Highway drainage

Rural surface drainage

Transverse slope

4
Longitudinal slope

5
Longitudinal channel

6
 Channel design
1. Rigid Linings:
a. Cast-in-place concrete or asphaltic concrete
b. Stone masonry and interlocking modular block
c. Soil cement and roller compacted concrete
d. Fabric form-work systems for concrete
e. Partially grouted riprap
2. Flexible linings
a. Long-term

b. Transitional

c. Temporary

• Hydraulic shape (triangular, trapizodical)

• Min. velocity (0,6 m/s) self cleaning
• Channel slope (channel side z=1,5)
• Safety
• F=0,55(Cy)0,5 C=1,5-2,5 ha Q=0,57-84m3/s min (15cm)
• Curve
 Rigid linings
• Rigid linings are useful in flow zones where high shear
stress or non-uniform flow conditions exist, such as at
transitions in channel shape or at an energy dissipation
structure. Despite the non-erodible nature of rigid linings, they
are susceptible to failure from foundation instability.
• high v
• Infiltration reduction
• Maintenance reduction
• Erosion reduction
i. Vegetative (typically grass species)
ii. Cobbles
iii. Rock Riprap
Flexible linings
iv. Wire-enclosed riprap (gabions)
v. Turf reinforcement (non-degradable)

Flexible channel linings are best suited to conditions of uniform flow and moderate shear
stresses. Channel reaches with accelerating or decelerating flow (expansions, contractions,
drops and backwater) and waves (transitions, flows near critical depth, and shorelines) will
require special analysis and may not be suitable for flexible channel linings.
 transitional
Flexible linings
i. Bare soil
ii. Vegetative (annual grasses)
iii. Gravel mulch
iv. Open-weave textile (degradable)
v. Erosion control blankets (degradable)
vi. Turf reinforcement (non-degradable)

temporary
Bare soil
ii. Vegetative (annual grasses)
iii. Gravel mulch
iv. Open-weave textile (degradable)
v. Erosion control blankets (degradable)
 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
Type of Flow
•uniform or non-uniform flow
• steady or unsteady flow
•subcritical or supercritical flow.

Resistance to Flow
For rigid channel lining types, Manning's roughness coefficient, n, is approximately
constant. However, for very shallow flows the roughness coefficient will increase slightly.
 n, k

1
Q  A  R2/3 I  A k  R2/3 I
n
 SHEAR STRESS
z z
d
Equilibrium Concepts
essentially rigid (static)
movable (dynamic).
static equilibrium in stable channel
1) the permissible velocity approach and
2) the permissible tractive force (shear stress) approach. (B/d < 4 conservative)
•
permissible velocity approach
 Applied Shear Stress
stable channel τo = γ RSo
where,
τo = mean boundary shear stress, N/m2
γ = unit weight of water, 9810 N/m3
R = hydraulic radius, m
So = average bottom slope (equal to energy slope for uniform
flow), m/m

maximum channel bottom shear stress

d  dS
d max. depth

Q=vA
1

Vp permissible maximális velocity

Permissible Shear Stress
DESIGN PARAMETERS
• Design Discharge Frequency
• Channel Cross Section Geometry
• Channel Slope
• Freeboard

DESIGN PARAMETERS
• Straight Channels
• Side Slope Stability
• Composite Lining Design
• Stability In Bends
• Steep Slope Design
• Maximum Discharge Approach
 Design
Straight channel
d  dS

Design aproach τp ≥sf τd where τp permissible shear stress

τp = permissible shear stress for the channel lining, N/m2
SF = safety factor (greater than or equal to one)
τd = shear stress in channel at maximum depth, N/m2

Evaluate a proposed gravel mulch lining on a trapezoidal channel for stability.

Given:
Q = 0.42 m3/s
B = 0.4 m
Z=3
So = 0.008 m/m
D50 = 25 mm
Burkolat Vízmélység
0.15 m 0.50 m 1.0 m 1. Water depth
d=0,34m
Kavics fedés D50 = 25 mm 0.040 0.033 0.031

D50 = 50 mm 0.056 0.042 0.038

1
Durva kavics D50 = 0.10 m) --2 0.055 0.047
Q  A  R2/3 S
n
Kő D50 = 0.15 m --2 0.069 0.056

D50 = 0.30 m) --2 --2 0.080

Méretezés
1. Depth (0,34m)
2. Shear (számítás)

d  dS =27N/m2

3. Permissible shear τp=19N/m2,

SF=1
τp ≥sf τd

4. since τp ≤ τd
Lining is not acceptable, new lining
design
 SIDE SLOPE STABILITY
SIDE SLOPE STABILITY τs =K1 τd

K1= 0.77 Z ≤ 1.5

K1 = 0.066Z 0.67 + 1.5 < Z < 5
K1 = 1.0 5≤Z

τs = side shear stress on the channel, N/m2

K1 = ratio of channel side to bottom shear stress
τd = shear stress in channel at maximum depth, N/m2
 COMPOSITE LINING DESIGN

Tipikus eset
where,
ne = effective Manning’s n value for the
composite channel
PL = low flow lining perimeter, m
P = total flow perimeter, m
ns = Manning’s n value for the side slope lining
nL = Manning’s n value for the low flow lining
Grass types
• sod
•bunch
•mixed
 Example

Evaluate the channel design for the composite concrete and vegetation lining
given in Figure Given:
Q = 0.28 m3/s, B = 0.9 m Concrete low flow channel, Z = 3, So = 0.02 m/m
Vegetation: Class C, height = 0.2 m (mixed with good cover)

Solution
1. Assume that the depth of flow, di in the channel is
0.30 m. Determine R. Assume that the concrete
portion is essentially flat.
2. Calculate maximum shear stress, determine
permissible shear stress, and select SF.

3. Acceptable when τp ≥sf τd

1. Determine depth, channel flat
2. Assume 1. depth d=0,3 m A=0,54m2 P=2,8m, R=0,193m
3. n calculation (concrete n=0,013 and grass)
n grass

n=0,043
τo =γdS=9810(0,3)(0,02)=58,86N/m2
n grass=Cn (τo)-0,4=0,043
Effective n

Flow
1
Q  A   R 2 / 3 S  0,73m3 / s
n
Q>design flow
0,73>0,28, d reduce, new d=0,19m
1. Determine depth, channel flat
2. d=0,3 m P, R
3. n calculation (concrete n=0,013 and grass)
n=0,05, effective n=0,035
4. Q=0,73 m3/s
5. d=0,19m
6. n=,052 effective n=0,038
7. Q=0,27 m3/s close proceed
8. Bottom of channel

9. Side shear
 Permissible shear stress calculation
τp
Soil clayey sand, PI=16, e=0,5
Soil

τpsoil=3,5 N/m2

Soil and grass

τpsoil=3,5 N/m2
ns=0,016 if Soil D75 < 1.3 mm
τp=171,5 N/m2
Soil D75 > 1.3 mm
Acceptable when τp ≥sf τd sf=0

τp=171,5 N/m2 τd=32N/m2

Acceptable
 Subcritical Flow in Bends
Alluvial channels 10% error

Z = Elevation of the water surface, m

V = Average velocity in the channel, m/s
g = Acceleration of gravity, 9.81
rc = Radius of curvature to the centerline of the channel, m
r0 = Radius of curvature to the outside flow line around the bend, m
ri = Radius of curvature to the inside flow line around the bend, m

For lined canals with strong curvature and

large velocities

α=0,74
Supercritical Flow in Bends

Cousing waves and hydraulic jumps

should be made near the upper end of the section

before the supercritical velocity has developed

the channel should be rectangular in cross section,

and preferably enclosed.
 Méretezés ívek esetében
Determine an acceptable channel lining for a trapezoidal roadside
channel with a bend. Also compute the necessary length of protection
and the superelevation. A riprap lining (D50 = 0.15 m) has been used on
the approaching straight channel (τp = 113 N/m2 from Table 2.3).
Given:
Q = 0.55 m3/s, d = 0.371 m, T = 3.42 m, B = 1.2 m, Z = 3,
So = 0.015 m/m, RC = 10 m
Shear stress in the approach straight reach, τd = 54.5 N/m2

Design steps
1. Channel shear stress, τd
2. Bend shear stress, τb
3. Permissible shear stress (table)τp
4. Design assumptions

τp ≥sf τb
5. L length
6. Freeboard
1. Channel shear stress,
τd=γdS=54,5 N/m2
2. Bend shear stress (rc/T=2,92)
τb=Kτp

Kb =1,84
τb=Kτp =100 N/m2
3. Permissible shear stress
(table)
τp=113 N/m2
4. Design assumptions (sf=1)
τp ≥sf τb

5. L legth, R=0,24,
n=0,069(table)
0,24 7 / 6
= 0,74  2,03m
0,069
6. Freeboard
6. Freeboard
T = B + 2Zd = 1.2 + 2(3)(0.371) = 3.42 m
A = Bd + Zd2 = 1.2(0.371) + 3(0.371)2 = 0.86 m2
Velocity in channel,
V = Q/A = 0.55/0.86 = 0.64 m/s

1.4 cm superelevation
Vegetative Lining And Bare Soil
Design

• Grass Lining Properties

• Manning’s Roughness
• Permissible Shear Stress
• Effective Shear Stress
• Permissible Soil Shear Stress
• Non-cohesive Soils
• Cohesive Soils
• Permissible Vegetation/Soil Shear Stress
• Maximum Discharge Approach
 Grass Lining Properties

Manning’s Roughness n = Cn τ0-0,4

where,
τo = mean boundary shear stress, N/m2 (lb/ft2)
α = unit conversion constant, 1.0
Effective Shear Stress , τe
ns=0,016 ha Talaj D75 < 1.3 mm

ns=0,015(D75)1/6 Talaj D75 > 1.3 mm

Permissible Soil Shear Stress, τptalaj
Cohesive Soils

Non-cohesive Soils
τptalaj=0,75(D75) D-mm 1.3 mm < D75 < 50 mm

τptalaj=1 τptalaj-N/m2 1.3 mm > D75

Permissible Vegetation/Soil Shear Stress

talaj
 Riprap, Cobble, And Gravel Lining
Design

Maty-Fehér tó
 Gravel dimensions

• D1: 15 - 64 mm
• D2: 64 - 130 mm
• D3: 130 – 550 mm
Permissible Shear Stress
τp= τ*( γs − γ) D50
Manning n

0,319 where,
τp = permissible shear stress, N/m2
F* = Shield’s parameter, dimensionless
γs = specific weight of the stone, N/m3
γ = specific weight of the water, 9810 N/m3)
da (A/T) average D50 = mean riprap size, m
channel depth (m)
 Gravel size
Permissible Shear Stress
• D1: 15 - 64 mm
• D2: 64 - 130 mm
• D3: 130 – 550 mm τp= τ*( γs − γ) D50
SF
Reynolds number τ*
1.0
≤ 4x104 0.047
4x104<Re<2x105 Linear interpolation Linear interpolation
1.5
≥ 2x105 0.15
where,
d = maximum channel depth, m
SG = specific gravity of rock (γs/γ),
dimensionless
where,
g = gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m/s2
d = maximum channel depth, m
S = channel slope, m/m
where,
Re = particle Reynolds number, dimensionless
V* = shear velocity, m/s (ft/s)
ν = kinematic viscosity, 1.131x10-6 m2/s at 15.5 deg C
D50

D50
D50
τps =K τp Side Slopes

1 τps d
z
τp
b

K1= 0.77 Z ≤ 1.5

K1 = 0.066Z 0.67 + 1.5 < Z < 5 (3.4)
K1 = 1.0 5≤Z

α
Köszönöm a
figyelmet!