JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Operational Amplifier II & III

Measurements and Dynamics Lab
Hasan Sami Toubasi 20070025074
Due to Nov 1st/2010

This paper reports the experiment taken on Oct 25th/2010

Fall Semester 2010/2011 Section of Monday
Objectives
1. To introduce the most important types of operational amplifier (“op-amp” for
short), inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.
2. To find applications as buffers (load isolators) (follower), subtractors,
integrators, and differential amplifiers.
3. To construct buffers (load isolators) (follower), subtractors, integrators, and
differential amplifiers, and see the output of them on an oscilloscope.
4. To be familiar with the output results of a different types of OP-AMP.

Theory
An amplifier has an input port and an output port. (A port consists of two
terminals, one of which is usually connected to the ground node.) In a linear
amplifier, the output signal = A  input signal, where A is the amplification factor
or "gain". Depending on the nature of the input and output signals, we can have four
types of amplifier gain: voltage gain (voltage out / voltage in), current gain (current
out / current in), transresistance (voltage out / current in) and transconductance
(current out / voltage in). Since most op-amps are used as voltage-to-voltage
amplifiers, we will limit the discussion here to this type of amplifier.

The amplifier model shown in - Fig (1) - showing the standard op-amp
notation. An op-amp is a “differential-to-single-ended” amplifier, i.e., it amplifies the
voltage difference Vp – Vn = Vi at the input port and produces a voltage Vo at the
output port that is referenced to the ground node of the circuit in which the op-amp is
used.

ip
+ + + +
V_p V _p R i

V R o
V i i

+ +
VA i
_
VA i
_ Vo in V _o
_
+ +
V_n V _n

a) Standard op-amp b) Ideal op-amp

.Fig (1): amplifier model

The ideal op-amp model was derived to simplify circuit analysis and it is
commonly used by engineers for first-order approximate calculations. The ideal
model makes three simplifying assumptions:

Gain is infinite: A = 
Input resistance is infinite: Ri = 
Output resistance is zero: Ro= 0
 Applying these assumptions to the standard op-amp model results in the ideal
op-amp model shown in -Fig (1–a)-. Because Ri =  and the voltage differenceVp – Vn
= Vi at the input port is finite, the input currents are zero for an ideal op-amp:

in = ip = 0

Hence there is no loading effect at the input port of an ideal op-amp:

V i=V s

In addition, because Ro = 0, there is no loading effect at the output port of an ideal

op-amp:

Vo = A  Vi

Finally, because A =  and Vo must be finite, Vi = Vp – Vn = 0, or

Vp = Vn

I R2

R1 Vn
Vp Vp

Vn + Vn + Vin Vp +
Vout V out Vout
_ _ _

Vin R2 Vin
R1
I

Fig (2)-a: Non-inverting amplifier b: Voltage follower c: Inverting amplifier

Vout Vout Vout

A=1 A>=1

Vin V in Vin
A<0

Fig (3)- a: Voltage transfer curve b: Voltage transfer curve c: Voltage transfer curve
of non-inverting amplifier of voltage follower amplifier of inverting amplifier
 Vout Vout Vout
+Vpower +Vpower +Vpower

A>=1 A=1
V in V in Vin
A<0

-V p o w e r -V p o w e r -Vpower

Fig (4) – a: Realistic transfer curve b: Realistic transfer curve c: Realistic transfer curve
of non-inverting amplifier of voltage follower of inverting amplifier

Non-Inverting Amplifier
An ideal op-amp by itself is not a very useful device, since any finite non-zero
input signal would result in infinite output. (For a real op-amp, the range of the output
signal amplitudes is limited by the positive and negative power-supply voltages –
referred to as “the rails”.) However, by connecting external components to the ideal
op-amp, we can construct useful amplifier circuits.

Figure (2–a) shows a basic op-amp circuit, the non-inverting amplifier. The
triangular block symbol is used to represent an ideal op-amp. The input terminal
marked with a “+” (corresponding to Vp) is called the non-inverting input; the input
terminal marked with a “–” (corresponding to Vn) is called the inverting input.
To understand how the non-inverting amplifier circuit works, we need to
derive a relationship between the input voltage Vin and the output voltage Vout. For an
ideal op-amp, there is no loading effect at the input, so

Vp = Vi

Since the current flowing into the inverting input of an ideal op-amp is zero,
the current flowing through R1 is equal to the current flowing through R2 (by
Kirchhoff’s Current Law to the inverting input node). We can therefore apply the
voltage-divider formula find Vn:

R1
V n=
( V
R1 +R 2 out )
We know that Vin = Vp = Vn, so

R2
( )
V out = 1+ V
R1 in
The voltage transfer curve (Vout vs. Vin) for a non-inverting amplifier is shown
in Fig (3-a). Notice that the gain (Vout / Vin) is always greater than or equal to one.

The special op-amp circuit configuration shown in Fig (2-b) has a gain of
unity, and is called a “voltage follower.” This can be derived from the non-inverting
 R2

amplifier by letting R1 =  and R2 = 0 in

V out = 1+
( ) V
R1 in
. The voltage transfer
curve is shown in Fig (3-b). A frequently asked question is why the voltage follower
is useful, since it just copies input signal to the output. The reason is that it isolates the
signal source and the load. We know that a signal source usually has an internal
series resistance. When it is directly connected to a load, especially a heavy (high
conductance) load, the output voltage across the load will degrade (according to the
voltage-divider formula). With a voltage-follower circuit placed between the source
and the load, the signal source sees a light (low conductance) load -the input
resistance of the op-amp. At the same time, the load is driven by a powerful driving
source- the output of the op-amp.

Integrator
By adding a capacitor in parallel with the feedback resistor R2 in an inverting
amplifier as shown in Fig (5), the op-amp can be used to perform integration. An ideal
−1
V out = V dt
or lossless integrator (R2 = ) performs the computation R 1 C ∫ in . Thus, a
square-wave input would cause a triangle-wave output. However, in a real circuit
(R2 < ) there is some decay in the system state at a rate proportional to the state
itself. This leads to exponential decay with a time constant of  = R2C.

R2

R1 Vn

Vin Vp +
Vout
_

Fig (5): integrator Amplifier.

Differentiator
By adding a capacitor in series with the input resistor R1 in an inverting
amplifier as shown in Fig (6) below, the op-amp can be used to perform
differentiation. An ideal differentiator (R1 = 0) has no memory and performs the
dV in
V out =−R2 C
computation dt . Thus a triangle-wave input would cause a square-
wave output. However, a real circuit (R1 > 0) will have some memory of the system
state with exponential decay of time constant  = R1C.
 Fig (6): Differentiator Amplifier.

Experimental setup & Procedure

1. OP-AMP
2. AC power supply (variable frequency )
3. Variable capacitor
4. Variable resistor
5. Oscilloscope.

Now, Procedure
Integrator circuit OP-AMP
1) Assemble the integrator circuit as shown in the data sheet using 9990nf capacitor
shunt with 100KΩ resistors; (the resistors is used here to stabilize the integrator).
For the input resistance uses 10KΩ resistor.
2) Apply a sinusoidal wave (170Hz freq.) to the input. Display both input and
output on the oscilloscope. (Use scale 1V/D for input, 10mV/D for output, and
2mS/D for the time scale).
3) Sketch the input and output wave form .observe the phase shift.
4) Repeat step 2 and 3 above for square and triangular waves as input to the
integrator.

Differentiator amplifier
1) Assemble the differentiator circuit using 9990nf capacitor with 1KΩ resistor.
2) Apply a 100Hz sinusoidal signal to the input and measure the gain of the circuit
(use 1V/D for input and 5V/D for output, and 2 mS/D for time).
3) Record the gain of the circuit. For frequency in the range (50 Hz ~ 400Hz) and
for three values of the resistances 0.5, 1.5 KΩ, and observe the clipping.
4) Check the process of differentiation for both triangle and square waves.
5) Set up the differentiator for (R2 =100Ω), input scale and output scale in (mv/D).
Voltage follower circuit
1) Construct the Voltage Follower circuit as in Fig (2-b).
2) Measure and record the input and output impedance of this amplifier
3) Measure the gain and record it
4) Plot the gain vs. the input frequency

Data, Calculations & Results

Integrator circuit OP-AMP
In this part we observe the output results from the oscilloscope for:

1) Sinusoidal wave input, Vin=5 V, Vout=35 V.

output

input

2) Triangular wave input, Vin=5 V, Vout=30 V.

3) Square wave, Vin=5 V, Vout=40V.

Differentiator amplifier
1)Vin= 5 V, C= 9990nf; these data for sinusoidal input wave.
Table(1):
Freq. Hz Vout
50 15
100 30
200 50
300 65
400 80

Output: red
Input: blue.

2) Triangular
wave input

3) Square wave
Voltage follower circuit

Table(2):Data for voltage follower amplifier:

Freq. KHz Vout Gain
10 5.0 1
100 5.0 1
200 5.0 1
200 5.0 1
400 5.0 1
500 5.0 1
600 5.2 1.04
700 5.4 1.08
800 5.5 1.1
900 5.6 1.12
1000 5.6 1.12
1200 5.8 1.16
1300 5.8 1.16
1400 5.8 1.16
1600 5.8 1.16
2000 6.0 1.2

Sample calculation:
Gain= ( Vout/Vin)= (5/5) = 1.
The Gain must = 1.

2.25

2.2

2.15
Gain

2.1

2.05

1.95
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Freq. (KHz)
 Chart (1): Gain vs. input frequency.

Discussion of Results:
In integrator amplifier the capacitor in feedback works as the opposite of differential
amplifier, when the input shape for the signal was triangular the output was square with
phase shift of 90 degree, but when the input is a sinusoidal signal the output is a
sinusoidal with some phase shift all of this can be observed in the charts under integrator
amplifier title.
The differential amplifier circuit contains capacitor and resistance and we can see
that when the input signal was triangular the output was square shape with no phase
change. And when the input was sinusoidal the output lags the input by 90 degrees.

The voltage follower is a device which matching the impedance.

The capacity of the capacitor and the resistance has a large effect on the output signal
as we seen in this experiment.
In the Differentiator amplifier wee see that the clipping occur at freq. = 400KHz, and
R= 1100 Ω.
In the follower amplifier we see from chart (1) that the frequency flat at a range
from(10 ~ 500 KHz) with the gain then it will be increased with the gain increased this
means that the desired range is between (10 ~ 500 KHz) this indication of clipping.

Conclusion:
1) At high input frequency (in the range of MHz) the output will experience some
clipping (in both voltage follower and differentiator)
2) We can use the voltage follower as an impedance matching between high input
impedance and low output impedance. (we utilize from the fact that the input
and output is the same with the needed impedance)
3) There are phase shift angle between input and output in the integrator op-amp
but there is no in the voltage follower.
4) from the data we noticed that the gain for the differentiator is highly effected by
the input frequency
5) From the experiment we observe that the output is related to the magnitude of R
in greater sensitivity more for the change in C.
6) There are some bias error (equipment errors) and Precision error (personal
errors).
7) The differentiator amplifier is used to differentiate the input signal.
8) In the differentiator amplifier if C increasing the gain will be increasing too.
9) In the integrator amplifier if C increasing the gain will be deceasing.