.54 52.6 0.55 38.7 3.0 5.7 219.0
2 16 70.4 0.46 60.6 0.55 38.7 2.0 3.8 146.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
sum 1423.2

Note: 1) Thickness of layer.

4) Allowable compression capacity

Qa = ( qmax x Ap ) / FSbearing + Qs / FSfriction = 801.2 kN

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2.6.3 Allowable Tension Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base resistance for uplift loading

1)
qmax (uplift) = 0

Note: 1) qmax should be taken as zero for uplift loading unless experience or load testing at
the construction site can show that suction between the bottom of the drilled shaft
and the soil can be predicted reliably or the drilled shaft has a bell.

2) Side resistance for uplift loading

fmax (uplift) = ψ x fmax (compression)

where, ψ = 1.00 for Cohesive soil


ψ = 0.75 for Cohesionless soil

Qs Ts
Soil type ψ
(kN) (kN)
Cohesive 205.3 1.00 205.3
Cohesive 164.2 1.00 164.2
Cohesive 136.8 1.00 136.8
Cohesive 205.3 1.00 205.3
Cohesive 191.6 1.00 191.6
Cohesive 155.1 1.00 155.1
Cohesive 219.0 1.00 219.0
Cohesive 146.0 1.00 146.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
sum = 1423.2

3) Allowable tension capacity

Ta = ( Tp + Ts ) / FSfriction = 711.6 kN

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2.6.4 Allowable Lateral Load Capacity (Broms' Method)

1) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

a) General soil type1) : Cohesive

Note: 1) Determine the general soil type within the critical depth below the grond FHWA-HI-97-013
surface (about 4 or 5 pile diameters). Chapter 9

b) Average soil parameter with the critical depth

su = 66 kPa for Cohesive soil

ϕ = 0.0 deg for Cohesionless soil

1)
where, ϕ = Internal friction angle correleted by Ozaki's equation

0.5
Note: 1) ϕ = ( 20 N ) + 15

c) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Kh

Kh = n1 x n2 x 80 x qu / b =7286.4 kN/m3 for Cohesive soil

where, qu = Unconfined compressive strength = 132 kPa

b = Width or diameter of pile = 0.6 m

n1 = Empirical coefficients dependent on qu = 0.36


n1 = 0.32 for less than 48 kPa
n1 = 0.36 for 48 to 191 kPa
n1 = 0.40 for more than 191 kPa

n2 = Empirical coefficient dependent on pile material = 1.15


n2 = 1.00 for steel
n2 = 1.15 for concrete
n2 = 1.30 for wood

Kh = 0.0 kN/m3 for Cohesionless soil

where, above ground water


Kh = 1900 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 8143 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 17644 kN/m3 for dense density

below ground water


Kh = 1086 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 5429 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 10857 kN/m3 for dense density

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2) Pile parameters

a) Modulus of elasticity, E = 25000 Mpa

b) Moment of inertia, I = 0.0064 m4

c) Section modulus, S = 0.0212 m3

d) Embedded pile length D = 20.0 m

e) Diameter or width, b = 0.60 m

f) Ultimate compression strength for concrete, f'c = 25.0 Mpa

g) Eccentricity of applied load for free-headed piles, ec = 0.0

h) Resisting moment of pile for concrete piles, My = fc' S 530.1 kN-m

3) Dimensionless length factor

a) Stiffness factor

βh = ( Kh b / 4EI )0.25 = 0.29 m


-1
for Cohesive soil,

0.20 0.00 -1
η = (Kh / EI) = m for Cohesionless soil,

b) Length factor

βh D = 5.76 for Cohesive soil,

ηD = 0.00 for Cohesionless soil,

4) Determine if the pile is long or short

a) Cohesive soil: long pile

where, βh D > 2.25 (long pile)


βh D < 2.25 (short pile)

b) Cohesionless soil: short pile

where, η D > 4.0 (long pile)


η D < 2.0 (short pile)
2.0 < η D < 4.0 (intermediate pile)

→ Soil type = Cohesive


Pile type = long pile

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5) Soil parameters

cu = 66 kPa

where, cu = cohesion for cohesive soil

6) Ultimate lateral load (Cohesionless, long pile)

My/cub3 = 37.2
ec/b = 0
Qu/cub2 = 25.0 from the below chart
Qu = 594.0 kN

7) Allowable lateral load capacity

Hu = 594.0 kN

Ha = Hu / FSlateral = 297.0 kN

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2.6.4 PILE SETTLEMENT

Elastic Settlement of Pile

se(1) = (Qwp + ξ·Qws) x L / (Ap x Ep)

where, Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
ξ = coefficient which will depend on the nature of the distribution of the unit
friction resistance along the pile shaft
conservatively, 0.5

Qwp Qws Ap L Ep se(1)


Borehole 2
ξ
(kN) (kN) (m ) (m) (Mpa) (mm)
Design-N 326.8 474.4 0.28 20.0 25000 0.5 1.60

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load at the Pile Tip (Vesic, 1977)

se(2) = (Qwp x Cp) / (D x qp)

where, qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile


Cp = an empirical coefficient

Type of soil Driven piles Bored piles


Sand (dense to loose) 0.02 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.18
Clay (Stiff to Soft) 0.02 - 0.03 0.03 - 0.06
Silt (dense to loose) 0.03 - 0.05 0.09 - 0.12

D Qwp qp se(2)
Borehole Cp
(mm) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 600 326.8 1663.2 0.04 13.10

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load Transmitted along the Pile Shaft (Vesic, 1977)

se(3) = (QwS x CS) / (L x qp)

where, Cs = an empirical constant = [ 0.93 + 0.16 (L / D)0.5 ] Cp

L Qws qp se(3)
Borehole Cs
(m) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 20.0 474.4 1663.2 0.07 1.06

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Total Settlement of Pile

se = se(1) + se(2) + se(3)

where, se(1) = elastic settlement of pile


se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

se(1) se(2) se(3) se


Borehole Check1)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Design-N 1.60 13.10 1.06 15.75 O.K

Note: 1) se(allowable) = 50.0 mm


Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design, Annex H,
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm are
often acceptable.

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.7 BH-09

2.7.1 Subsoil Conditions

BH-09 Pile Length = 18.0 m G.W.T (m) = 0.0


2) 3)
Depth of layer (m) 1) γ N N604) su5)
Soil type 3
from to center (kN/m ) (blow) (blow) (kPa)
0.0 -3.0 -1.5 Cohesive 13.0 17 17 74.8
-3.0 -6.0 -4.5 Cohesive 13.0 8 8 35.2
-6.0 -8.0 -7.0 Cohesive 13.0 19 19 83.6
-8.0 -11.0 -9.5 Cohesive 13.0 17 17 74.8
-11.0 -13.0 -12.0 Cohesive 13.0 17 17 74.8
-13.0 -15.0 -14.0 Cohesive 13.0 20 20 88
-15.0 -18.0 -16.5 Cohesive 13.0 21 21 92.4

-18.0 ~ Cohesive 92.4

Note: 1) "Cohesive" = clay or plastic sily, "Cohesionless" = sand, gravel or non-plastic silt

2) For cohesionless soil, we couldn't carry out unit weight tests because sampling of
cohesionless soil is very difficult. Therefore, we use typical soil properties in a natural
state and conservartively select soil type.

- Type of soil = Loose angular-grained silty sand


- Natural moisture content in a saturated sta = 25 %
- Dry unit weight, γd = 12 kN/m3

3) SPT N-value obtained from the field test Attachment-2

4) Corrected for hammer energy without overburden pressure correction


N60 = ( ER / 60 ) x N where, ER = SPT energy ratio = 60 %

5) Cohesion of so(take minimum value from following two equations)


K · N where K = 4 kN/m2 (Stroud, 1974)
0.72( Hara et al, 1971)
29 N

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.7.2 Allowable Compression Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

qmax = Nc* x su = 831.6 kPa

where, Nc* = bearing capacity factor = 9


6.5 at su = 24 kPa
8.0 at su = 48 kPa
9.0 at su > 25 kPa

su = average undrained shear strength between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base

b) Cohesionless soil

qmax = 57.5 N60 = 0.0 kPa

where, N60 = average SPT blow count between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base for condition which approximately
60 percent of the potential energy of hammer is transferred

2) Side Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

fmax = α x su

where, α = a dimensionless correction coefficient defined as follows:


α=0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m or to the
depth of seasonal moisture change, whichever is deeper
α=0 for a distance of B (the diameter of the base) above the base
α = 0.55 for su / Pa ≤ 1.5 (Mpa)
α = 0.55 - 0.1 ( su / Pa - 1.5 ) for 1.5 ≤ su / Pa ≤ 2.5 (Mpa)
where, Pa =the atmospheric pressure in the units being used
(e.g., 101 kPa in the SI system).

b) Cohesionless soil

fmax = β x σ'v

where, σ'v = vertical effective stress at the middle of layer

β = dimensionless correction factor defined as follows:


in sands
0.5
β = 1.5 - 0.245 z for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
in gravelly sands or gravels
β = 2.0 - 0.15 z0.75 for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
where, z = vertical distance from the ground surface to the middle
of layer (in meters)

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Layer N60 su σv' fmax 1)


Thick. As Qs
β α
No. (blow) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) (m2) (kN)
1 17 74.8 1.36 4.8 0.55 41.1 3.0 5.7 232.6
2 8 35.2 0.52 14.4 0.55 19.4 3.0 5.7 109.5
2 19 83.6 1.08 22.3 0.55 46.0 2.0 3.8 173.3
2 17 74.8 0.84 30.3 0.55 41.1 3.0 5.7 232.6
2 17 74.8 0.74 38.3 0.55 41.1 2.0 3.8 155.1
2 20 88.0 0.78 44.7 0.55 48.4 2.0 3.8 182.5
2 21 92.4 0.71 52.6 0.55 50.8 3.0 5.7 287.4
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
sum 1373.0

Note: 1) Thickness of layer.

4) Allowable compression capacity

Qa = ( qmax x Ap ) / FSbearing + Qs / FSfriction = 804.1 kN

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2.7.3 Allowable Tension Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base resistance for uplift loading

1)
qmax (uplift) = 0

Note: 1) qmax should be taken as zero for uplift loading unless experience or load testing at
the construction site can show that suction between the bottom of the drilled shaft
and the soil can be predicted reliably or the drilled shaft has a bell.

2) Side resistance for uplift loading

fmax (uplift) = ψ x fmax (compression)

where, ψ = 1.00 for Cohesive soil


ψ = 0.75 for Cohesionless soil

Qs Ts
Soil type ψ
(kN) (kN)
Cohesive 232.6 1.00 232.6
Cohesive 109.5 1.00 109.5
Cohesive 173.3 1.00 173.3
Cohesive 232.6 1.00 232.6
Cohesive 155.1 1.00 155.1
Cohesive 182.5 1.00 182.5
Cohesive 287.4 1.00 287.4
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
sum = 1373.0

3) Allowable tension capacity

Ta = ( Tp + Ts ) / FSfriction = 686.5 kN

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2.7.4 Allowable Lateral Load Capacity (Broms' Method)

1) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

a) General soil type1) : Cohesive

Note: 1) Determine the general soil type within the critical depth below the grond FHWA-HI-97-013
surface (about 4 or 5 pile diameters). Chapter 9

b) Average soil parameter with the critical depth

su = 74.8 kPa for Cohesive soil

ϕ = 0.0 deg for Cohesionless soil

1)
where, ϕ = Internal friction angle correleted by Ozaki's equation

0.5
Note: 1) ϕ = ( 20 N ) + 15

c) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Kh

Kh = n1 x n2 x 80 x qu / b =8257.9 kN/m3 for Cohesive soil

where, qu = Unconfined compressive strength = 149.6 kPa

b = Width or diameter of pile = 0.6 m

n1 = Empirical coefficients dependent on qu = 0.36


n1 = 0.32 for less than 48 kPa
n1 = 0.36 for 48 to 191 kPa
n1 = 0.40 for more than 191 kPa

n2 = Empirical coefficient dependent on pile material = 1.15


n2 = 1.00 for steel
n2 = 1.15 for concrete
n2 = 1.30 for wood

Kh = 0.0 kN/m3 for Cohesionless soil

where, above ground water


Kh = 1900 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 8143 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 17644 kN/m3 for dense density

below ground water


Kh = 1086 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 5429 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 10857 kN/m3 for dense density

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2) Pile parameters

a) Modulus of elasticity, E = 25000 Mpa

b) Moment of inertia, I = 0.0064 m4

c) Section modulus, S = 0.0212 m3

d) Embedded pile length D = 18.0 m

e) Diameter or width, b = 0.60 m

f) Ultimate compression strength for concrete, f'c = 25.0 Mpa

g) Eccentricity of applied load for free-headed piles, ec = 0.0

h) Resisting moment of pile for concrete piles, My = fc' S 530.1 kN-m

3) Dimensionless length factor

a) Stiffness factor

βh = ( Kh b / 4EI )0.25 = 0.30 m


-1
for Cohesive soil,

0.20 0.00 -1
η = (Kh / EI) = m for Cohesionless soil,

b) Length factor

βh D = 5.35 for Cohesive soil,

ηD = 0.00 for Cohesionless soil,

4) Determine if the pile is long or short

a) Cohesive soil: long pile

where, βh D > 2.25 (long pile)


βh D < 2.25 (short pile)

b) Cohesionless soil: short pile

where, η D > 4.0 (long pile)


η D < 2.0 (short pile)
2.0 < η D < 4.0 (intermediate pile)

→ Soil type = Cohesive


Pile type = long pile

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5) Soil parameters

cu = 74.8 kPa

where, cu = cohesion for cohesive soil

6) Ultimate lateral load (Cohesionless, long pile)

My/cub3 = 32.8
ec/b = 0
Qu/cub2 = 22.0 from the below chart
Qu = 592.4 kN

7) Allowable lateral load capacity

Hu = 592.4 kN

Ha = Hu / FSlateral = 296.2 kN

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2.7.5 PILE SETTLEMENT

Elastic Settlement of Pile

se(1) = (Qwp + ξ·Qws) x L / (Ap x Ep)

where, Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
ξ = coefficient which will depend on the nature of the distribution of the unit
friction resistance along the pile shaft
conservatively, 0.5

Qwp Qws Ap L Ep se(1)


Borehole 2
ξ
(kN) (kN) (m ) (m) (Mpa) (mm)
Design-N 346.4 457.7 0.28 18.0 25000 0.5 1.46

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load at the Pile Tip (Vesic, 1977)

se(2) = (Qwp x Cp) / (D x qp)

where, qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile


Cp = an empirical coefficient

Type of soil Driven piles Bored piles


Sand (dense to loose) 0.02 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.18
Clay (Stiff to Soft) 0.02 - 0.03 0.03 - 0.06
Silt (dense to loose) 0.03 - 0.05 0.09 - 0.12

D Qwp qp se(2)
Borehole Cp
(mm) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 600 346.4 1663.2 0.04 13.89

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load Transmitted along the Pile Shaft (Vesic, 1977)

se(3) = (QwS x CS) / (L x qp)

where, Cs = an empirical constant = [ 0.93 + 0.16 (L / D)0.5 ] Cp

L Qws qp se(3)
Borehole Cs
(m) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 18.0 457.7 1663.2 0.07 1.10

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Total Settlement of Pile

se = se(1) + se(2) + se(3)

where, se(1) = elastic settlement of pile


se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

se(1) se(2) se(3) se


Borehole Check1)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Design-N 1.46 13.89 1.10 16.45 O.K

Note: 1) se(allowable) = 50.0 mm


Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design, Annex H,
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm are
often acceptable.

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No. CALCULATION REF.

2.8 BH-10

2.8.1 Subsoil Conditions

BH-10 Pile Length = 18.0 m G.W.T (m) = 0.0


2) 3)
Depth of layer (m) 1) γ N N604) su5)
Soil type 3
from to center (kN/m ) (blow) (blow) (kPa)
0.0 -3.0 -1.5 Cohesive 13.0 23 23 101.2
-3.0 -6.0 -4.5 Cohesive 13.0 14 14 61.6
-6.0 -8.0 -7.0 Cohesive 13.0 11 11 48.4
-8.0 -11.0 -9.5 Cohesive 13.0 16 16 70.4
-11.0 -13.0 -12.0 Cohesive 13.0 24 24 105.6
-13.0 -15.0 -14.0 Cohesive 13.0 18 18 79.2
-15.0 -18.0 -16.5 Cohesive 13.0 16 16 70.4

-18.0 ~ Cohesive 70.4

Note: 1) "Cohesive" = clay or plastic sily, "Cohesionless" = sand, gravel or non-plastic silt

2) For cohesionless soil, we couldn't carry out unit weight tests because sampling of
cohesionless soil is very difficult. Therefore, we use typical soil properties in a natural
state and conservartively select soil type.

- Type of soil = Loose angular-grained silty sand


- Natural moisture content in a saturated sta = 25 %
- Dry unit weight, γd = 12 kN/m3

3) SPT N-value obtained from the field test Attachment-2

4) Corrected for hammer energy without overburden pressure correction


N60 = ( ER / 60 ) x N where, ER = SPT energy ratio = 60 %

5) Cohesion of so(take minimum value from following two equations)


K · N where K = 4 kN/m2 (Stroud, 1974)
0.72( Hara et al, 1971)
29 N

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2.8.2 Allowable Compression Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

qmax = Nc* x su = 633.6 kPa

where, Nc* = bearing capacity factor = 9


6.5 at su = 24 kPa
8.0 at su = 48 kPa
9.0 at su > 25 kPa

su = average undrained shear strength between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base

b) Cohesionless soil

qmax = 57.5 N60 = 0.0 kPa

where, N60 = average SPT blow count between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base for condition which approximately
60 percent of the potential energy of hammer is transferred

2) Side Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

fmax = α x su

where, α = a dimensionless correction coefficient defined as follows:


α=0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m or to the
depth of seasonal moisture change, whichever is deeper
α=0 for a distance of B (the diameter of the base) above the base
α = 0.55 for su / Pa ≤ 1.5 (Mpa)
α = 0.55 - 0.1 ( su / Pa - 1.5 ) for 1.5 ≤ su / Pa ≤ 2.5 (Mpa)
where, Pa =the atmospheric pressure in the units being used
(e.g., 101 kPa in the SI system).

b) Cohesionless soil

fmax = β x σ'v

where, σ'v = vertical effective stress at the middle of layer

β = dimensionless correction factor defined as follows:


in sands
0.5
β = 1.5 - 0.245 z for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
in gravelly sands or gravels
β = 2.0 - 0.15 z0.75 for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
where, z = vertical distance from the ground surface to the middle
of layer (in meters)

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Layer N60 su σv' fmax 1)


Thick. As Qs
β α
No. (blow) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) (m2) (kN)
1 23 101.2 1.84 4.8 0.55 55.7 3.0 5.7 314.7
2 14 61.6 0.91 14.4 0.55 33.9 3.0 5.7 191.6
2 11 48.4 0.62 22.3 0.55 26.6 2.0 3.8 100.4
2 16 70.4 0.79 30.3 0.55 38.7 3.0 5.7 219.0
2 24 105.6 1.04 38.3 0.55 58.1 2.0 3.8 219.0
2 18 79.2 0.70 44.7 0.55 43.6 2.0 3.8 164.2
2 16 70.4 0.54 52.6 0.55 38.7 3.0 5.7 219.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
sum 1427.8

Note: 1) Thickness of layer.

4) Allowable compression capacity

Qa = ( qmax x Ap ) / FSbearing + Qs / FSfriction = 803.5 kN

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2.8.3 Allowable Tension Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base resistance for uplift loading

1)
qmax (uplift) = 0

Note: 1) qmax should be taken as zero for uplift loading unless experience or load testing at
the construction site can show that suction between the bottom of the drilled shaft
and the soil can be predicted reliably or the drilled shaft has a bell.

2) Side resistance for uplift loading

fmax (uplift) = ψ x fmax (compression)

where, ψ = 1.00 for Cohesive soil


ψ = 0.75 for Cohesionless soil

Qs Ts
Soil type ψ
(kN) (kN)
Cohesive 314.7 1.00 314.7
Cohesive 191.6 1.00 191.6
Cohesive 100.4 1.00 100.4
Cohesive 219.0 1.00 219.0
Cohesive 219.0 1.00 219.0
Cohesive 164.2 1.00 164.2
Cohesive 219.0 1.00 219.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
sum = 1427.8

3) Allowable tension capacity

Ta = ( Tp + Ts ) / FSfriction = 713.9 kN

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2.8.4 Allowable Lateral Load Capacity (Broms' Method)

1) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

a) General soil type1) : Cohesive

Note: 1) Determine the general soil type within the critical depth below the grond FHWA-HI-97-013
surface (about 4 or 5 pile diameters). Chapter 9

b) Average soil parameter with the critical depth

su = 101.2 kPa for Cohesive soil

ϕ = 0.0 deg for Cohesionless soil

1)
where, ϕ = Internal friction angle correleted by Ozaki's equation

0.5
Note: 1) ϕ = ( 20 N ) + 15

c) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Kh

Kh = n1 x n2 x 80 x qu / b =###### kN/m3 for Cohesive soil

where, qu = Unconfined compressive strength = 202.4 kPa

b = Width or diameter of pile = 0.6 m

n1 = Empirical coefficients dependent on qu = 0.4


n1 = 0.32 for less than 48 kPa
n1 = 0.36 for 48 to 191 kPa
n1 = 0.40 for more than 191 kPa

n2 = Empirical coefficient dependent on pile material = 1.15


n2 = 1.00 for steel
n2 = 1.15 for concrete
n2 = 1.30 for wood

Kh = 0.0 kN/m3 for Cohesionless soil

where, above ground water


Kh = 1900 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 8143 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 17644 kN/m3 for dense density

below ground water


Kh = 1086 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 5429 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 10857 kN/m3 for dense density

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2) Pile parameters

a) Modulus of elasticity, E = 25000 Mpa

b) Moment of inertia, I = 0.0064 m4

c) Section modulus, S = 0.0212 m3

d) Embedded pile length D = 18.0 m

e) Diameter or width, b = 0.60 m

f) Ultimate compression strength for concrete, f'c = 25.0 Mpa

g) Eccentricity of applied load for free-headed piles, ec = 0.0

h) Resisting moment of pile for concrete piles, My = fc' S 530.1 kN-m

3) Dimensionless length factor

a) Stiffness factor

βh = ( Kh b / 4EI )0.25 = 0.33 m


-1
for Cohesive soil,

0.20 0.00 -1
η = (Kh / EI) = m for Cohesionless soil,

b) Length factor

βh D = 5.92 for Cohesive soil,

ηD = 0.00 for Cohesionless soil,

4) Determine if the pile is long or short

a) Cohesive soil: long pile

where, βh D > 2.25 (long pile)


βh D < 2.25 (short pile)

b) Cohesionless soil: short pile

where, η D > 4.0 (long pile)


η D < 2.0 (short pile)
2.0 < η D < 4.0 (intermediate pile)

→ Soil type = Cohesive


Pile type = long pile

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5) Soil parameters

cu = 101.2 kPa

where, cu = cohesion for cohesive soil

6) Ultimate lateral load (Cohesionless, long pile)

My/cub3 = 24.3
ec/b = 0
Qu/cub2 = 18.0 from the below chart
Qu = 655.8 kN

7) Allowable lateral load capacity

Hu = 655.8 kN

Ha = Hu / FSlateral = 327.9 kN

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2.8.5 PILE SETTLEMENT

Elastic Settlement of Pile

se(1) = (Qwp + ξ·Qws) x L / (Ap x Ep)

where, Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
ξ = coefficient which will depend on the nature of the distribution of the unit
friction resistance along the pile shaft
conservatively, 0.5

Qwp Qws Ap L Ep se(1)


Borehole 2
ξ
(kN) (kN) (m ) (m) (Mpa) (mm)
Design-N 327.5 475.9 0.28 18.0 25000 0.5 1.44

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load at the Pile Tip (Vesic, 1977)

se(2) = (Qwp x Cp) / (D x qp)

where, qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile


Cp = an empirical coefficient

Type of soil Driven piles Bored piles


Sand (dense to loose) 0.02 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.18
Clay (Stiff to Soft) 0.02 - 0.03 0.03 - 0.06
Silt (dense to loose) 0.03 - 0.05 0.09 - 0.12

D Qwp qp se(2)
Borehole Cp
(mm) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 600 327.5 1663.2 0.04 13.13

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load Transmitted along the Pile Shaft (Vesic, 1977)

se(3) = (QwS x CS) / (L x qp)

where, Cs = an empirical constant = [ 0.93 + 0.16 (L / D)0.5 ] Cp

L Qws qp se(3)
Borehole Cs
(m) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 18.0 475.9 1663.2 0.07 1.15

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Total Settlement of Pile

se = se(1) + se(2) + se(3)

where, se(1) = elastic settlement of pile


se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

se(1) se(2) se(3) se


Borehole Check1)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Design-N 1.44 13.13 1.15 15.72 O.K

Note: 1) se(allowable) = 50.0 mm


Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design, Annex H,
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm are
often acceptable.

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2.9 BH-11

2.9.1 Subsoil Conditions

BH-11 Pile Length = 18.0 m G.W.T (m) = 0.0


2) 3)
Depth of layer (m) 1) γ N N604) su5)
Soil type 3
from to center (kN/m ) (blow) (blow) (kPa)
0.0 -3.0 -1.5 Cohesive 12.0 18 18 79.2
-3.0 -6.0 -4.5 Cohesive 20.0 16 16 70.4
-6.0 -8.0 -7.0 Cohesive 12.0 11 11 48.4
-8.0 -11.0 -9.5 Cohesive 14.0 14 14 61.6
-11.0 -13.0 -12.0 Cohesive 18.0 18 18 79.2
-13.0 -15.0 -14.0 Cohesive 15.0 17 17 74.8
-15.0 -18.0 -16.5 Cohesive 22.0 24 24 105.6

-18.0 ~ Cohesive 105.6

Note: 1) "Cohesive" = clay or plastic sily, "Cohesionless" = sand, gravel or non-plastic silt

2) For cohesionless soil, we couldn't carry out unit weight tests because sampling of
cohesionless soil is very difficult. Therefore, we use typical soil properties in a natural
state and conservartively select soil type.

- Type of soil = Loose angular-grained silty sand


- Natural moisture content in a saturated sta = 25 %
- Dry unit weight, γd = 12 kN/m3

3) SPT N-value obtained from the field test Attachment-2

4) Corrected for hammer energy without overburden pressure correction


N60 = ( ER / 60 ) x N where, ER = SPT energy ratio = 60 %

5) Cohesion of so(take minimum value from following two equations)


K · N where K = 4 kN/m2 (Stroud, 1974)
0.72( Hara et al, 1971)
29 N

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2.9.2 Allowable Compression Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

qmax = Nc* x su = 950.4 kPa

where, Nc* = bearing capacity factor = 9


6.5 at su = 24 kPa
8.0 at su = 48 kPa
9.0 at su > 25 kPa

su = average undrained shear strength between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base

b) Cohesionless soil

qmax = 57.5 N60 = 0.0 kPa

where, N60 = average SPT blow count between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base for condition which approximately
60 percent of the potential energy of hammer is transferred

2) Side Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

fmax = α x su

where, α = a dimensionless correction coefficient defined as follows:


α=0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m or to the
depth of seasonal moisture change, whichever is deeper
α=0 for a distance of B (the diameter of the base) above the base
α = 0.55 for su / Pa ≤ 1.5 (Mpa)
α = 0.55 - 0.1 ( su / Pa - 1.5 ) for 1.5 ≤ su / Pa ≤ 2.5 (Mpa)
where, Pa =the atmospheric pressure in the units being used
(e.g., 101 kPa in the SI system).

b) Cohesionless soil

fmax = β x σ'v

where, σ'v = vertical effective stress at the middle of layer

β = dimensionless correction factor defined as follows:


in sands
0.5
β = 1.5 - 0.245 z for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
in gravelly sands or gravels
β = 2.0 - 0.15 z0.75 for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
where, z = vertical distance from the ground surface to the middle
of layer (in meters)

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Layer N60 su σv' fmax 1)


Thick. As Qs
β α
No. (blow) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) (m2) (kN)
1 18 79.2 1.44 3.3 0.55 43.6 3.0 5.7 246.3
2 16 70.4 1.05 21.9 0.55 38.7 3.0 5.7 219.0
2 11 48.4 0.62 39.3 0.55 26.6 2.0 3.8 100.4
2 14 61.6 0.70 47.8 0.55 33.9 3.0 5.7 191.6
2 18 79.2 0.78 62.3 0.55 43.6 2.0 3.8 164.2
2 17 74.8 0.66 75.7 0.55 41.1 2.0 3.8 155.1
2 24 105.6 0.81 99.1 0.55 58.1 3.0 5.7 328.4
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
sum 1405.0

Note: 1) Thickness of layer.

4) Allowable compression capacity

Qa = ( qmax x Ap ) / FSbearing + Qs / FSfriction = 836.8 kN

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2.9.3 Allowable Tension Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base resistance for uplift loading

1)
qmax (uplift) = 0

Note: 1) qmax should be taken as zero for uplift loading unless experience or load testing at
the construction site can show that suction between the bottom of the drilled shaft
and the soil can be predicted reliably or the drilled shaft has a bell.

2) Side resistance for uplift loading

fmax (uplift) = ψ x fmax (compression)

where, ψ = 1.00 for Cohesive soil


ψ = 0.75 for Cohesionless soil

Qs Ts
Soil type ψ
(kN) (kN)
Cohesive 246.3 1.00 246.3
Cohesive 219.0 1.00 219.0
Cohesive 100.4 1.00 100.4
Cohesive 191.6 1.00 191.6
Cohesive 164.2 1.00 164.2
Cohesive 155.1 1.00 155.1
Cohesive 328.4 1.00 328.4
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
0 0.0 0.00 0.0
sum = 1405.0

3) Allowable tension capacity

Ta = ( Tp + Ts ) / FSfriction = 702.5 kN

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2.9.4 Allowable Lateral Load Capacity (Broms' Method)

1) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

a) General soil type1) : Cohesive

Note: 1) Determine the general soil type within the critical depth below the grond FHWA-HI-97-013
surface (about 4 or 5 pile diameters). Chapter 9

b) Average soil parameter with the critical depth

su = 79.2 kPa for Cohesive soil

ϕ = 0.0 deg for Cohesionless soil

1)
where, ϕ = Internal friction angle correleted by Ozaki's equation

0.5
Note: 1) ϕ = ( 20 N ) + 15

c) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Kh

Kh = n1 x n2 x 80 x qu / b =8743.7 kN/m3 for Cohesive soil

where, qu = Unconfined compressive strength = 158.4 kPa

b = Width or diameter of pile = 0.6 m

n1 = Empirical coefficients dependent on qu = 0.36


n1 = 0.32 for less than 48 kPa
n1 = 0.36 for 48 to 191 kPa
n1 = 0.40 for more than 191 kPa

n2 = Empirical coefficient dependent on pile material = 1.15


n2 = 1.00 for steel
n2 = 1.15 for concrete
n2 = 1.30 for wood

Kh = 0.0 kN/m3 for Cohesionless soil

where, above ground water


Kh = 1900 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 8143 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 17644 kN/m3 for dense density

below ground water


Kh = 1086 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 5429 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 10857 kN/m3 for dense density

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2) Pile parameters

a) Modulus of elasticity, E = 25000 Mpa

b) Moment of inertia, I = 0.0064 m4

c) Section modulus, S = 0.0212 m3

d) Embedded pile length D = 18.0 m

e) Diameter or width, b = 0.60 m

f) Ultimate compression strength for concrete, f'c = 25.0 Mpa

g) Eccentricity of applied load for free-headed piles, ec = 0.0

h) Resisting moment of pile for concrete piles, My = fc' S 530.1 kN-m

3) Dimensionless length factor

a) Stiffness factor

βh = ( Kh b / 4EI )0.25 = 0.30 m


-1
for Cohesive soil,

0.20 0.00 -1
η = (Kh / EI) = m for Cohesionless soil,

b) Length factor

βh D = 5.42 for Cohesive soil,

ηD = 0.00 for Cohesionless soil,

4) Determine if the pile is long or short

a) Cohesive soil: long pile

where, βh D > 2.25 (long pile)


βh D < 2.25 (short pile)

b) Cohesionless soil: short pile

where, η D > 4.0 (long pile)


η D < 2.0 (short pile)
2.0 < η D < 4.0 (intermediate pile)

→ Soil type = Cohesive


Pile type = long pile

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5) Soil parameters

cu = 79.2 kPa

where, cu = cohesion for cohesive soil

6) Ultimate lateral load (Cohesionless, long pile)

My/cub3 = 31.0
ec/b = 0
Qu/cub2 = 23.0 from the below chart
Qu = 655.8 kN

7) Allowable lateral load capacity

Hu = 655.8 kN

Ha = Hu / FSlateral = 327.9 kN

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2.9.5 PILE SETTLEMENT

Elastic Settlement of Pile

se(1) = (Qwp + ξ·Qws) x L / (Ap x Ep)

where, Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
ξ = coefficient which will depend on the nature of the distribution of the unit
friction resistance along the pile shaft
conservatively, 0.5

Qwp Qws Ap L Ep se(1)


Borehole 2
ξ
(kN) (kN) (m ) (m) (Mpa) (mm)
Design-N 368.5 468.3 0.28 18.0 25000 0.5 1.53

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load at the Pile Tip (Vesic, 1977)

se(2) = (Qwp x Cp) / (D x qp)

where, qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile


Cp = an empirical coefficient

Type of soil Driven piles Bored piles


Sand (dense to loose) 0.02 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.18
Clay (Stiff to Soft) 0.02 - 0.03 0.03 - 0.06
Silt (dense to loose) 0.03 - 0.05 0.09 - 0.12

D Qwp qp se(2)
Borehole Cp
(mm) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 600 368.5 1663.2 0.04 14.77

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load Transmitted along the Pile Shaft (Vesic, 1977)

se(3) = (QwS x CS) / (L x qp)

where, Cs = an empirical constant = [ 0.93 + 0.16 (L / D)0.5 ] Cp

L Qws qp se(3)
Borehole Cs
(m) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 18.0 468.3 1663.2 0.07 1.13

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Total Settlement of Pile

se = se(1) + se(2) + se(3)

where, se(1) = elastic settlement of pile


se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

se(1) se(2) se(3) se


Borehole Check1)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Design-N 1.53 14.77 1.13 17.44 O.K

Note: 1) se(allowable) = 50.0 mm


Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design, Annex H,
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm are
often acceptable.

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2.10 DBH-01

2.10.1 Subsoil Conditions

DBH-01 Pile Length = 25.0 m G.W.T (m) = 0.0


2) 3)
Depth of layer (m) 1) γ N N604) su5)
Soil type 3
from to center (kN/m ) (blow) (blow) (kPa)
0.0 -3.0 -1.5 Cohesive 13.0 11 11 48.4
-3.0 -6.0 -4.5 Cohesive 13.0 9 9 39.6
-6.0 -8.0 -7.0 Cohesive 13.0 12 12 52.8
-8.0 -11.0 -9.5 Cohesive 13.0 21 21 92.4
-11.0 -13.0 -12.0 Cohesive 13.0 8 8 35.2
-13.0 -15.0 -14.0 Cohesive 13.0 25 25 110
-15.0 -18.0 -16.5 Cohesive 13.0 20 20 88
-18.0 -20.0 -19.0 Cohesive 13.0 17 17 74.8
-20.0 -23.0 -21.5 Cohesive 13.0 21 21 92.4
-23.0 -25.0 -24.0 Cohesive 13.0 23 23 101.2
-25.0 ~ Cohesive 101.2

Note: 1) "Cohesive" = clay or plastic sily, "Cohesionless" = sand, gravel or non-plastic silt

2) For cohesionless soil, we couldn't carry out unit weight tests because sampling of
cohesionless soil is very difficult. Therefore, we use typical soil properties in a natural
state and conservartively select soil type.

- Type of soil = Loose angular-grained silty sand


- Natural moisture content in a saturated sta = 25 %
- Dry unit weight, γd = 12 kN/m3

3) SPT N-value obtained from the field test Attachment-2

4) Corrected for hammer energy without overburden pressure correction


N60 = ( ER / 60 ) x N where, ER = SPT energy ratio = 60 %

5) Cohesion of so(take minimum value from following two equations)


K · N where K = 4 kN/m2 (Stroud, 1974)
0.72( Hara et al, 1971)
29 N

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2.10.2 Allowable Compression Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

qmax = Nc* x su = 910.8 kPa

where, Nc* = bearing capacity factor = 9


6.5 at su = 24 kPa
8.0 at su = 48 kPa
9.0 at su > 25 kPa

su = average undrained shear strength between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base

b) Cohesionless soil

qmax = 57.5 N60 = 0.0 kPa

where, N60 = average SPT blow count between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base for condition which approximately
60 percent of the potential energy of hammer is transferred

2) Side Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

fmax = α x su

where, α = a dimensionless correction coefficient defined as follows:


α=0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m or to the
depth of seasonal moisture change, whichever is deeper
α=0 for a distance of B (the diameter of the base) above the base
α = 0.55 for su / Pa ≤ 1.5 (Mpa)
α = 0.55 - 0.1 ( su / Pa - 1.5 ) for 1.5 ≤ su / Pa ≤ 2.5 (Mpa)
where, Pa =the atmospheric pressure in the units being used
(e.g., 101 kPa in the SI system).

b) Cohesionless soil

fmax = β x σ'v

where, σ'v = vertical effective stress at the middle of layer

β = dimensionless correction factor defined as follows:


in sands
0.5
β = 1.5 - 0.245 z for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
in gravelly sands or gravels
β = 2.0 - 0.15 z0.75 for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
where, z = vertical distance from the ground surface to the middle
of layer (in meters)

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Layer N60 su σv' fmax 1)


Thick. As Qs
β α
No. (blow) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) (m2) (kN)
1 11 48.4 0.88 4.8 0.55 26.6 3.0 5.7 150.5
2 9 39.6 0.59 14.4 0.55 21.8 3.0 5.7 123.2
2 12 52.8 0.68 22.3 0.55 29.0 2.0 3.8 109.5
2 21 92.4 1.04 30.3 0.55 50.8 3.0 5.7 287.4
2 8 35.2 0.35 38.3 0.55 19.4 2.0 3.8 73.0
2 25 110.0 0.97 44.7 0.55 60.5 2.0 3.8 228.1
2 20 88.0 0.67 52.6 0.55 48.4 3.0 5.7 273.7
2 17 74.8 0.49 60.6 0.55 41.1 2.0 3.8 155.1
2 21 92.4 0.51 68.6 0.55 50.8 3.0 5.7 287.4
2 23 101.2 0.46 76.6 0.55 55.7 2.0 3.8 209.8
sum 1897.6

Note: 1) Thickness of layer.

4) Allowable compression capacity

Qa = ( qmax x Ap ) / FSbearing + Qs / FSfriction = 1077.6 kN

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2.10.3 Allowable Tension Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base resistance for uplift loading

1)
qmax (uplift) = 0

Note: 1) qmax should be taken as zero for uplift loading unless experience or load testing at
the construction site can show that suction between the bottom of the drilled shaft
and the soil can be predicted reliably or the drilled shaft has a bell.

2) Side resistance for uplift loading

fmax (uplift) = ψ x fmax (compression)

where, ψ = 1.00 for Cohesive soil


ψ = 0.75 for Cohesionless soil

Qs Ts
Soil type ψ
(kN) (kN)
Cohesive 150.5 1.00 150.5
Cohesive 123.2 1.00 123.2
Cohesive 109.5 1.00 109.5
Cohesive 287.4 1.00 287.4
Cohesive 73.0 1.00 73.0
Cohesive 228.1 1.00 228.1
Cohesive 273.7 1.00 273.7
Cohesive 155.1 1.00 155.1
Cohesive 287.4 1.00 287.4
Cohesive 209.8 1.00 209.8
sum = 1897.6

3) Allowable tension capacity

Ta = ( Tp + Ts ) / FSfriction = 948.8 kN

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2.10.4 Allowable Lateral Load Capacity (Broms' Method)

1) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

a) General soil type1) : Cohesive

Note: 1) Determine the general soil type within the critical depth below the grond FHWA-HI-97-013
surface (about 4 or 5 pile diameters). Chapter 9

b) Average soil parameter with the critical depth

su = 48.4 kPa for Cohesive soil

ϕ = 0.0 deg for Cohesionless soil

1)
where, ϕ = Internal friction angle correleted by Ozaki's equation

0.5
Note: 1) ϕ = ( 20 N ) + 15

c) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Kh

Kh = n1 x n2 x 80 x qu / b =5343.4 kN/m3 for Cohesive soil

where, qu = Unconfined compressive strength = 96.8 kPa

b = Width or diameter of pile = 0.6 m

n1 = Empirical coefficients dependent on qu = 0.36


n1 = 0.32 for less than 48 kPa
n1 = 0.36 for 48 to 191 kPa
n1 = 0.40 for more than 191 kPa

n2 = Empirical coefficient dependent on pile material = 1.15


n2 = 1.00 for steel
n2 = 1.15 for concrete
n2 = 1.30 for wood

Kh = 0.0 kN/m3 for Cohesionless soil

where, above ground water


Kh = 1900 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 8143 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 17644 kN/m3 for dense density

below ground water


Kh = 1086 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 5429 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 10857 kN/m3 for dense density

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2) Pile parameters

a) Modulus of elasticity, E = 25000 Mpa

b) Moment of inertia, I = 0.0064 m4

c) Section modulus, S = 0.0212 m3

d) Embedded pile length D = 25.0 m

e) Diameter or width, b = 0.60 m

f) Ultimate compression strength for concrete, f'c = 25.0 Mpa

g) Eccentricity of applied load for free-headed piles, ec = 0.0

h) Resisting moment of pile for concrete piles, My = fc' S 530.1 kN-m

3) Dimensionless length factor

a) Stiffness factor

βh = ( Kh b / 4EI )0.25 = 0.27 m


-1
for Cohesive soil,

0.20 0.00 -1
η = (Kh / EI) = m for Cohesionless soil,

b) Length factor

βh D = 6.66 for Cohesive soil,

ηD = 0.00 for Cohesionless soil,

4) Determine if the pile is long or short

a) Cohesive soil: long pile

where, βh D > 2.25 (long pile)


βh D < 2.25 (short pile)

b) Cohesionless soil: short pile

where, η D > 4.0 (long pile)


η D < 2.0 (short pile)
2.0 < η D < 4.0 (intermediate pile)

→ Soil type = Cohesive


Pile type = long pile

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5) Soil parameters

cu = 48.4 kPa

where, cu = cohesion for cohesive soil

6) Ultimate lateral load (Cohesionless, long pile)

My/cub3 = 50.7
ec/b = 0
Qu/cub2 = 30.0 from the below chart
Qu = 522.7 kN

7) Allowable lateral load capacity

Hu = 522.7 kN

Ha = Hu / FSlateral = 261.4 kN

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2.10.5 PILE SETTLEMENT

Elastic Settlement of Pile

se(1) = (Qwp + ξ·Qws) x L / (Ap x Ep)

where, Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
ξ = coefficient which will depend on the nature of the distribution of the unit
friction resistance along the pile shaft
conservatively, 0.5

Qwp Qws Ap L Ep se(1)


Borehole 2
ξ
(kN) (kN) (m ) (m) (Mpa) (mm)
Design-N 445.0 632.5 0.28 25.0 25000 0.5 2.69

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load at the Pile Tip (Vesic, 1977)

se(2) = (Qwp x Cp) / (D x qp)

where, qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile


Cp = an empirical coefficient

Type of soil Driven piles Bored piles


Sand (dense to loose) 0.02 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.18
Clay (Stiff to Soft) 0.02 - 0.03 0.03 - 0.06
Silt (dense to loose) 0.03 - 0.05 0.09 - 0.12

D Qwp qp se(2)
Borehole Cp
(mm) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 600 445.0 1663.2 0.04 17.84

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load Transmitted along the Pile Shaft (Vesic, 1977)

se(3) = (QwS x CS) / (L x qp)

where, Cs = an empirical constant = [ 0.93 + 0.16 (L / D)0.5 ] Cp

L Qws qp se(3)
Borehole Cs
(m) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 25.0 632.5 1663.2 0.08 1.19

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Total Settlement of Pile

se = se(1) + se(2) + se(3)

where, se(1) = elastic settlement of pile


se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

se(1) se(2) se(3) se


Borehole Check1)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Design-N 2.69 17.84 1.19 21.73 O.K

Note: 1) se(allowable) = 50.0 mm


Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design, Annex H,
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm are
often acceptable.

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2.11 DBH-02

2.11.1 Subsoil Conditions

DBH-02 Pile Length = 25.0 m G.W.T (m) = 0.0


2) 3)
Depth of layer (m) 1) γ N N604) su5)
Soil type 3
from to center (kN/m ) (blow) (blow) (kPa)
0.0 -3.0 -1.5 Cohesive 13.0 6 6 26.4
-3.0 -6.0 -4.5 Cohesive 13.0 4 4 17.6
-6.0 -8.0 -7.0 Cohesive 13.0 5 5 22
-8.0 -11.0 -9.5 Cohesive 13.0 10 10 44
-11.0 -13.0 -12.0 Cohesive 13.0 16 16 70.4
-13.0 -15.0 -14.0 Cohesive 13.0 21 21 92.4
-15.0 -18.0 -16.5 Cohesive 13.0 25 25 110
-18.0 -20.0 -19.0 Cohesive 13.0 19 19 83.6
-20.0 -23.0 -21.5 Cohesive 13.0 21 21 92.4
-23.0 -25.0 -24.0 Cohesive 13.0 27 27 118.8
-25.0 ~ Cohesive 118.8

Note: 1) "Cohesive" = clay or plastic sily, "Cohesionless" = sand, gravel or non-plastic silt

2) For cohesionless soil, we couldn't carry out unit weight tests because sampling of
cohesionless soil is very difficult. Therefore, we use typical soil properties in a natural
state and conservartively select soil type.

- Type of soil = Loose angular-grained silty sand


- Natural moisture content in a saturated sta = 25 %
- Dry unit weight, γd = 12 kN/m3

3) SPT N-value obtained from the field test Attachment-2

4) Corrected for hammer energy without overburden pressure correction


N60 = ( ER / 60 ) x N where, ER = SPT energy ratio = 60 %

5) Cohesion of so(take minimum value from following two equations)


K · N where K = 4 kN/m2 (Stroud, 1974)
0.72( Hara et al, 1971)
29 N

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2.11.2 Allowable Compression Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

qmax = Nc* x su = 1069.2 kPa

where, Nc* = bearing capacity factor = 9


6.5 at su = 24 kPa
8.0 at su = 48 kPa
9.0 at su > 25 kPa

su = average undrained shear strength between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base

b) Cohesionless soil

qmax = 57.5 N60 = 0.0 kPa

where, N60 = average SPT blow count between the base of the pile and
an elevation 2B below the base for condition which approximately
60 percent of the potential energy of hammer is transferred

2) Side Resistance for Compression Loading

a) Cohesive soil

fmax = α x su

where, α = a dimensionless correction coefficient defined as follows:


α=0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m or to the
depth of seasonal moisture change, whichever is deeper
α=0 for a distance of B (the diameter of the base) above the base
α = 0.55 for su / Pa ≤ 1.5 (Mpa)
α = 0.55 - 0.1 ( su / Pa - 1.5 ) for 1.5 ≤ su / Pa ≤ 2.5 (Mpa)
where, Pa =the atmospheric pressure in the units being used
(e.g., 101 kPa in the SI system).

b) Cohesionless soil

fmax = β x σ'v

where, σ'v = vertical effective stress at the middle of layer

β = dimensionless correction factor defined as follows:


in sands
0.5
β = 1.5 - 0.245 z for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
in gravelly sands or gravels
β = 2.0 - 0.15 z0.75 for N60 ≥ 15 B / 0.3 m
β = ( N60 / 15 ) x ( 1.5 - 0.245 z0.5 ) for N60 < 15 B / 0.3 m
where, z = vertical distance from the ground surface to the middle
of layer (in meters)

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Layer N60 su σv' fmax 1)


Thick. As Qs
β α
No. (blow) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (m) (m2) (kN)
1 6 26.4 0.48 4.8 0.55 14.5 3.0 5.7 82.1
2 4 17.6 0.26 14.4 0.55 9.7 3.0 5.7 54.7
2 5 22.0 0.28 22.3 0.55 12.1 2.0 3.8 45.6
2 10 44.0 0.50 30.3 0.55 24.2 3.0 5.7 136.8
2 16 70.4 0.69 38.3 0.55 38.7 2.0 3.8 146.0
2 21 92.4 0.82 44.7 0.55 50.8 2.0 3.8 191.6
2 25 110.0 0.84 52.6 0.55 60.5 3.0 5.7 342.1
2 19 83.6 0.55 60.6 0.55 46.0 2.0 3.8 173.3
2 21 92.4 0.51 68.6 0.55 50.8 3.0 5.7 287.4
2 27 118.8 0.54 76.6 0.55 65.3 2.0 3.8 246.3
sum 1706.0

Note: 1) Thickness of layer.

4) Allowable compression capacity

Qa = ( qmax x Ap ) / FSbearing + Qs / FSfriction = 1004.2 kN

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2.11.3 Allowable Tension Capacity (Reese and O'Neill, 1999)

1) Base resistance for uplift loading

1)
qmax (uplift) = 0

Note: 1) qmax should be taken as zero for uplift loading unless experience or load testing at
the construction site can show that suction between the bottom of the drilled shaft
and the soil can be predicted reliably or the drilled shaft has a bell.

2) Side resistance for uplift loading

fmax (uplift) = ψ x fmax (compression)

where, ψ = 1.00 for Cohesive soil


ψ = 0.75 for Cohesionless soil

Qs Ts
Soil type ψ
(kN) (kN)
Cohesive 82.1 1.00 82.1
Cohesive 54.7 1.00 54.7
Cohesive 45.6 1.00 45.6
Cohesive 136.8 1.00 136.8
Cohesive 146.0 1.00 146.0
Cohesive 191.6 1.00 191.6
Cohesive 342.1 1.00 342.1
Cohesive 173.3 1.00 173.3
Cohesive 287.4 1.00 287.4
Cohesive 246.3 1.00 246.3
sum = 1706.0

3) Allowable tension capacity

Ta = ( Tp + Ts ) / FSfriction = 853.0 kN

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2.11.4 Allowable Lateral Load Capacity (Broms' Method)

1) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction

a) General soil type1) : Cohesive

Note: 1) Determine the general soil type within the critical depth below the grond FHWA-HI-97-013
surface (about 4 or 5 pile diameters). Chapter 9

b) Average soil parameter with the critical depth

su = 26.4 kPa for Cohesive soil

ϕ = 0.0 deg for Cohesionless soil

1)
where, ϕ = Internal friction angle correleted by Ozaki's equation

0.5
Note: 1) ϕ = ( 20 N ) + 15

c) Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Kh

Kh = n1 x n2 x 80 x qu / b =2914.6 kN/m3 for Cohesive soil

where, qu = Unconfined compressive strength = 52.8 kPa

b = Width or diameter of pile = 0.6 m

n1 = Empirical coefficients dependent on qu = 0.36


n1 = 0.32 for less than 48 kPa
n1 = 0.36 for 48 to 191 kPa
n1 = 0.40 for more than 191 kPa

n2 = Empirical coefficient dependent on pile material = 1.15


n2 = 1.00 for steel
n2 = 1.15 for concrete
n2 = 1.30 for wood

Kh = 0.0 kN/m3 for Cohesionless soil

where, above ground water


Kh = 1900 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 8143 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 17644 kN/m3 for dense density

below ground water


Kh = 1086 kN/m3 for loose density
Kh = 5429 kN/m3 for medium density
Kh = 10857 kN/m3 for dense density

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2) Pile parameters

a) Modulus of elasticity, E = 25000 Mpa

b) Moment of inertia, I = 0.0064 m4

c) Section modulus, S = 0.0212 m3

d) Embedded pile length D = 25.0 m

e) Diameter or width, b = 0.60 m

f) Ultimate compression strength for concrete, f'c = 25.0 Mpa

g) Eccentricity of applied load for free-headed piles, ec = 0.0

h) Resisting moment of pile for concrete piles, My = fc' S 530.1 kN-m

3) Dimensionless length factor

a) Stiffness factor

βh = ( Kh b / 4EI )0.25 = 0.23 m


-1
for Cohesive soil,

0.20 0.00 -1
η = (Kh / EI) = m for Cohesionless soil,

b) Length factor

βh D = 5.72 for Cohesive soil,

ηD = 0.00 for Cohesionless soil,

4) Determine if the pile is long or short

a) Cohesive soil: long pile

where, βh D > 2.25 (long pile)


βh D < 2.25 (short pile)

b) Cohesionless soil: short pile

where, η D > 4.0 (long pile)


η D < 2.0 (short pile)
2.0 < η D < 4.0 (intermediate pile)

→ Soil type = Cohesive


Pile type = long pile

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5) Soil parameters

cu = 26.4 kPa

where, cu = cohesion for cohesive soil

6) Ultimate lateral load (Cohesionless, long pile)

My/cub3 = 93.0
ec/b = 0
Qu/cub2 = 45.0 from the below chart
Qu = 427.7 kN

7) Allowable lateral load capacity

Hu = 427.7 kN

Ha = Hu / FSlateral = 213.8 kN

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2.11.5 PILE SETTLEMENT

Elastic Settlement of Pile

se(1) = (Qwp + ξ·Qws) x L / (Ap x Ep)

where, Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
ξ = coefficient which will depend on the nature of the distribution of the unit
friction resistance along the pile shaft
conservatively, 0.5

Qwp Qws Ap L Ep se(1)


Borehole 2
ξ
(kN) (kN) (m ) (m) (Mpa) (mm)
Design-N 435.5 568.7 0.28 25.0 25000 0.5 2.55

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load at the Pile Tip (Vesic, 1977)

se(2) = (Qwp x Cp) / (D x qp)

where, qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile


Cp = an empirical coefficient

Type of soil Driven piles Bored piles


Sand (dense to loose) 0.02 - 0.04 0.09 - 0.18
Clay (Stiff to Soft) 0.02 - 0.03 0.03 - 0.06
Silt (dense to loose) 0.03 - 0.05 0.09 - 0.12

D Qwp qp se(2)
Borehole Cp
(mm) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 600 435.5 1663.2 0.04 17.46

Settlement of Pile Caused by the Load Transmitted along the Pile Shaft (Vesic, 1977)

se(3) = (QwS x CS) / (L x qp)

where, Cs = an empirical constant = [ 0.93 + 0.16 (L / D)0.5 ] Cp

L Qws qp se(3)
Borehole Cs
(m) (kN) (kN/m2) (mm)
Design-N 25.0 568.7 1663.2 0.08 1.07

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Total Settlement of Pile

se = se(1) + se(2) + se(3)

where, se(1) = elastic settlement of pile


se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

se(1) se(2) se(3) se


Borehole Check1)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Design-N 2.55 17.46 1.07 21.08 O.K

Note: 1) se(allowable) = 50.0 mm


Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design, Annex H,
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50mm are
often acceptable.

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3.0 Summary

The allowable pile capacities for Olkaria IV Power Plant project are summarized as follows.

Length Allowable Pile Capacity (kN / EA)


Borehole REMARK
(m) Compression Tension Lateral
Steam
BH-04 20.0 675.9 536.0 221.8
Scrubber

Applied 20.0 600.0 300.0 150.0

BH-02 15.0 943.8 854.2 388.1 Pipe Rack

Applied 15.0 800.0 500.0 150.0

Cooling
BH-01 18.0 863.8 628.7 180.6
Tower(1)
Cooling
BH-10 18.0 803.5 713.9 327.9
Tower(2)
Cooling
BH-11 18.0 836.8 702.5 327.9
Tower(2)

BH-09 18.0 804.1 686.5 296.2 Transformer

BH-05 18.0 807.0 723.0 403.9 W.W.T

Applied 18.0 800.0 500.0 150.0

Cooling
BH-06 20.0 801.8 684.2 183.7
Tower(1)

BH-08 20.0 801.2 711.6 297.0 Transformer

Applied 20.0 800.0 500.0 150.0

Steam
DBH-01 25.0 1077.6 948.8 261.4
Turbine BD.
Steam
DBH-02 25.0 1004.2 853.0 213.8
Turbine BD.

Applied 25.0 1000.0 500.0 150.0

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4.0 PILE STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Reinforcement bars in pile are designed to be followed as the basic requriement in BS 8110,
and to resist axial force, bending moment and tension stress.

4.1 Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 15m ) Calculation

4.1.1 PILE DESIGN DATA


Pile Diameter : 600 mm (nominal) ; bored pile
Design Capacity : 800 kN (C) ; compression
150 kN (S) ; shear
500 kN (T) ; tension
Length : 15 m (from existing ground level)
Embedded Length : 14 m
Cube Strength ( fcu ) : 25 Mpa
Reinforcement ( fy ) : 460 Mpa BS4449 GRADE 460
Main Bars : 9 No. 20 mm for full length
Addtl. Main Bars : 9 No. 20 mm 5 M Long
Tie Stirrups : 10 mm @ 200 mm
Cover : 75 mm

4.1.2 PILE CAPACITY CHECK

1) Compressive Pile Capacity

Alowing for eccentricity of loading due to deviations during construction, BS 8110, Part 1
the untimate axial load should not exceed the value of N given by: Clause 3.8.3
N = 0.45 x fcu x Ac + 0.95 x As x fy
fcu = 25 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
Ac = 282,743 mm2
As = 2,827 mm2

N = 0.45 x 25 x 282,743 + 0.95 x 2,827 x 460


= 4,416,451 N

Safety Facto = 2.0


Safe N = 2208.2 KN

2) Design Requirements of Reinforcement : BS 8004,


Clause 7.4.2.5.4
OUT OF POSITION ALLOWED : 75
OUT OF PLUMB ALLOWED : 1 : 75

The rebar shall be designed for this Article requirement plus seismic action
Assume H-force on the Pile : 150.0 kN
Horizontal load on pile : 160.7 kN
(due to construction allowances)
B.M produced by eccentricity : 60.0 kN-M

A) Bending Moment calculations in Pile due to H-force and constructional


allowances:
References: Menard Theory and “The Pressuremeter and Foundation
Engineering” by Baguelin-Jezequel-Shields.
Average SPT’s from 0 to 10.6 N is 23.75

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102/124
OLKARIA IV GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
REV. A
TITLE : DESIGN CALCULATION - BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE

No. CALCULATION REF.

Calculations for lateral loads on piles are based on the “Pressuremeter


Theory” which in simple form assumes that the pile in this case acts
like a beam with the H-force acting at the top of the pile (disregarding
cap and tie beam constraint) and the soil to the side of the pile giving
a subgrade reaction dependent on the SPT (N) Values of the soil and
other theological factors which can be seen in the formula used.
The beam in this case is one of the group, Baguelin-Jezequel.
The Pressuremeter Theory is mentioned by Tomlinson and the theory
has been applied (Referred to pages 230,231,232,233, and 349) From
the Pressuremeter Theory, Pl
SPT = 23.75 , 3 7.1
Subgrade reaction = 19 N/mm2 6 53.0
25 Pl 8N 8 100.0
K =
B , B 10 110.9
Ave. 67.74
From the theory of elastic supported beam:
H 1/4
MH = , where λ = ( KB / 4EI )

Reference: BS 8110 Part 2, Table 7.2 Page 7/2


H E I KB λ M
KN 2 4 2 -1 KM-M
N/mm mm N/mm M
160.652 28000 6361725124 19 0.404 198.777

Therefore the bending moment produced in pile =


60.00 + 198.78 = 258.78 kN-m

From CP 110: Part 3 for circular columns (not covered by BS 8110):


hs = 410 mm
410
Then hs /h = = 0.6
600
FOR THE UPPER PORTION OF THE PILE UP TO 5 M :
M = 259 KN-M

Use Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3 where hs / h = 0.6


For the Ultimate State Design, use a load factor of 1.5:
1.5 N 1.5 M
= 33.333 ; = 1.797
h2 h3
From Chart 134, CP110: PART 3, for this condition As = 1.7% of Ac

Our design provides:


REINFORCEMENT:
Main Bars, 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm
Addtl. Main Bars 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm 5 M Long
Thor , Area = 2.000% of concrete
Links 10 mm @ 200 mm

5M DOWN FROM COL TO TOE LEVEL OF THE PILE:


M = 63.45 kN-m

Use Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3 where hs / h = 0.6


For the Ultimate State Design, use a load factor of 1.5:
1.5 N 1.5 M
2
= 33.333 ; = 0.441
h h3
From Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3, for this condition As = 0% of Ac

@Seismicisolation
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103/124
OLKARIA IV GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
REV. A
TITLE : DESIGN CALCULATION - BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE

No. CALCULATION REF.

Our design provides:


REINFORCEMENT:
Main Bars, 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm for full length
Thor , = 1.000% of concrete
Links 10 mm @ 200 mm

3) Calculation of length of Reinforcement:


From the theory of an elastic supported beam:
Mx = 2 λ2 e-λx EI [ C2 cos λx - C1 sin λx ]
Hx = 2 λ3 e-λx EI [( C1 + C2 ) cos λx - ( C1 - C2 ) sinλx ]

For boundary conditions, when x = 0, M = Mx = 258.78 KN-M

I = 6361725124 , cos λx = 1, sin λx = 0 , e-λx = 1


Hx = H = 160.65 KN , λ = 0.4041
MT
C2 = = 0.0044
2 EI λ2
1 H
C1 = - ( + M ) = -0.0112819
2 EI λ2 λ
Mx = 2 × 28 × 10 3 × 0.40 2 × 6361725124
× e ×( 0.0044 cos λx - ( -0.0112819 ) sin λx )
Substituting in the foregoing formula for varying depths in Metres y (x),
we obtain the Moment Distribution in the pile as follows:
Tabulating for ‘x’:
In the following table 0 = Ground Level
x
e-λx cos λx sin λx Mx σc σc
Meter
0 1.000 1.000 0.000 258.777 40.497 16.091
2 0.446 0.691 0.723 291.158 42.024 14.564
4 0.199 -0.046 0.999 127.876 34.324 22.264
5 0.133 -0.435 0.901 63.455 31.287 25.302
6 0.089 -0.754 0.657 20.909 29.280 27.308
8 0.039 -0.996 -0.091 -12.524 27.704 28.885
10 0.018 -0.622 -0.783 -11.864 27.735 28.854
12 0.008 0.136 -0.991 -4.817 28.067 28.521
14 0.003 0.811 -0.586 -0.610 28.265 28.323
15 0.002 0.976 -0.220 0.252 28.306 28.282

As an example of the foregoing calculations stresses,


the Moment at 5M = 63.455 KN-M

Nc M Φ
σ at 5 M = ± ×
Ac 1 2
3 6
800 × 10 63.455 × 10 × 600
= 2
±
π/4 × 600 6361725124 × 2

5.82 2 -0.16 2
= N/mm Or N/mm
As per BS 8004 Article 7.4.4.3.1:
these stresses are < 0.25 fcu or 10 N/mm2
From the above results it can be inferred that stresses in the concrete are acceptable
if 5 m long steel is used. However we are providing for full length steel.

@Seismicisolation
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104/124
OLKARIA IV GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
REV. A
TITLE : DESIGN CALCULATION - BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE

No. CALCULATION REF.

4) Check for steel in tension:


As = 2827.4 mm2 for 9 Bars , Dia = 20 mm
Allowable Tensile Force = 2827.43339 × 400.2
= 1131538.84 N
= 1131.539 kN > 500.00 kN O.K

5) Check for Clear Spacing: BS 8110, Part 1


For 9 bars of 20 mm dia , C.C spacing = 143.12 Clause 3.12.11
Therefore clear spacing is 163.116999 mm
Art 3.12.11.2.4 of BS 8110 (Part 1): max clear spacing is 300 mm
Thus 9 bars provided are adequate

6) Check for Bond Length: BS 8110, Part 1


Table 3.27 of BS 8110 shows the following values of anchorages for various grades of concrete Clause 3.12.8.15

For fcu 25 2
= N/mm
Anchorage length = 32 × 20 = 640 mm
We propose 640 mm into the pile cap

7) Check for Stirrups: BS 8110, Part 1


From Table 3.8 BS 8110 (Part 1) , for fcu 25 2
= N/mm Clause 3.4.5.12
0.614 2
Shear Stress = Vmax = N/mm
Hw
Working Shear Stress in pile = Vw =
π / 4 × Φ2
3
160.7 × 10
Vw = 0 5682 N/mm2
= 0.5682
π/4 × 600 2
As, Vmax < Vw < Vmax / 2 (Table 3.8), applied the minimum steel ratio.
however we provide nominal 10 mm links © 200
Therefore safe.

8) Lateral Reinforcement:
As previously shown lateral reinforcement is not required for shear considerations,
however buckling should be investigated. Euler’s theory gives the minimum force
for buckling as
2
π EI
F = 2
eK
6
where E = Young’s modulus for steel = 200 × 10 kN/m2

4
π×Φ
I = Moment of Inertia of the bar = = 7.854E-09 M4
64
eK = Free length to be examined hereunder:
Refer to attached sketches on following page.
Thus eK = I / 2= 200 / 2= 100 mm
Minimum Force for Buckling is
2
π EI
F = 2
= 1,550 kN
eK
For this condition, the compressive stress in the bar is
F
= = 4,935 N/mm2 , where Φb = 20 mm
π / 4 Φb2

The working stress in steel is fya = 460 × 0.7 = 322 N/mm2


So for compression, using figure 2 in CF 110 Part 2, if the stress for buckling is
higher than the allowable compressive stress, the risk of Buckling does not exist.
F = 4,935 N/mm2 > fya ( 322 N/mm2 ),

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105/124
OLKARIA IV GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
REV. A
TITLE : DESIGN CALCULATION - BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE

No. CALCULATION REF.

4.2 Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 18m ) Calculation

4.2.1 PILE DESIGN DATA


Pile Diameter : 600 mm (nominal) ; bored pile
Design Capacity : 800 kN (C) ; compression
150 kN (S) ; shear
500 kN (T) ; tension
Length : 25 m (from existing ground level)
Embedded Length : 24 m
Cube Strength ( fcu ) : 25 Mpa
Reinforcement ( fy ) : 460 Mpa BS4449 GRADE 460
Main Bars : 9 No. 20 mm for full length
Addtl. Main Bars : 9 No. 20 mm 5 M Long
Tie Stirrups : 10 mm @ 200 mm
Cover : 75 mm

4.2.2 PILE CAPACITY CHECK

1) Compressive Pile Capacity

Alowing for eccentricity of loading due to deviations during construction, BS 8110, Part 1
the untimate axial load should not exceed the value of N given by: Clause 3.8.3
N = 0.45 x fcu x Ac + 0.95 x As x fy
fcu = 25 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
Ac = 282,743 mm2
As = 2,827 mm2

N = 0.45 x 25 x 282,743 + 0.95 x 2,827 x 460


= 4,416,451 N

Safety Facto = 2.0


Safe N = 2208.2 KN

2) Design Requirements of Reinforcement : BS 8004,


Clause 7.4.2.5.4
OUT OF POSITION ALLOWED : 75
OUT OF PLUMB ALLOWED : 1 : 75

The rebar shall be designed for this Article requirement plus seismic action
Assume H-force on the Pile : 150.0 kN
Horizontal load on pile : 160.7 kN
(due to construction allowances)
B.M produced by eccentricity : 60.0 kN-M

A) Bending Moment calculations in Pile due to H-force and constructional


allowances:
References: Menard Theory and “The Pressuremeter and Foundation
Engineering” by Baguelin-Jezequel-Shields.
Average SPT’s from 0 to 10.6 N is 23.75

@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
106/124
OLKARIA IV GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
REV. A
TITLE : DESIGN CALCULATION - BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE

No. CALCULATION REF.

Calculations for lateral loads on piles are based on the “Pressuremeter


Theory” which in simple form assumes that the pile in this case acts
like a beam with the H-force acting at the top of the pile (disregarding
cap and tie beam constraint) and the soil to the side of the pile giving
a subgrade reaction dependent on the SPT (N) Values of the soil and
other theological factors which can be seen in the formula used.
The beam in this case is one of the group, Baguelin-Jezequel.
The Pressuremeter Theory is mentioned by Tomlinson and the theory
has been applied (Referred to pages 230,231,232,233, and 349) From
the Pressuremeter Theory, Pl
SPT = 23.75 , 3 7.1
Subgrade reaction = 19 N/mm2 6 53.0
25 Pl 8N 8 100.0
K =
B , B 10 110.9
Ave. 67.74
From the theory of elastic supported beam:
H
MH = , where λ = ( KB / 4EI )1/4

Reference: BS 8110 Part 2, Table 7.2 Page 7/2


H E I KB λ M
KN 2 4 2 -1 KM-M
N/mm mm N/mm M
160.652 28000 6361725124 19 0.404 198.777

Therefore the bending moment produced in pile =


60.00 + 198.78 = 258.78 kN-m

From CP 110: Part 3 for circular columns (not covered by BS 8110):


hs = 410 mm
410
Then hs /h = = 0.6
600
FOR THE UPPER PORTION OF THE PILE UP TO 5 M :
M = 259 KN-M

Use Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3 where hs / h = 0.6


For the Ultimate State Design, use a load factor of 1.5:
1.5 N 1.5 M
2
= 33.333 ; = 1.797
h h3
From Chart 134, CP110: PART 3, for this condition As = 1.7% of Ac

Our design provides:


REINFORCEMENT:
Main Bars, 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm
Addtl. Main Bars 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm 5 M Long
Thor , Area = 2.000% of concrete
Links 10 mm @ 200 mm

5M DOWN FROM COL TO TOE LEVEL OF THE PILE:


M = 63.45 kN-m

Use Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3 where hs / h = 0.6


For the Ultimate State Design, use a load factor of 1.5:
1.5 N 1.5 M
2
= 33.333 ; = 0.441
h h3
From Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3, for this condition As = 0% of Ac

@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
107/124
OLKARIA IV GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
REV. A
TITLE : DESIGN CALCULATION - BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE

No. CALCULATION REF.

Our design provides:


REINFORCEMENT:
Main Bars, 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm for full length
Thor , = 1.00% of concrete
Links 10 mm @ 200 mm

3) Calculation of length of Reinforcement:


From the theory of an elastic supported beam:
Mx = 2 λ2 e-λx EI [ C2 cos λx - C1 sin λx ]
Hx = 2 λ3 e-λx EI [( C1 + C2 ) cos λx - ( C1 - C2 ) sinλx ]

For boundary conditions, when x = 0, M = Mx = 258.78 KN-M

I = 6361725124 , cos λx = 1, sin λx = 0 , e-λx = 1


Hx = H = 160.65 KN , λ = 0.4041
MT
C2 = = 0.0044
2 EI λ2
1 H
C1 = - ( + M ) = -0.0112819
2 EI λ2 λ
Mx = 2 × 28 × 10 3 × 0.40 2 × 6361725124
× e ×( 0.0044 cos λx - ( -0.0112819 ) sin λx )
Substituting in the foregoing formula for varying depths in Metres y (x),
we obtain the Moment Distribution in the pile as follows:
Tabulating for ‘x’:
In the following table 0 = Ground Level
x
e-λx cos λx sin λx Mx σc σc
Meter
0 1.000 1.000 0.000 258.777 40.497 16.091
2 0.446 0.691 0.723 291.158 42.024 14.564
4 0.199 -0.046 0.999 127.876 34.324 22.264
5 0.133 -0.435 0.901 63.455 31.287 25.302
6 0.089 -0.754 0.657 20.909 29.280 27.308
8 0.039 -0.996 -0.091 -12.524 27.704 28.885
10 0.018 -0.622 -0.783 -11.864 27.735 28.854
12 0.008 0.136 -0.991 -4.817 28.067 28.521
14 0.003 0.811 -0.586 -0.610 28.265 28.323
16 0.002 0.983 0.181 0.581 28.322 28.267
18 0.001 0.548 0.836 0.479 28.317 28.272

As an example of the foregoing calculations stresses,


the Moment at 5M = 63.455 KN-M

Nc M Φ
σ at 5 M = ± ×
Ac 1 2
3 6
800 × 10 63.455 × 10 × 600
= 2
±
π/4 × 600 6361725124 × 2

5.82 2 -0.16 2
= N/mm Or N/mm
As per BS 8004 Article 7.4.4.3.1:
these stresses are < 0.25 fcu or 10 N/mm2
From the above results it can be inferred that stresses in the concrete are acceptable
if 5 m long steel is used. However we are providing for full length steel.

@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
108/124
OLKARIA IV GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
REV. A
TITLE : DESIGN CALCULATION - BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE

No. CALCULATION REF.

4) Check for steel in tension:


As = 2827.4 mm2 for 9 Bars , Dia = 20 mm
Allowable Tensile Force = 2827.43339 × 400.2
= 1131538.84 N
= 1131.539 kN > 500.00 kN O.K

5) Check for Clear Spacing: BS 8110, Part 1


For 9 bars of 20 mm dia , C.C spacing = 143.12 Clause 3.12.11
Therefore clear spacing is 163.116999 mm
Art 3.12.11.2.4 of BS 8110 (Part 1): max clear spacing is 300 mm
Thus 9 bars provided are adequate

6) Check for Bond Length: BS 8110, Part 1


Table 3.27 of BS 8110 shows the following values of anchorages for various grades of concrete Clause 3.12.8.15

For fcu 25 2
= N/mm
Anchorage length = 32 × 20 = 640 mm
We propose 640 mm into the pile cap

7) Check for Stirrups: BS 8110, Part 1


From Table 3.8 BS 8110 (Part 1) , for fcu 25 2
= N/mm Clause 3.4.5.12
0.614 2
Shear Stress = Vmax = N/mm
Hw
Working Shear Stress in pile = Vw =
π / 4 × Φ2
3
160.7 × 10
Vw = 0 5682 N/mm2
= 0.5682
π/4 × 600 2
As, Vmax < Vw < Vmax / 2 (Table 3.8), applied the minimum steel ratio.
however we provide nominal 10 mm links © 200
Therefore safe.

8) Lateral Reinforcement:
As previously shown lateral reinforcement is not required for shear considerations,
however buckling should be investigated. Euler’s theory gives the minimum force
for buckling as
2
π EI
F = 2
eK
6
where E = Young’s modulus for steel = 200 × 10 kN/m2

4
π×Φ
I = Moment of Inertia of the bar = = 7.854E-09 M4
64
eK = Free length to be examined hereunder:
Refer to attached sketches on following page.
Thus eK = I / 2= 200 / 2= 100 mm
Minimum Force for Buckling is
2
π EI
F = 2
= 1,550 kN
eK
For this condition, the compressive stress in the bar is
F
= 2
= 4,935 N/mm2 , where Φb = 20 mm
π / 4 Φb

The working stress in steel is fya = 460 × 0.7 = 322 N/mm2


So for compression, using figure 2 in CF 110 Part 2, if the stress for buckling is
higher than the allowable compressive stress, the risk of Buckling does not exist.
F = 4,935 N/mm2 > fya ( 322 N/mm2 ),

@Seismicisolation
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109/124
OLKARIA IV GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
REV. A
TITLE : DESIGN CALCULATION - BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE

No. CALCULATION REF.

4.3 Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 20m ) Calculation

4.3.1 PILE DESIGN DATA


Pile Diameter : 600 mm (nominal) ; bored pile
Design Capacity : 800 kN (C) ; compression
150 kN (S) ; shear
500 kN (T) ; tension
Length : 20 m (from existing ground level)
Embedded Length : 19 m
Cube Strength ( fcu ) : 25 Mpa
Reinforcement ( fy ) : 460 Mpa BS4449 GRADE 460
Main Bars : 9 No. 20 mm for full length
Addtl. Main Bars : 9 No. 20 mm 5 M Long
Tie Stirrups : 10 mm @ 200 mm
Cover : 75 mm

4.3.2 PILE CAPACITY CHECK

1) Compressive Pile Capacity

Alowing for eccentricity of loading due to deviations during construction, BS 8110, Part 1
the untimate axial load should not exceed the value of N given by: Clause 3.8.3
N = 0.45 x fcu x Ac + 0.95 x As x fy
fcu = 25 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
Ac = 282,743 mm2
As = 2,827 mm2

N = 0.45 x 25 x 282,743 + 0.95 x 2,827 x 460


= 4,416,451 N

Safety Facto = 2.0


Safe N = 2208.2 KN

2) Design Requirements of Reinforcement : BS 8004,


Clause 7.4.2.5.4
OUT OF POSITION ALLOWED : 75
OUT OF PLUMB ALLOWED : 1 : 75

The rebar shall be designed for this Article requirement plus seismic action
Assume H-force on the Pile : 150.0 kN
Horizontal load on pile : 160.7 kN
(due to construction allowances)
B.M produced by eccentricity : 60.0 kN-M

A) Bending Moment calculations in Pile due to H-force and constructional


allowances:
References: Menard Theory and “The Pressuremeter and Foundation
Engineering” by Baguelin-Jezequel-Shields.
Average SPT’s from 0 to 10.6 N is 23.75

@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
110/124
OLKARIA IV GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
REV. A
TITLE : DESIGN CALCULATION - BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE

No. CALCULATION REF.

Calculations for lateral loads on piles are based on the “Pressuremeter


Theory” which in simple form assumes that the pile in this case acts
like a beam with the H-force acting at the top of the pile (disregarding
cap and tie beam constraint) and the soil to the side of the pile giving
a subgrade reaction dependent on the SPT (N) Values of the soil and
other theological factors which can be seen in the formula used.
The beam in this case is one of the group, Baguelin-Jezequel.
The Pressuremeter Theory is mentioned by Tomlinson and the theory
has been applied (Referred to pages 230,231,232,233, and 349) From
the Pressuremeter Theory, Pl
SPT = 23.75 , 3 7.1
Subgrade reaction = 19 N/mm2 6 53.0
25 Pl 8N 8 100.0
K =
B , B 10 110.9
Ave. 67.74
From the theory of elastic supported beam:
H 1/4
MH = , where λ = ( KB / 4EI )

Reference: BS 8110 Part 2, Table 7.2 Page 7/2


H E I KB λ M
KN 2 4 2 -1 KM-M
N/mm mm N/mm M
160.652 28000 6361725124 19 0.404 198.777

Therefore the bending moment produced in pile =


60.00 + 198.78 = 258.78 kN-m

From CP 110: Part 3 for circular columns (not covered by BS 8110):


hs = 410 mm
410
Then hs /h = = 0.6
600
FOR THE UPPER PORTION OF THE PILE UP TO 5 M :
M = 259 KN-M

Use Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3 where hs / h = 0.6


For the Ultimate State Design, use a load factor of 1.5:
1.5 N 1.5 M
= 33.333 ; = 1.797
h2 h3
From Chart 134, CP110: PART 3, for this condition As = 1.7% of Ac

Our design provides:


REINFORCEMENT:
Main Bars, 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm
Addtl. Main Bars 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm 5 M Long
Thor , Area = 2.000% of concrete
Links 10 mm @ 200 mm

5M DOWN FROM COL TO TOE LEVEL OF THE PILE:


M = 63.45 kN-m

Use Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3 where hs / h = 0.6


For the Ultimate State Design, use a load factor of 1.5:
1.5 N 1.5 M
2
= 33.333 ; = 0.441
h h3
From Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3, for this condition As = 0% of Ac

@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
111/124
OLKARIA IV GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
REV. A
TITLE : DESIGN CALCULATION - BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE

No. CALCULATION REF.

Our design provides:


REINFORCEMENT:
Main Bars, 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm for full length
Thor , = 1.00% of concrete
Links 10 mm @ 200 mm

3) Calculation of length of Reinforcement:


From the theory of an elastic supported beam:
Mx = 2 λ2 e-λx EI [ C2 cos λx - C1 sin λx ]
Hx = 2 λ3 e-λx EI [( C1 + C2 ) cos λx - ( C1 - C2 ) sinλx ]

For boundary conditions, when x = 0, M = Mx = 258.78 KN-M

I = 6361725124 , cos λx = 1, sin λx = 0 , e-λx = 1


Hx = H = 160.65 KN , λ = 0.4041
MT
C2 = = 0.0044
2 EI λ2
1 H
C1 = - ( + M ) = -0.0112819
2 EI λ2 λ
Mx = 2 × 28 × 10 3 × 0.40 2 × 6361725124
× e ×( 0.0044 cos λx - ( -0.0112819 ) sin λx )
Substituting in the foregoing formula for varying depths in Metres y (x),
we obtain the Moment Distribution in the pile as follows:
Tabulating for ‘x’:
In the following table 0 = Ground Level
x
e-λx cos λx sin λx Mx σc σc
Meter
0 1.000 1.000 0.000 258.777 40.497 16.091
2 0.446 0.691 0.723 291.158 42.024 14.564
4 0.199 -0.046 0.999 127.876 34.324 22.264
5 0.133 -0.435 0.901 63.455 31.287 25.302
6 0.089 -0.754 0.657 20.909 29.280 27.308
8 0.039 -0.996 -0.091 -12.524 27.704 28.885
10 0.018 -0.622 -0.783 -11.864 27.735 28.854
12 0.008 0.136 -0.991 -4.817 28.067 28.521
14 0.003 0.811 -0.586 -0.610 28.265 28.323
16 0.002 0.983 0.181 0.581 28.322 28.267
18 0.001 0.548 0.836 0.479 28.317 28.272
20 0.000 -0.226 0.974 0.180 28.303 28.286

As an example of the foregoing calculations stresses,


the Moment at 5M = 63.455 KN-M

Nc M Φ
σ at 5 M = ± ×
Ac 1 2
3 6
800 × 10 63.455 × 10 × 600
= 2
±
π/4 × 600 6361725124 × 2

5.82 2 -0.16 2
= N/mm Or N/mm
As per BS 8004 Article 7.4.4.3.1:
these stresses are < 0.25 fcu or 10 N/mm2
From the above results it can be inferred that stresses in the concrete are acceptable
if 5 m long steel is used. However we are providing for full length steel.

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4) Check for steel in tension:


As = 2827.4 mm2 for 9 Bars , Dia = 20 mm
Allowable Tensile Force = 2827.43339 × 400.2
= 1131538.84 N
= 1131.539 kN > 500.00 kN O.K

5) Check for Clear Spacing: BS 8110, Part 1


For 9 bars of 20 mm dia , C.C spacing = 143.12 Clause 3.12.11
Therefore clear spacing is 163.116999 mm
Art 3.12.11.2.4 of BS 8110 (Part 1): max clear spacing is 300 mm
Thus 9 bars provided are adequate

6) Check for Bond Length: BS 8110, Part 1


Table 3.27 of BS 8110 shows the following values of anchorages for various grades of concrete Clause 3.12.8.15

For fcu 25 2
= N/mm
Anchorage length = 32 × 20 = 640 mm
We propose 640 mm into the pile cap

7) Check for Stirrups: BS 8110, Part 1


From Table 3.8 BS 8110 (Part 1) , for fcu 25 2
= N/mm Clause 3.4.5.12
0.614 2
Shear Stress = Vmax = N/mm
Hw
Working Shear Stress in pile = Vw =
π / 4 × Φ2
3
160.7 × 10
Vw = 0 5682 N/mm2
= 0.5682
π/4 × 600 2
As, Vmax < Vw < Vmax / 2 (Table 3.8), applied the minimum steel ratio.
however we provide nominal 10 mm links © 200
Therefore safe.

8) Lateral Reinforcement:
As previously shown lateral reinforcement is not required for shear considerations,
however buckling should be investigated. Euler’s theory gives the minimum force
for buckling as
2
π EI
F = 2
eK
6
where E = Young’s modulus for steel = 200 × 10 kN/m2

4
π×Φ
I = Moment of Inertia of the bar = = 7.854E-09 M4
64
eK = Free length to be examined hereunder:
Refer to attached sketches on following page.
Thus eK = I / 2= 200 / 2= 100 mm
Minimum Force for Buckling is
2
π EI
F = 2
= 1,550 kN
eK
For this condition, the compressive stress in the bar is
F
= = 4,935 N/mm2 , where Φb = 20 mm
π / 4 Φb2

The working stress in steel is fya = 460 × 0.7 = 322 N/mm2


So for compression, using figure 2 in CF 110 Part 2, if the stress for buckling is
higher than the allowable compressive stress, the risk of Buckling does not exist.
F = 4,935 N/mm2 > fya ( 322 N/mm2 ),

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4.4 Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 25m ) Calculation

4.4.1 PILE DESIGN DATA


Pile Diameter : 600 mm (nominal) ; bored pile
Design Capacity : 1000 kN (C) ; compression
150 kN (S) ; shear
500 kN (T) ; tension
Length : 25 m (from existing ground level)
Embedded Length : 24 m
Cube Strength ( fcu ) : 25 Mpa
Reinforcement ( fy ) : 460 Mpa BS4449 GRADE 460
Main Bars : 9 No. 20 mm for full length
Addtl. Main Bars : 9 No. 20 mm 5 M Long
Tie Stirrups : 10 mm @ 200 mm
Cover : 75 mm

4.4.2 PILE CAPACITY CHECK

1) Compressive Pile Capacity

Alowing for eccentricity of loading due to deviations during construction, BS 8110, Part 1
the untimate axial load should not exceed the value of N given by: Clause 3.8.3
N = 0.45 x fcu x Ac + 0.95 x As x fy
fcu = 25 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
Ac = 282,743 mm2
As = 2,827 mm2

N = 0.45 x 25 x 282,743 + 0.95 x 2,827 x 460


= 4,416,451 N

Safety Facto = 2.0


Safe N = 2208.2 KN

2) Design Requirements of Reinforcement : BS 8004,


Clause 7.4.2.5.4
OUT OF POSITION ALLOWED : 75
OUT OF PLUMB ALLOWED : 1 : 75

The rebar shall be designed for this Article requirement plus seismic action
Assume H-force on the Pile : 150.0 kN
Horizontal load on pile : 163.3 kN
(due to construction allowances)
B.M produced by eccentricity : 75.0 kN-M

A) Bending Moment calculations in Pile due to H-force and constructional


allowances:
References: Menard Theory and “The Pressuremeter and Foundation
Engineering” by Baguelin-Jezequel-Shields.
Average SPT’s from 0 to 10.6 N is 23.75

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Calculations for lateral loads on piles are based on the “Pressuremeter


Theory” which in simple form assumes that the pile in this case acts
like a beam with the H-force acting at the top of the pile (disregarding
cap and tie beam constraint) and the soil to the side of the pile giving
a subgrade reaction dependent on the SPT (N) Values of the soil and
other theological factors which can be seen in the formula used.
The beam in this case is one of the group, Baguelin-Jezequel.
The Pressuremeter Theory is mentioned by Tomlinson and the theory
has been applied (Referred to pages 230,231,232,233, and 349) From
the Pressuremeter Theory, Pl
SPT = 23.75 , 3 7.1
Subgrade reaction = 19 N/mm2 6 53.0
25 Pl 8N 8 100.0
K =
B , B 10 110.9
Ave. 67.74
From the theory of elastic supported beam:
H 1/4
MH = , where λ = ( KB / 4EI )

Reference: BS 8110 Part 2, Table 7.2 Page 7/2


H E I KB λ M
KN 2 4 2 -1 KM-M
N/mm mm N/mm M
163.319 28000 6361725124 19 0.404 202.077

Therefore the bending moment produced in pile =


75.00 + 202.08 = 277.08 kN-m

From CP 110: Part 3 for circular columns (not covered by BS 8110):


hs = 410 mm
410
Then hs /h = = 0.6
600
FOR THE UPPER PORTION OF THE PILE UP TO 5 M :
M = 259 KN-M

Use Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3 where hs / h = 0.6


For the Ultimate State Design, use a load factor of 1.5:
1.5 N 1.5 M
= 41.667 ; = 1.797
h2 h3
From Chart 134, CP110: PART 3, for this condition As = 1.7% of Ac

Our design provides:


REINFORCEMENT:
Main Bars, 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm
Addtl. Main Bars 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm 5 M Long
Thor , Area = 2.000% of concrete
Links 10 mm @ 200 mm

5M DOWN FROM COL TO TOE LEVEL OF THE PILE:


M = 63.45 kN-m

Use Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3 where hs / h = 0.6


For the Ultimate State Design, use a load factor of 1.5:
1.5 N 1.5 M
2
= 41.667 ; = 0.441
h h3
From Chart 134, CP11O : PART 3, for this condition As = 0% of Ac

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Our design provides:


REINFORCEMENT:
Main Bars, 9 Nos, Dia : 20 mm for full length
Thor , = 1.00% of concrete
Links 10 mm @ 200 mm

3) Calculation of length of Reinforcement:


From the theory of an elastic supported beam:
Mx = 2 λ2 e-λx EI [ C2 cos λx - C1 sin λx ]
Hx = 2 λ3 e-λx EI [( C1 + C2 ) cos λx - ( C1 - C2 ) sinλx ]

For boundary conditions, when x = 0, M = Mx = 277.08 KN-M

I = 6361725124 , cos λx = 1, sin λx = 0 , e-λx = 1


Hx = H = 163.32 KN , λ = 0.4041
MT
C2 = = 0.0048
2 EI λ2
1 H
C1 = - ( + M ) = -0.0117098
2 EI λ2 λ
Mx = 2 × 28 × 10 3 × 0.40 2 × 6361725124
× e ×( 0.0048 cos λx - ( -0.0117098 ) sin λx )
Substituting in the foregoing formula for varying depths in Metres y (x),
we obtain the Moment Distribution in the pile as follows:
Tabulating for ‘x’:
In the following table 0 = Ground Level
x
e-λx cos λx sin λx Mx σc σc
Meter
0 1.000 1.000 0.000 258.777 40.497 16.091
2 0.446 0.691 0.723 291.158 42.024 14.564
4 0.199 -0.046 0.999 127.876 34.324 22.264
5 0.133 -0.435 0.901 63.455 31.287 25.302
6 0.089 -0.754 0.657 20.909 29.280 27.308
8 0.039 -0.996 -0.091 -12.524 27.704 28.885
10 0.018 -0.622 -0.783 -11.864 27.735 28.854
12 0.008 0.136 -0.991 -4.817 28.067 28.521
14 0.003 0.811 -0.586 -0.610 28.265 28.323
16 0.002 0.983 0.181 0.581 28.322 28.267
18 0.001 0.548 0.836 0.479 28.317 28.272
20 0.000 -0.226 0.974 0.180 28.303 28.286
22 0.000 -0.860 0.509 0.015 28.295 28.293
25 0.000 -0.779 -0.627 -0.025 28.293 28.295

As an example of the foregoing calculations stresses,


the Moment at 5M = 63.455 KN-M

Nc M Φ
σ at 5 M = ± ×
Ac 1 2
3 6
1000 × 10 63.455 × 10 × 600
= 2
±
π/4 × 600 6361725124 × 2

6.53 2 0.54 2
= N/mm Or N/mm
As per BS 8004 Article 7.4.4.3.1:
these stresses are < 0.25 fcu or 10 N/mm2
From the above results it can be inferred that stresses in the concrete are acceptable
if 5 m long steel is used. However we are providing for full length steel.

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4) Check for steel in tension:


As = 2827.4 mm2 for 9 Bars , Dia = 20 mm
Allowable Tensile Force = 2827.4 × 400.2
= 1131538.84 N
= 1131.539 kN > 500.00 kN O.K

5) Check for Clear Spacing: BS 8110, Part 1


For 9 bars of 20 mm dia , C.C spacing = 143.12 Clause 3.12.11
Therefore clear spacing is 163.116999 mm
Art 3.12.11.2.4 of BS 8110 (Part 1): max clear spacing is 300 mm
Thus 9 bars provided are adequate

6) Check for Bond Length: BS 8110, Part 1


Table 3.27 of BS 8110 shows the following values of anchorages for various grades of concrete Clause 3.12.8.15

For fcu 25 2
= N/mm
Anchorage length = 32 × 20 = 640 mm
We propose 640 mm into the pile cap

7) Check for Stirrups: BS 8110, Part 1


From Table 3.8 BS 8110 (Part 1) , for fcu 25 2
= N/mm Clause 3.4.5.12
0.614 2
Shear Stress = Vmax = N/mm
Hw
Working Shear Stress in pile = Vw =
π / 4 × Φ2
3
163.3 × 10
Vw = 0 5776 N/mm2
= 0.5776
π/4 × 600 2
As, Vmax < Vw < Vmax / 2 (Table 3.8), applied the minimum steel ratio.
however we provide nominal 10 mm links © 200
Therefore safe.

8) Lateral Reinforcement:
As previously shown lateral reinforcement is not required for shear considerations,
however buckling should be investigated. Euler’s theory gives the minimum force
for buckling as
2
π EI
F = 2
eK
6
where E = Young’s modulus for steel = 200 × 10 kN/m2

4
π×Φ
I = Moment of Inertia of the bar = = 7.854E-09 M4
64
eK = Free length to be examined hereunder:
Refer to attached sketches on following page.
Thus eK = I / 2= 200 / 2= 100 mm
Minimum Force for Buckling is
2
π EI
F = 2
= 1,550 kN
eK
For this condition, the compressive stress in the bar is
F
= = 4,935 N/mm2 , where Φb = 20 mm
π / 4 Φb2

The working stress in steel is fya = 460 × 0.7 = 322 N/mm2


So for compression, using figure 2 in CF 110 Part 2, if the stress for buckling is
higher than the allowable compressive stress, the risk of Buckling does not exist.
F = 4,935 N/mm2 > fya ( 322 N/mm2 ),

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5.0 CONCLUSIONS

5.1 1) Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 15m ) Capacity

- Compression Capacity = 800 kN


- Tension Capacity = 500 kN
- Lateral Capacity = 150 kN

2) Pile Reinforcement

- Longitudinal Reinforcement = 9 No. 20 mm (Upper 5.0m Length of Pile)


9 No. 20 mm (The Other Length of Pile)
- Tie Reinforcement = D 10 @ 200 mm

5.2 1) Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 18m ) Capacity

- Compression Capacity = 800 kN


- Tension Capacity = 500 kN
- Lateral Capacity = 150 kN

2) Pile Reinforcement

- Longitudinal Reinforcement = 9 No. 20 mm (Upper 5.0m Length of Pile)


9 No. 20 mm (The Other Length of Pile)
- Tie Reinforcement = D 10 @ 200 mm

5.3 1) Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 20m ) Capacity

- Compression Capacity = 800 kN


- Tension Capacity = 500 kN
- Lateral Capacity = 150 kN

2) Pile Reinforcement

- Longitudinal Reinforcement = 9 No. 20 mm (Upper 5.0m Length of Pile)


9 No. 20 mm (The Other Length of Pile)
- Tie Reinforcement = D 10 @ 200 mm

5.4 1) Cast In Situ PILE ( Φ = 600, L = 25m ) Capacity

- Compression Capacity = 1000 kN


- Tension Capacity = 500 kN
- Lateral Capacity = 150 kN

2) Pile Reinforcement

- Longitudinal Reinforcement = 9 No. 20 mm (Upper 5.0m Length of Pile)


9 No. 20 mm (The Other Length of Pile)
- Tie Reinforcement = D 10 @ 200 mm

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Attachment-1: Boreholes Location

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Attachment-2: Borehole Logs

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PROJECT : OLKARIA Ⅳ GPP

SUBJECT : PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BOREHOLES

Items Depth (m) Sample Details

Modulus of Elasticity

Interval Modulus of
Sample No. & Type

Angle of Internal

Interval Angle of
Internal Friction
Sampler Type

Elasticity
Friction
SPT-N
Borehole From To

2 2.45 BH-1-1 SPT 4 21.9 1,600.0 32.9 2,400.0


5.50 5.95 BH-1-2 SPT 5 22.7 2,000.0 45.5 4,000.0
BH-1 10.50 10.95 BH-1-3 SPT 18 29.7 7,200.0 74.2 18,000.0
15.00 15.45 BH-1-4 SPT 35 35.5 14,000.0 71.0 28,000.0
20.50 20.95 BH-1-5 SPT 42 37.4 16,800.0 93.6 42,000.0
2.00 2.45 BH-2-1 SPT 35 35.5 14,000.0 53.2 21,000.0
5.50 5.95 BH-2-2 SPT 9 25.4 3,600.0 50.8 7,200.0
BH-2 10.50 10.95 BH-2-3 SPT 21 30.9 8,400.0 77.2 21,000.0
15.50 15.95 BH-2-4 SPT 16 28.9 6,400.0 72.1 16,000.0
20.50 20.95 BH-2-5 SPT 21 30.9 8,400.0 77.2 21,000.0
2.00 2.45 BH-3-1 SPT 8 24.8 3,200.0 37.2 4,800.0
5.50 5.95 BH-3-2 SPT 10 26.0 4,000.0 51.9 8,000.0
BH-3 10.50 10.95 BH-3-3 SPT 4 21.9 1,600.0 54.8 4,000.0
15.50 15.95 BH-3-4 SPT 11 26.5 4,400.0 66.2 11,000.0
20.50 20.95 BH-3-5 SPT 15 28.4 6,000.0 71.0 15,000.0
2.00 2.45 BH-4-1 SPT 7 24.2 2,800.0 36.2 4,200.0
5.50 5.95 BH-4-2 SPT 16 28.9 6,400.0 57.7 12,800.0
BH-4 10.50 10.95 BH-4-3 SPT 4 21.9 1,600.0 54.8 4,000.0
15.50 15.95 BH-4-4 SPT 10 26.0 4,000.0 64.9 10,000.0
20.50 20.95 BH-4-5 SPT 25 32.3 10,000.0 80.8 25,000.0
2.00 2.45 BH-5-1 SPT 30 34.0 12,000.0 51.0 18,000.0
5.50 5.95 BH-5-2 SPT 9 25.4 3,600.0 50.8 7,200.0
BH-5 10.50 10.95 BH-5-3 SPT 11 26.5 4,400.0 66.2 11,000.0
15.50 15.95 BH-5-4 SPT 14 28.0 5,600.0 69.9 14,000.0
20.50 20.95 BH-5-5 SPT 22 31.2 8,800.0 78.1 22,000.0
2.00 2.45 BH-6-1 SPT 4 21.9 1,600.0 32.9 2,400.0
5.50 5.95 BH-6-2 SPT 13 27.5 5,200.0 55.0 10,400.0
BH-6 10.50 10.95 BH-6-3 SPT 18 29.7 7,200.0 74.2 18,000.0
15.50 15.95 BH-6-4 SPT 16 28.9 6,400.0 72.1 16,000.0
20.50 20.95 BH-6-5 SPT 21 30.9 8,400.0 77.2 21,000.0
2.00 2.45 BH-7-1 SPT 25 32.3 10,000.0 48.5 15,000.0
5.50 5.95 BH-7-2 SPT 9 25.4 3,600.0 50.8 7,200.0
BH-7 10.50 10.95 BH-7-3 SPT 20 30.5 8,000.0 76.2 20,000.0
15.50 15.95 BH-7-4 SPT 17 29.3 6,800.0 73.2 17,000.0
20.50 20.95 BH-7-5 SPT 17 29.3 6,800.0 73.2 17,000.0
2.00 2.45 BH-8-1 SPT 15 28.4 6,000.0 42.6 9,000.0
5.50 5.95 BH-8-2 SPT 12 27.0 4,800.0 54.0 9,600.0
BH-8 10.50 10.95 BH-8-3 SPT 15 28.4 6,000.0 71.0 15,000.0
15.50 15.95 BH-8-4 SPT 17 29.3 6,800.0 73.2 17,000.0
20.50 20.95 BH-8-5 SPT 16 28.9 6,400.0 72.1 16,000.0
2.00 2.45 BH-9-1 SPT 17 29.3 6,800.0 43.9 10,200.0
5.50 5.95 BH-9-2 SPT 8 24.8 3,200.0 49.6 6,400.0
BH-9 10.50 10.95 BH-9-3 SPT 17 29.3 6,800.0 73.2 17,000.0
15.50 15.95 BH-9-4 SPT 20 30.5 8,000.0 76.2 20,000.0
20.50 20.95 BH-9-5 SPT 9 25.4 3,600.0 63.5 9,000.0
2.00 2.45 BH-10-1 SPT 23 31.6 9,200.0 47.4 13,800.0
5.50 5.95 BH-10-2 SPT 14 28.0 5,600.0 55.9 11,200.0
BH-10 10.50 10.95 BH-10-3 SPT 16 28.9 6,400.0 72.1 16,000.0
15.50 15.95 BH-10-4 SPT 18 29.7 7,200.0 74.2 18,000.0
20.00 20.50 BH-10-5 SPT 14 28.0 5,600.0 57.3 11,480.0
2.00 2.45 BH-11-1 SPT 18 29.7 7,200.0 44.5 10,800.0
5.50 5.95 BH-11-2 SPT 16 28.9 6,400.0 57.7 12,800.0
BH-11 10.50 10.95 BH-11-3 SPT 14 28.0 5,600.0 69.9 14,000.0
15.50 15.95 BH-11-4 SPT 17 29.3 6,800.0 73.2 17,000.0
20.50 20.95 BH-11-5 SPT 25 32.3 10,000.0 80.8 25,000.0
2.00 2.45 DBH-1-1 SPT 11 26.5 4,400.0 39.7 6,600.0
5.50 5.95 DBH-1-2 SPT 9 25.4 3,600.0 50.8 7,200.0
DBH-1 10.50 10.95 DBH-1-3 SPT 21 30.9 8,400.0 77.2 21,000.0
16.00 16.45 DBH-1-4 SPT 25 32.3 10,000.0 97.0 30,000.0
21.00 21.45 DBH-1-5 SPT 17 29.3 6,800.0 73.2 17,000.0
2.00 2.45 DBH-2-1 SPT 6 23.5 2,400.0 35.2 3,600.0
5.50 5.95 DBH-2-2 SPT 4 21.9 1,600.0 43.9 3,200.0
DBH-2 10.50
15.50
10.95
15.95
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DBH-2-3
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DBH-2-4
SPT
SPT
10
21
26.0
30.9
4,000.0
8,400.0
64.9
77.2
10,000.0
21,000.0
20.50 20.95 DBH-2-5 SPT 19 30.1 7,600.0 75.2 19,000.0

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Att h
Attachment-3:
t 3 Pil
Pile Drawing
D i

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