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WMC Channel Modelling

wireless mobile comunnication

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62 views9 pages

WMC Channel Modelling

wireless mobile comunnication

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dfbbvcx
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© © All Rights Reserved
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eters Chanel Modeling | 149 * denotes convolution and #,(1) is the estimated channel impulse re ¢ ‘The whole scenario can be mapped into frequency domain rep: wh time don CHASTIC RADIO CHANNEL MODELLING Inprinciple, the following three different domains determine radio (a) Physical conditions selected or operational scenario {b) Dispersion phenomena of wave propagation (o) Transceiver characteristics 44 810 al transmission; ‘The operation scenario implies some fundamental data such as frequency range, system bandwidth, and environments, (urban, rural, indoor etc.), which even impresses the general character of a wireless transmission link due to the relationship between the topographical features and the wavelength or the time resolution, Dispersion in frequency, time, direction, and polarization is a crucial aspect of radio com- munication. We have to distinguish between multipath propagation and temporal fluctuations. In multipath propagation, cach path suffers from a multiplicity of well-known effects, Temporal fluctuations can be split into short-term or small-scale fluctuations (fast fading) and long-term. or large-scale fluctuations, comprising gradual and sudden changes of path parameters mainly because of movements of the mobile terminals (MT) and the reflectors and scatters, respectively. Transceiver characteristics contributing to the stochastic radio channel modelling (SRCM) are the parameters that describe the MT movement and the antenna configuration with its radiation pattern and diversity properties. Table 4.3 shows a generic scheme of all the effects and parameters that are to be consid- ered with regard to the set-up of SRCM. idles ") _ The deterioration of the transmission quality is also strongly dependent on fequency range plays the signal processing, that is, modulation, coding, detection, and so on. ‘akey role in exhibiting From Table 4.3, it can be concluded that the consideration of all aspects leads pathos, whereas to a rather high computational complexity of the SRCM. The dedication of the ‘oom dimensions SRCM to a certain class of operation scenario, that is, the delivery of indoor infuence maximum services with a given maximum bit rate (or bandwidth) at a prescribed fre- ay speadindirect Guency range, is the first step towards a simplified model approach, Moreover, poe the identification of a few types of environments allows a remarkable reduction Table 4,3 Parameters to be considered for stochastic radio channel model Operation scenario Dispersion ‘Trandcelver Multipath Short-term Long-term characteristics, propagation fluctuations fluctuations “Frequency range -Number of paths For each path: ‘For each path: —Trajectory “Bandwidth For each path: Fast fading — Path loss Velocity ~Type of environment —Mean power Shadowing Antenna config- ~Delay —Transactions uration Doppler shift Delay drift “Incidence direction Direction drift Scattering function Polarization ‘Scanned wih CamScanner 150| Wireless and Mobile come meters: ‘note: The various Para in complexity. Thus, four important indoor situations can be chosen; smal osracted for SRCM are complex ample, delay, incidence drecfon and Doppler i a, ansicasmaetat J Atervation variation ooms, large rooms, factory halls, and corridors. | ee te etian Referring to the uncertainty relation, the system bandwidth is inversely mm. j eran Pan " portional to the time resolution and, therefore, determines the ecessaty san, | fie incon due tots pling rate of the model. The evaluation of future generations of indoor system, equipped with smart antennas and intended for unrestricted mobile ‘Operation will require full complexity channel modelling. Astochastic radio channel model has been developed in order to simulate realistic channe| impulse responses according to a wide range of possible physical situations within a given category of environments. If the channel is estimated on the basis of channel Statistics, itis called the blind method of channel estimation. The complexity of this method is very high. The transceiver characteristics as well as nearly all dispersion effects, that is, the different phenomena of multipath propagation and short- and long-term fluctuations, are implement inthe SRCM. Under certain conditions, some effects that are expected to have only little impact on the system performance can be neglected. This may result in a considerable reduction of the model complexity. Further improvements of the SRCM are envisaged, especially with regard to the consideration of terminal movements along arbitrary trajectories with varying velocity. SAGE algorithm Among the different algorithms for the calculation of the SRCM parant- cters from the measured data, the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximizatiot (SAGE) algorithm is found to be a powerful tool. Due to advanced semiconductor sil Processing devices, even an online multiple parameter extraction Seems to be possible in the ear future. Thus, the SAGE algorithm will also be a promising signal processing scheme for the next generation of wireless communication systems using smart antennas. Figure 4.1] | random nature. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner TH Digitized sample Add ADC [~| fading RFin Loss Rayleigh Rician log-normal A total + A power Process must be repeated for any change in power Measure Calculations Fig. 4.11 Processing stages for SAGE algorithm to calculate channel parameters ‘Scanned wih CamScanner Wireless Channel Modelling | 151 ws some processing Stages of the algorithm in «ni i, sfellly to measure the channel effects." Which fading and AWGN can be added jATFADING CHANNEL MODELLING 5 - mental requirement to kn¢ 7 js a fundamental re 'o know the properti i i f is seailsof complicated channel mode fe a ies of flat fading channels before going . ; vos leigh, Rician, and Nakagami models, which are based on oo fading Statistics, are described in detail later in this chapter, However, a few equations help understand how flat fading can be incorporated in a signal while model- ing it mathematically. In a flat fading channel i itted si 1, the received signal r(1) is obtained by the addition of fhe transmitted signal s(7) multiplied by a time-varying attenuation a(#) and the noise contribution w(z): Lioraty & Inter Ci r(t) = A(O)s(t) + w(t) J.8.S. Academy of Technion Evenkon (4.17) As studied earlier, the time variation of the arena is known as fading. The time function of attenuation variation is difficult to represent mathematically, as it is a matter of probabil- ity and depends upon the channel environment. For such cases, it is better to represent the probability distribution function for @ It has been shown experimentally as well as argued theoretically that it usually follows a Rayleigh distribution (the Rayleigh model is explained in detail in Section 4.7). pdf(@) = (alo?) x exp(-@7/207) for 0< a <0o 4.18) (4.18) where 0? is the variance of the underlying Gaussian process. The condition for this to be valid is that there are many statistically independent scatterers and no single scatterer makes a dominant contribution. If there is one dominant contribution (usually a LOS component), the distribution of ais a Rice-distributed variable (the Rician model is explained in detail in Section 4.8) characterized by pdf(@) = (alo?) x exp[-(a? + 4°)/207] x Iy(@Al0”) 0< a i ‘Scanned wih CamScanner 152 | Wireless and Mobile Communication Here, m is the shape factor. Actually, statistical analysis of Rician and Nakagami-m fei is done with multipath shape factors, For m= 1, this distribution reduces to the Rayleigh dig, : . 2 : tribution. The parameter © is the mean square value Q= @? and the parameter m is given, @ m= (a? -9y Nakagami and Rice distributions are quite similar and each can be approximately convert to the other for m> 1: (42) (K +1)? (423) =e won The movement of the mobile station leads to a frequency shift of the arriving waves (Dopplet effect). If the sinusoidal wave of frequency J is transmitted, the spectrum of the rect signal is Y(f)«| pdf, (AGO) + pat, Gy) —— (4) eV -6y v ce ‘Scanned wih CamScanner “iy ! en) -0-0 * = Ff, is the extreme new frequency due to Dopple v other than f, and it varies in the range Sede

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