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DBMS
Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Application (PGDCA
KSKV kutch University
DBMS 2

Basic Concepts – Data , information, database and DBMS

Data
o. Data are raw facts. The word raw indicate that the facts
have not yet been processed to reveal meaning

o A data is known as the row fact which is stored in

computers memory and used by the user as the output.
Information
o Meaningful form of Data
o. Information is the result of processing raw data to reveal
its meaning.
o Collection of data its called information.
Example-House no 21C-S-1,Sch No 78 Indore
DBMS 3

Basic Concepts – Data , information, database and DBMS

Database: Logically related and similar data

o A collection of inter related data its called database.

o A database is a shared , integrated computer structure

that store a collection of end-user data and metadata

o A database is a collection of related data and data is

known as facts that can be recorded and that have implicit
meaning

o A database can be of any size and complexity

o A database may be generated and maintained manually or

it may be computerized.
DBMS 4

Basic Concepts – Data , information, database and DBMS

What is DBMS
o. A Database Management System is a collection of
programs that manage the database structure and controls
access to the data stored in the database

o Its allows to
o create databases
o insert , update and delete data
o sort and query data
o create form and reports
DBMS 5

Basic Concepts – Data , information, database and DBMS

Schema
o The description of a database is called database schema.

o A database schema is specified during database design and

is not expected to change frequently

Instance
oThe data in the database at a particular moment in time is
called database state.

oA database is generally used by many users where insertion

and deletion of data occurs frequently. Overall information
stored in a database at a particular moment is called the
instance of the database.
DBMS 6

Basic Concepts – Data , information, database and DBMS

Role and Advantages of DBMS

 Improved Data Sharing

 Improved Data security
 Minimized data inconsistency
 Improved Data Access
 Improved decision making
 Increased end-user productivity .
 Reduce application development time
DBMS 7

Basic Concepts – Data , information, database and DBMS

Superkey
o An attribute that uniquely identifies each row in a table.
o E.g. :- cust_name and cust_id.
Candidate key
o A minimal superkey. A superkey that does not contain a
subset of attributes that is itself a superkey. E.g. :- cust_id
Primary Key
o A candidate key selected to uniquely identify all other
attribute values in any given row. Cannot contain null entries
Unique Key
o A candidate key selected to uniquely identify all other
attribute values in any given row
o Can accept unique or null values.
DBMS 8

Basic Concepts – Data , information, database and DBMS

Foreign key
o An attribute in one table whose values must either match
the primary key in another table or be null.
Field
o A character or group of characters that has a specific
meaning. A filed is used to define and store data.
Record
o A logically connected set of one or more fields that
describes a person, place, or thing
File
o A collection of related record.
DBMS 9

Basic Concepts – Data , information, database and DBMS

Database Applications
 Railway Reservation
 Library Management System
 Banking
 Schools and colleges
 Social media sites
 Telecommunication
 Finance
 Online shopping
 DBMS 1
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What is data abstraction? Describe the levels briefly.

Data Abstraction Levels (i.e 2)

 DBMS 1
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What is data abstraction? Describe the levels briefly.

Physical Level:
How the data are
stored. Conceptual Level:
E.g. index, B-tree, (
hashing. Next highest level of
Lowest level of abstraction. View Level:
abstraction. Describes what data (
Complex low-level are stored. Highest level.
structures described in Describes the Describes part of the End-user View
detail. relationships among database for a particular
data. group of users.  This level represents

Database Can be many different only a part of the entire

administrator level. views of a database. database

E.g. tellers in a bank

get a view of customer
accounts, but not of
payroll data.
 DBMS 1
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What is data abstraction? Describe the levels briefly.
Data Abstraction Levels
DBMS 1
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

Definition - What does Database Model mean?

Data Model

A database model shows the logical structure

of a database, including the relationships and
constraints that determine how data can be stored
and accessed

A Database model defines the logical design of

data. The model also describe the relationships between
different parts of the data.

A database model refers to the logical structure,

representation or layout of a database and how the data
will be stored, managed and processed within it. It helps
in designing a database and serves as blueprint for
application developers and database administrators in
creating a database
DBMS 1
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

Hierarchical Model
• in the hierarchical model, data is organized as an inverted tree,
Each entity has only one parent but can have several children. At
the top of the hierarchy , there is one entity, which is called the root

• The hierarchical data model organizes data in a tree structure

DEPARTMENT
No Name

COURSES No Name Unit ID Name Course STUDENTS

PROFESSORS ID Name
ID Name
PROFESSORS
DBMS  tree like structure
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Data Models and Types of Data Models
 one parent may have multiple child but
 the child will have only parent
Hierarchical Model

 The hierarchical model was the first database model developed to

overcome the limitations of the traditional file system

 Deletion of parent results in deletion of child records

 The hierarchical models was developed in the 1960 to manage

large amount of data for complex manufacturing projects such as
the Apollo rocket that landed on the moon in 1969.

 Its basic logical structure is represented by an upside-down tree

 The hierarchical structure contains levels or segments.

 The hierarchical model depicts a set of one-tomany relational ship

between a parents and its children segments
DBMS  tree like structure
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Data Models and Types of Data Models
 one parent may have multiple child but
 the child will have only parent
Hierarchical Model

 The hierarchical model was the first database model developed to

overcome the limitations of the traditional file system

 Deletion of parent results in deletion of child records

 The hierarchical models was developed in the 1960 to manage

large amount of data for complex manufacturing projects such as
the Apollo rocket that landed on the moon in 1969.

 Its basic logical structure is represented by an upside-down tree

 The hierarchical structure contains levels or segments.

 The hierarchical model depicts a set of one-tomany relational ship

between a parents and its children segments
DBMS 1
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Basic Concepts – Data , information, database and DBMS

Disadvantages of hierarchical model

 complex implementation
 difficult to manage
 lack of structure independence
 complex application programing
 limitation in implementation
 Data depended on parent or root element
 DBMS 1
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

Network model
• In the network model, the entities are organized in a graph, in which
some entities can be accessed through several paths

• this model was developed to overcome the problems of hierarchical

model

DEPARTMENT No Name ID Name Course STUDENTS

COURSES No Name Unit ID Name PROFESSORS

Network model
DBMS 1
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

Network model
 Graph structure

 Many-to-many relationships between linked records,

 Some data might have multiple parents

 Allow more connation between nodes

 ex. A employee work for two department is not possible in

hierarchical mode, but here it is possible

 The network model is a database model conveyed as a flexible

way of representing objects and their relationships
 DBMS 2
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

Advantages of network model

 Simple design

 Ability to handle many relationship

 Easy to access

 Data integrity ( current data, specify , fixed )

 Data independence
-Application programmers work independently of the data
-Any change made to the data do not affect application
programme
 DBMS 2
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

Relational model in DBMS

• In relational model, the data and relationships are represented by
collection of inter-related tables. Each table is a group of column and
rows, where column represents attribute of an entity and rows
represents records.

Relational model
 DBMS 2
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

Relational model in DBMS

• A relational database is a collection of one or more relations

where each relation is a table with rows and columns

Attribute

Title Year Length

Star Wars 1977 124
Table = relation.
Column headers = attributes Might Ducks 1991 104
Wayne’s World 1992 95

Title Year Length

Star Wars 1977 124
Table = relation. Might 1991 104
Rows = tuple Tuple Ducks
Wayne’s 1992 95
World
Relational model
 DBMS 2
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

Relational model in DBMS

 First proposed by Dr. E.F Codd of IBM Research in 1970

 Implemented through Relational DBMS (RDBMS)

 Represent database as a collection of relation

 Informally, each relation look like a table of values

 Represent database as a collections of relations

 Relation database matches data by using common

characteristics found within the data set

 The resulting groups of data are organized and are much easier
for people to understand.
Relational model
 DBMS 2
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

Entity Relationship Model

• An entity relationship model, also called an entity-relationship (ER)

diagram, is a graphical representation of entities and their relationships
to each other, typically used in computing in regard to the organization
of data within databases or information systems. An entity is a piece of
data-an object or concept about which data is stored.

Owns Movies
Studios
Stars-in Star

name year
address address
name
title length filmType

ER model
DBMS •
•
Entities
Relationships
and their attributes.
among entities
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

ER Model is based on
 Entity – An object that exists or abstraction of similar things,
e.g. cars, students or people
Or – Distinguishable “thing” in the real world

 Attributes – common properties of the entities in a entity sets

e.g. students and people have names and addresses
Or – Each entity has certain characteristics known as attributes.

 Relationship – specify the relations among entities from two or more

entity sets

Person Entity Type

name Attribute

Relationship
Is-insured Type
DBMS 2
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

ER Model Diagram

access-date
cust-name number

cust-id

customer has account

cust-street

cust-city balance
DBMS 2
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

ER Model Diagram , (Mapping)

1-to-1 1-to Many Many-to-1 Many-to-Many

 One to One(1:1) Relationship: and EMPLOYEE mangers one STORE;

each STORE is managed by one EMPLOYEE

 One to many (1:M) relationship: A PAINTER can paint many PAINTINGs;

each Painting is painted by one PAINTER

 Many to Many(M:N) Relationship: and EMPLOYEE can learn many SKILLs;

each SKILL can be learned by many EMPLYEEs.
 DBMS 2
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

Object Oriented Model

• Data Stored in the form of objects, the structure which are called
“Classes” that display data within it.

• Defines database as a collection of objects that contains both data

members values and operations that are allowed on the data.

• Inter-relationship and constraints are implemented through objects and

links.

• The DBMS developed using this mode is called OODBMS

• Combine the capabilities of object oriented programming language

• Evolved to handle more complex applications such as database for

scientific experiments, geographic information system, CAD (computer
Aided Design)
Object Oriented model
 DBMS 2
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Data Models and Types of Data Models

Object Oriented Model

• In a below diagram customer and account are considered as a object

Object Oriented model

DBMS 3
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DDL, DML , DCL

DDL - Data Definition Language

o. Used by DB designers to define schema
o. DDL compile converts DDL statements and generate a set
of tables which are stored in.
o. Data dictionary contains metadata
o. e.g - SQL, ORCALE
DML - Data Manipulation Language
o. For accessing and manipulation the data
o. DML also known as query language
o. Procedural :- user specifies what data is required and how
to get those data.
DBMS 3
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Basic Concepts – Data , information, database and DBMS

DDL
 create, alter, drop, truncate, rename ,commit

DCL
 grant , revoke

DML
 insert, update , delete
KSKV kutch University
PGDCA (Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Application
To be Continue…..Unit 2