Practical Medical Microbiology

Practical
Medical Microbiology
Practical
Medical Microbiology
R Panjarathinam Ph D (Bact), Ph D (Medical), FZS (Cal)

Assistant Professor
Department of Microbiology
BJ Medical College
Ahmedabad
Gujarat, India
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Practical Medical Microbiology
© 2009, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the
publisher.
This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by author is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of
material, but the publisher, printer and author will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters
are to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only.
First Edition 2009

ISBN 978-81-8448-698-8
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at Gopsons Papers Ltd, A-14, Sector 60, Noida 201 301, India
To
Divine Mother
Shri Aurobindo Ashram
Puducherry (Pondicherry)
Preface
The main purpose of this Practical Medical Microbiology is to provide a visual aid to the identification of the causative
agents (Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi) of human diseases, serological tests, common laboratory media, instruments, laboratory
animals and to study the morphology, life cycle of medically important parasites. The text is concise, precise and is meant
to act as a comprehensive guide to the illustrated materials. Emphasis has been given on features which are useful for the
diagnostic work, both in the laboratory and clinical practice. It is, therefore, hoped that this book will prove useful to
medical students, physicians, nurses and technicians.
The microphotograph technique involves the fluorescence microscopy for all microscopic slides (specimens) as this
method reveals structural details better than other forms of light microscopy. The magnification of microphotographs is
given according to the instrumental reading.
This book covers fully in lucid manner the university MBBS syllabus for practical work. With ever-increasing pressure
on medical curriculum, the study of Practical Medical Microbiology has become more difficult to cope-up within short
time. The need of students is entirely fulfilled. This book is prepared after consulting various textbooks, so that students
need not waste their valuable time to refer other related books for further informations. Many problems faced by students
in the practical microbiological classroom have been solved by my long-standing experience. The students can, now,
easily acquire better up-to-date knowledge of the subject without wasting their precious time.
Students with incomplete knowledge of Practical Medical Microbiology will be fully satisfied after reading this book
on Medical Microbiology.
R Panjarathinam
Acknowledgements
I am highly thankful to Dr RC Shah, MBBS, MSc (Med), Joint Director of Medical Education and Research Gujarat
State, Ahmedabad, and Dr VV Kollali, MD (Path, Bact), DCP Professor and Head, Microbiology Department, BJ
Medical College, Ahmedabad for their kind permission and constant encouragement while preparing this book.
I am grateful to Dr Ramesh Kumar, MD, Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Dr S Badrinath, M D, Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru
Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry for having spared their valuable time to review
the manuscript.
I wish to extend my gratitude to Shri Ramesh Aswani, Microphotographer, my postgraduate students—Mr D N
Zaveri, M.Sc (Med); Mrs Parul Patel, M.Sc (Med.); Mr G C Naik, M.Sc (Med), Tutor in Microbiology, for their
assistance during preparation of the manuscript and to my professional colleagues for their cooperation.
My sincere thanks are due to my wife and children for their constant morale support and encouragement during
preparation of the manuscript and to Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi for the excellent outcome
and printing of this book.
Contents
Section 1: General Bacteriology

1. Living Agents of Diseases .................................................................................................................................3
2. Morphology of Bacteria .....................................................................................................................................8
3. Staining of Bacteria .......................................................................................................................................... 11
4. Sterilisation and Disinfection (Methods of Sterilisation) ................................................................................... 15
5. Growth Requirements of Bacteria (Common Laboratory Media) ................................................................... 20
6. Isolation of Bacteria in Pure Culture ................................................................................................................ 26
7. Systematic Study of Bacteria (Identification of Bacteria) ............................................................................... 28
8. Common Serological Reactions (Serology) ...................................................................................................... 33
Section 2: Systematic Bacteriology
9. Staphylococci and Streptococci .......................................................................................................................41
10. Neisseria .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
11. Enteric Gram-negative Bacilli .......................................................................................................................... 50
12. Salmonellae (Enteric Fever, Food Poisoning) ................................................................................................... 55
13. Shigella ............................................................................................................................................................. 58
14. Vibrio Cholerae ................................................................................................................................................ 60
15. Yersinia Pestis .................................................................................................................................................. 64
16. Corynebacterium Diphtheriae .......................................................................................................................... 67
17. Spore Forming Bacilli ....................................................................................................................................... 72
18. Viruses, Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Mycoplasma and Spirochaetes .................................................................. 77
19. Medical Mycology ............................................................................................................................................ 91
Section 3: Parasitology Protozoology
20. Class Rhizopoda and Ciliata ........................................................................................................................... 101
21. Plasmodia (Malarial Parasites) ...................................................................................................................... 106
22. Class Mastigophora (Flagellate) ..................................................................................................................... 111
Section 4: Helminthology
23. Class Cestoda ................................................................................................................................................ 119
24. Class Trematoda ............................................................................................................................................ 127
25. Class Nematoda ............................................................................................................................................. 137
26. Wuchereria bancrofti (Bancroftian filariasis) ................................................................................................. 146
Appendix ...................................................................................................................................................... 153
Index ............................................................................................................................................................. 159

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Practical

R Panjarathinam Ph D (Bact), Ph D (Medical), FZS (Cal)

JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD.

First Edition 2009

Section 1: General Bacteriology

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