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Exercise - 1 PDF

This document contains a summary of practice exercises from an introduction to multivariable calculus course. It reviews key concepts like the distance formula in 3D space and the standard equation for a sphere. It provides examples of using these concepts to find the center and radius of spheres given their equations. It also asks students to describe geometrically sets of points satisfying various equation pairs in terms of circles, planes and spheres.

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104 views2 pages

Exercise - 1 PDF

This document contains a summary of practice exercises from an introduction to multivariable calculus course. It reviews key concepts like the distance formula in 3D space and the standard equation for a sphere. It provides examples of using these concepts to find the center and radius of spheres given their equations. It also asks students to describe geometrically sets of points satisfying various equation pairs in terms of circles, planes and spheres.

Uploaded by

Kriti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Math 2011-Introduction to Multivariable Calculus (Edited by Dr.

Hon-Ming HO)
Practice Exercises 1: The 𝒙𝒚𝒛-Coordinate System

Fact 1:

Given two points 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) in the 𝑥𝑦𝑧-


space. The distance between them is given by

|𝑃𝑄| = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 + (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )2 .

Fact 2:

The center and radius of the following sphere

(𝑥 − 𝒙𝟎 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝒚𝟎 )2 + (𝑧 − 𝒛𝟎 )2 = 𝒓2

is given by (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 ) and 𝒓 respectively. The equation


above is called the standard equation for the sphere
of radius 𝒓 centered at (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 ) .

Exercise 1:

We are given that the graph of the following equation is a sphere. Find the center and the radius of the sphere

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑧 + 1 = 0 .

Solution to Exercise 1:

We treat the center and radius of the given sphere in the same way as we treat the center and radius of a circle lying on the 𝑥𝑦-
plane. The annoying terms of the equation are 2𝑥 , −4𝑦 and 1 on the left hand side.

Things to do: Try to get rid of the annoying terms. Transform the given equation into the standard equation for the sphere
(how? Using the technique of completing the square). After writing out the standard equation, identify the coordinates of the
center and radius of the sphere.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑧 + 1 = 0 ,
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + (−2)2 ) − 1 − 4 + 1 = 0 ,
(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 − 2)2 = 22 ,
2
(𝑥 − (−𝟏)) + (𝑦 − 𝟎)2 + (𝑧 − 𝟐)2 = 𝟐2 .

Thus the center and radius of the sphere are given by (−𝟏 , 𝟎 , 𝟐) and 𝟐 respectively.

Exercise 2:

Give a geometric description (use words) of the set of points in space whose coordinates satisfy the following equations:

a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 <4,
b) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 ≤4,
c) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 >4,
d) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 =4 , 𝑧≤0 .

Solution to Exercise 2:

a) The interior of the sphere of radius 2 centered at the origin.


b) The interior together with the surface of the sphere of radius 2 centered at the origin.
c) The exterior of the sphere of radius 2 centered at the origin.
d) The lower hemisphere cutting from the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4 by using plane 𝑧 = 0 . Since the proper spatial context
(空間性的背景) for understanding this question is the 𝑥𝑦𝑧 -coordinate system, expression 𝑧 = 0 is interpreted as an
equation of a horizontal plane.

Practice Exercise 1-page 1


Exercise 3:

Give a geometric description (use words) of the set of points in space whose coordinates satisfy the following pairs of equations:

a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 1 , 𝑥=0
b) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 25 , 𝑦 = −4
c) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 + 3)2 = 25 , 𝑧 = 0
d) 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 + 𝑧 2 =4 , 𝑦=0

Solution to Exercise 3:

a) Since the proper spatial context (空間性的背景) for understanding this question is the 𝑥𝑦𝑧-coordinate system, expression
𝑥 = 0 is interpreted as an equation of a plane. The graph of the equation 𝑥 = 0 is the 𝑦𝑧-plane. The pair of equations in
part a) represents the intersection of the graph of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 and the 𝑦𝑧-plane. The intersection is a circle with
equation 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 lying on the 𝑦𝑧-plane.
b) The circle with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 lying on the plane 𝑦 = −4 .
c) Since the proper spatial context (空間性的背景) for understanding this question is the 𝑥𝑦𝑧-coordinate system, expression
𝑧 = 0 is interpreted as an equation of a plane. The graph of the equation 𝑧 = 0 is the 𝑥𝑦-plane. The pair of equations in
part c) represents the intersection of the graph of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑧 + 3)2 = 25 and the 𝑥𝑦-plane. The intersection is a circle
with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 lying on the 𝑥𝑦-plane.
d) The circle with 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 3 lying on the 𝑥𝑧-plane.

Exercise 4:

Describe the given set with a single equation or with a pair of equations.

a) The plane through point (3 , −1 ,2) perpendicular to the


1. 𝑥-axis
2. 𝑦-axis
3. 𝑧-axis
b) The circle of radius 2 centered at (0 ,0 ,0) and lying on the
1. 𝑥𝑦-plane
2. 𝑦𝑧-plane
3. 𝑥𝑧-plane
c) The set of all points in 3-space which are equidistance from the origin and point (0 ,2 ,0) .

Solution to Exercise 4:

a) The desired equations are as follows respectively 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = −1 and 𝑧 = 2 . Also see lecture notes 1, page 1.
b) 1. It is wrong to say that the equation of the circle in part b) 1. is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 22 . Do you know why? See lecture notes 1,
Example 1 b)(i). In this case, we need to use a pair of equations to characterize the desired circle. They are as follows 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 = 22 , 𝑧 = 0 .

2.
The underlying sense of the desired circle in part b) 2.
We treat the desired circle as a stand-alone (獨立的) figure having no relation with other geometric figures.

The 2nd sense of the circle in part b) 2.


We treat the desired circle as a part of a sphere, as the intersection of the graph of the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐
and the 𝒚𝒛-plane.

Since the equation of the 𝒚𝒛-plane is 𝑥 = 0 , the required pair of equations is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 22 , 𝑥 = 0 .


3. The required pair of equations is 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4 , 𝑦 = 0 .
c) The equation of the set in part c) is 𝑦 = 1 . Why? Hint: use the distance formula for points in 3-space.

Practice Exercise 1-page 2

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