DEFINITION: Adjective is the word which is used to modify noun or pronoun.

There are five kinds of adjective as

follow.
1) Possessive Adjective
2) Descriptive Adjective
3) Numeral Adjective
4) Demonstrative Adjective
5) Interrogative Adjective
1) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
DEFINITION: Possessive Adjective is the adjective which is used to point out the noun that belongs to someone and
there are seven Possessive Adjectives. They are My, Your, Our, Their, His, Her and Its.
Example:
- This is my book.
- Your car is outside.
- His friend is waiting
2) DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE
DEFINITION: Descriptive Adjective is the adjective that is used to tell the sorts of noun or quality.
Example:
- He is a tall man.
- They are good students.
- She is a beautiful girl.
3) NUMERAL ADJECTIVE
DEFINITION: Numeral Adjective is the adjective which is used to show the number of noun. There are three types
of Numeral Adjective as follow.
a) Definite Numeral Adjective
b) Indefinite Numeral Adjective
c) Distributive Numeral Adjective

a) Definite Numeral Adjective

DEFINITION: Definitive Numeral Adjective is the adjective that is used to denote an exact number of noun as first,
second, third or one, two, three….
Example:
- Ankor Wat is the seventh wonders of the world.
- Ankor temple has got five towers.
b) Indefinite Numeral Adjective
DEFINITION: Indefinite Numeral Adjective is the adjective which is used to denote an inexact number of nouns
as some, any, much, many, little, a few….
Example:
- I have some friends here.
- She has a few pictures.
- He has got much money.
b) Distributive Numeral Adjective
DEFINITION: Descriptive Adjective is the adjective that is used to cache one noun. They are every, each, another,
other...
Example:
- Each student is very friendly.
- They speak to another person.
4) DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE
DEFINITION: Demonstrative Adjective is the adjective which is used to point out the noun. They are this, these,
that, and those.
Example:
- That man is very handsome.
- These girls are good-looking.
5) INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE
DEFINITION: Interrogative Adjective is the adjective that is used to ask the question. They are where, what,
which….
Example:
- Which animal do you like?
- Which boy has teased you?
- What food do you prefer?
What are the Degrees of Adjectives?
There are only three degrees or levels of adjectives (also known as degrees of comparison)
namely, positive, comparative, and superlative. When you talk about or describe only a single person, place, or
thing, you should use the positive degree.

Three Degrees of Adjectives

1. The Positive Degree
The positive degree of an adjective makes no comparison.
 A tall building.
 She runs fast.
 This is a beautiful car.
2. The Comparative Degree 
The comparative degree compares two people, things, activities or qualities.
 A taller building than this one.
 She runs faster than I do.
 This car is more beautiful than yours.
3. The Superlative Degree 
The superlative degree compares a person, thing, activity or quality with the group.
 The tallest building in the town is in front of you.
 She is the fastest runner among the students.
 This is the most beautiful car I have ever seen.
Rules for making comparatives and superlatives
One syllable adjectives.
1. Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form
and –est for the superlative.
Positive           Comparative    Superlative     
Tall taller Tallest
Old older Oldest
Short shorter Shortest
One Syllable Adjectives 
2. If the one-syllable adjective ends with an –e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative
form.
Positive           Comparative    Superlative     
Large larger Largest
Wise wiser Wisest
Wide wider Widest
One Syllable Adjectives With an –e
3. If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and
add –er for the comparative form and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form.
Positive           Comparative    Superlative     
Thin thinner Thinnest
Big bigger Biggest
Sad sadder Sadest
One Syllable Adjectives With Single Consonant and a Vowel Before it 
Two-syllable adjectives
1. With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.
Positive           Comparative    Superlative     
peaceful more peaceful most peaceful
 careless more careless most careless
famous more famous most famous
Two Syllable Adjectives 
2. If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to “i” and add –er for the comparative form, and for the
superlative form change the “y” to “i” and add –est.
Positive           Comparative    Superlative     
pretty prettier Prettiest
happy happier Happiest
angry angrier Angriest
Two Syllable Adjectives Ends with –y
3. Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er  for comparative form and –est to for the superlative
form.
Positive           Comparative    Superlative     
clever cleverer Cleverest
narrow narrower Narrowest
gentle gentler Gentlest
Two Syllable Adjectives Ending in -er, le or ow 
Adjectives with three or more syllables.
For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.
Positive           Comparative    Superlative     
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
convenient more convenient most convenient
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
Three Syllable Adjectives 
Exceptions:
Some adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms.
Positive           Comparative    Superlative     
Good better Best
bad worse Worst
many more Most
much more Most
well better Best
far farther farthest/furthest
little less Least
     
Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
Note: Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more
and most.
Positive           Comparative    Superlative     
simple simpler/more simple simplest/most simple
clever cleverer/more clever cleverest/most clever
 gentle gentler/more gentle gentlest/most gentle
quiet quieter/more quiet quietest/most quiet
Two Syllable Adjectives  Follow Two Rules
Common Mistakes With Comparisons 
1. Avoid making a double comparison.
 After dinner, the orchestra began playing a series of more livelier melodies. (Incorrect)
 After dinner, the orchestra began playing a series of more lively melodies.  (Correct)
 After dinner, the orchestra began playing a series of livelier melodies. (Correct)
2. Some adjectives are “absolute” and cannot be compared.
“ Absolute” Adjectives: first, last, equal and unique are adjective which cannot be compared.
 This is a unique bike. (Correct)
 This is a unique than your. (Incorrect)
3. Make sure that the items being compared are truly comparable. If not, reword as necessary.
 The tropical fish found in the Caribbean are less colorful and varied than the South Pacific.  (Incorrect)
 The tropical fish found in the Caribbean are less colorful and varied than the fish found in the South
Pacific. (Correct)

C O N J U N C T I O N S:

Conjunctions are words which join together two words or two phrases or two sentences. You can combine entire
sentences using conjunctions to make them more compact. In the lesson below you will learn about conjunctions
and kinds of conjunctions. 
 Ali and Raza are good writers. (It is a short way of saying, Ali is a good writer and Raza is a good writer).
 Ali and Wali are good boxers. It is a short way of saying, Ali is a good boxer and Wali is a good boxer.
Conjunctions must be carefully distinguished from relative pronouns, relative adverbs and prepositions, which are
also connecting the words like:
 This is the house that Ali bought. (Relative pronoun)
 This is the place where he was murdered. (Relative adverb)
 He sat beside Milad. (Preposition)
 Take this and give that. (Conjunction)
Kinds of Conjunctions
There are three kinds of conjunctions which join different kinds of grammatical structures. 
1. Coordinating conjunction
2. Subordinating Conjunction
3. Correlative conjunction
Each of the three kinds of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating and correlative conjunctions serve a unique
purpose.
1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. They may connect two
words, two phrases, two independent clauses or two dependent clauses. In each of the following sentences the
coordinating conjunction “and” connects equal words or groups of words:
 John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars. (Connects two words)
 They sent the items over the river and through the woods. (Connects two phrases)
 Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at us lowly
workers. (Connects two clauses)
There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and they are often remembered by using
the acronym “FANBOYS”:  for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.
 You can study hard for exam or you can fail.
 That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement.
 John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is hockey.
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into four kinds according to their function in a sentence.
A) Cumulative / Copulative Conjunctions: They add one statement to another statement.
 He came here, and I left there.
B) Adversative Conjunctions: The express opposition or contrast between two statements.
 He was slow, but he was sure
C) Disjunctive / Alternative Conjunctions: They express a choice between two alternatives.
 She must clean, or she must leave. 
D) Illative conjunctions: They express an inference,
All precautions must have been neglected: for the plague spread rapidly.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause. The
subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions “when” or “why” about the main clause, or
imposing conditions or opposition on it.
Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions changing a clause into adverbial subordinating clauses in
different ways:
 I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when)
 Because the knight was young, he decided to take a walk. (why)
 I’ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. (condition)
 Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on her way out the door. (opposition)
Note: The subordinating conjunction does not always come between the two clauses it connects. Often, it comes
at the beginning of the first clause.
3. Correlative Conjunctions:
Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They are similar to coordinating conjunctions because they join
sentence elements that are similar in importance.
The following are some examples of coordinating conjunctions: 
 Both John and Max made the football team this year. (Both, and)
 Neither John nor Max made the football team this year. (Neither, nor)
 Not only did John make the football team, but he also became one of the strongest players. (Not only, but
also)
  Either Mom or Dad will pick you up. (Either, or)

Conjunction Exercises

Subordinating Conjunction Exercises

Complete each sentence using the subordinating conjunction from the parenthesis:

1. I visit the Grand Canyon _________ I go to Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever)

2. This is the place _________ we stayed last time we visited. (where, when, how)
3. _________ you win first place, you will receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)
4. You won’t pass the test _________ you study. (when, if, unless)
5. I could not get a seat, _________ I came early. (as, though, when)
6. We are leaving Wednesday _________ or not it rains. (if, whether, though)
7. Pay attention to your work _________ you will not make mistakes. (so that, unless, or)
8. The musicians delivered a rousing performance _________ they had rehearsed often. (though, as, once)
9. She’s honest _________ everyone trusts her. (if, so, when)
10. Write this down _________ you forget. (or, when, lest)

Answers: 1 – whenever, 2 – where, 3 – if, 4 – unless, 5 – though, 6 – whether, 7- so that, 8 – as, 9 – so, 10 – lest

Correlative Conjunction Exercises

Complete each sentence using the correct correlative conjunction pair from the parenthesis:

1. I plan to take my vacation _________ in June _________ in July. (whether / or, either / or, as / if)
2. _________ I’m feeling happy _________ sad, I try to keep a positive attitude. (either / or, whether / or,
when / I’m)
3. _________ had I taken my shoes off _________ I found out we had to leave again. (no sooner / than,
rather / than, whether / or)
4. _________ only is dark chocolate delicious, _________ it can be healthy. (whether / or, not / but, just as /
so)
5. _________ I have salad for dinner, _____________________I can have ice cream for dessert. (if /then,
when / than, whether / or)
6. _________ flowers _________ trees grow _________ during warm weather. (not only / or, both / and,
not / but)
7. _________ do we enjoy summer vacation, _________ we _________ enjoy winter break. (whether / or,
not only / but also, either / or)
8. Calculus is _________ easy _________ difficult _________ (not / but, both / and, either / or)
9. It’s _________ going to rain _________ snow tonight. (as / if, either / or, as / as)
10. Savory flavors are _________ sweet _________ sour. (often / and, neither / nor, both / and)
Answers: 1 – either / or, 2 – whether / or, 3 – no sooner / than, 4 – not / but, 5 – if /then, 6 – both / and, 7 – not
only / but also, 8 – not / but, 9 – either / or, 10 – neither / nor

Coordinating Conjunction Exercises

Complete each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunction from the parenthesis:

1. My car has a radio _________ a CD player. (but, or, and)

2. Sharon hates to listen to rap music, _________ will she tolerate heavy metal. (but, nor, or)
3. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado, _________ Bill insisted that they fly. (and, or, but)
4. I’m afraid of heights, _________ I appreciate the view from the top of this building. (and, yet, nor)
5. I have to be on time, _________ my boss will be annoyed if I’m late. (and, nor, for)
6. Do you like chocolate _________ vanilla ice cream better? (or, nor, and)
7. I have to go to work at six, _________ I’m waking up at four. (but, so, yet)
8. I was on time, _________ everyone else was late. (so, but, for)
9. Nadia doesn’t like to drive, _________ she takes the bus everywhere. (but, yet, so)
10. Our trip to the museum was interesting, _________ there were several new artifacts on display. (but, for,
yet)
Answers: 1 – and, 2 – nor, 3 – but, 4 – yet, 5 – for, 6 – or, 7- so, 8 – but, 9 – so, 10 – for
Conjunctive Adverb Exercises
Complete each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunctive adverb from the parenthesis:
1. Bianca wore her rain boots; _________, her feet stayed dry during the storm. (however, therefore, on the
other hand)
2. I love the color red; _________, this shade seems a little too bright. (therefore, nonetheless, in fact)
3. You have to be on time; _________, you’ll miss the train. (nonetheless, however, otherwise)
4. Teresa likes to read; _________, her sister Julia prefers to watch TV. (however, in contrast, again)
5. She really wanted to eat ice cream; _________, she had a salad. (however, likewise, instead)
6. We were working hard; _________, Jill and Jerry were lounging by the pool. (meanwhile, instead,
therefore)
7. He is a weak leader; _________, he has plenty of supporters. (otherwise, moreover, nevertheless)
8. She has an incredible voice; _________, she will go far in her music career. (otherwise, undoubtedly,
similarly)
9. Natalie wanted to make pie but didn’t have apples; _________, she decided to bake a cake. (therefore,
namely, in contrast)
10. We had hoped to go to Spain; _________, we ended up in France. (otherwise, instead, again)
Answers: 1 – therefore, 2 – nonetheless, 3 – otherwise, 4 – contrast, 5 – instead, 6 – meanwhile, 7- nevertheless, 8
– undoubtedly, 9 – therefore, 10 – instead