WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

(Professional Elective – IV)

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. Obtain a broad understanding about wireless sensor networking concepts and components
2. Understand the architecture of wireless sensor network (WSN) and optimization goals.
3. Gain the knowledge on networking technologies and protocols for WSN.
4. Study MAC layer, Transport layer Protocols & its security issues in WSN.
5. Implement real time applications based on concepts of WSN.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
After completion of the course, student will able to
CO1: Interpret wireless sensor networks and the key components
CO2: Illustrate various physical and wireless MAC layers
CO3: Analyze different Ad hoc routing protocols.
CO4: Recall about transport layer protocols and challenges for providing QOS
CO5: Demonstrate the security issues in wireless sensor networks and WSN applications
CO6: Model real time applications based on concepts of wireless sensor networks

UNIT-I: OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

 Introduction to sensor networks
 Key definitions of sensor networks
 Advantages of sensor Networks – Energy advantage, Detection Advantage
 Unique constraints and challenges -
 Driving Applications, Enabling Technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks
UNIT-II: ARCHITECTURES AND NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES
 Single-Node Architecture - Hardware Components: Sensor node hardware overview,
Controller, Memory, Communication device, Sensors and actuators
 Power supply of sensor nodes
 Energy Consumption of Sensor Nodes: Operation states with different power
consumption, Microcontroller energy consumption, Memory, Radio transceivers, Power
consumption of sensor and actuators
 Operating Systems and Execution Environments: Embedded operating systems,
Programming paradigms and application programming interfaces, Structure of operating
system and protocol stack, Dynamic energy and power management, Case Study: TinyOS
and nesC
 Network Architecture -Sensor Network Scenarios
 Optimization Goals and Figures of Merit: Quality of service, Energy efficiency,
Scalability, Robustness
 Gateway Concepts: The need for gateways, WSN to Internet communication, Internet to
WSN communication, WSN tunnelling
 Physical Layer and Transceiver design Considerations: Energy usage profile, Choice of
modulation scheme, Dynamic modulation scaling, and Antenna considerations
 Personal area networks (PANs),
 Hidden node and Exposed node problem
 Topologies of PANs, MANETs and WANETs
UNIT-III: MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
 Issues in Designing a MAC protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks - Bandwidth
Efficiency, Quality of Service Support, Synchronization, Hidden and Exposed Terminal
Problems, Error-Prone Shared Broadcast Channel, Distributed Nature/Lack of Central
Coordination, Mobility of Nodes
  Design goals of a MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
 Classifications of MAC Protocols
 Contention – Based Protocols: MACAW: A Media Access Protocol for Wireless LANs
MACA Protocol, Multiple Access Collision Avoidance, Receiver-Initiated Busy Tone Multiple
Access Protocol, MACA-By Invitation
 Contention - Based Protocols with reservation Mechanisms: Distributed Packet
Reservation Multiple Access Protocol, Collision Avoidance Time Allocation Protocol, Hop
Reservation Multiple Access Protocol, Soft Reservation Multiple Access with Priority
Assignment, Five-Phase Reservation Protocol, Real-Time Medium Access Control Protocol
 Contention – Based MAC Protocols with Scheduling Mechanisms: Distributed Priority
Scheduling and Medium Access in Ad Hoc Networks, Distributed Wireless Ordering
Protocol, Distributed Laxity-Based Priority Scheduling Scheme
 MAC Protocols that use Directional Antennas: MAC Protocol Using Directional
Antennas, Directional Busy Tone-Based MAC Protocol, Directional MAC Protocols for Ad
Hoc Wireless Networks
 Other MAC Protocols: Multichannel MAC Protocol, Multichannel CSMA MAC Protocol,
Power Control MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks, Receiver-Based Autorate Protocol, Inter
leaved Carrier-Sense Multiple Access Protocol
UNIT-IV: ROUTING PROTOCOLS
 Introduction
 Issues in Designing a Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Mobility,
Bandwidth Constraint, Error-Prone Shared Broadcast Radio Channel, Hidden and Exposed
Terminal Problems, Resource Constraints, and Characteristics of an Ideal Routing Protocol
for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
 Classification of Routing Protocols: Based on the Routing Information Update
Mechanism, Based on the Use of Temporal Information for Routing, Based on the Routing
Topology, Based on the Utilization of Specific Resources
 Table –Driven Routing Protocols: Destination Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing
Protocol, Wireless Routing Protocol, Cluster-Head Gateway Switch Routing Protocol,
Source-Tree Adaptive Routing Protocol
 On – Demand Routing Protocols: Dynamic Source Routing Protocol, Ad Hoc On-Demand
Distance-Vector Routing Protocol, Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm, Location-Aided
Routing Associativity-Based Routing, Signal Stability-Based Adaptive Routing Protocol,
 Flow-Oriented Routing Protocol
 Hybrid Routing Protocols: Core Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing Protocol, Zone
Routing Protocol, Zone-Based Hierarchical Link State Routing Protocol
 Routing Protocols with Efficient Flooding Mechanisms: Preferred Link-Based Routing
Protocols, Algorithms for Preferred Links Computation, Neighbour Degree-Based Preferred
Link Algorithm (NDPL), Weight-Based Preferred Link Algorithm (WBPL)
 Hierarchical Routing Protocols: Hierarchical State Routing Protocol, Fisheye State
Routing Protocol
 Power – Aware Routing Protocols Power-Aware Routing Metrics, Minimal Energy
Consumption per Packet, Maximize Network Connectivity, Minimum Variance in Node
Power Levels, Minimum Cost per Packet, Minimize Maximum Node Cost
 Proactive Routing
UNIT-V: TRANSPORT LAYER AND SECURITY PROTOCOLS
 Introduction
 Issues in Designing a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
 Design Goals of a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
 Classification of Transport Layer Solutions
 TCP over Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: A Brief Revisit to Traditional TCP, Why Does TCP
Not Perform Well in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks?, Feedback-Based TCP, TCP with Explicit
 Link Failure Notification, TCP-BuS, Ad Hoc TCP, Split TCP, A Comparison of TCP Solutions
for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
 Other Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Application Controlled
Transport Protocol, Ad Hoc Transport Protocol
UNIT-VI: SECURITY IN WSNs AND APPLICATIONS OF WANs
 Security in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
 Network Security Requirements
 Issues and Challenges in Security Provisioning
 Network Security Attacks: Network Layer Attacks, Transport Layer Attacks, Application
Layer Attacks, Other Attacks, Multi-layer Attacks, Device Tampering
 Key Management: Symmetric Key Algorithms, Asymmetric Key Algorithms, Key
Management Approaches, Key Management in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
 Secure Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Requirements of a Secure Routing
Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Security-Aware Ad Hoc Routing Protocol, Secure
Efficient Ad Hoc Distance Vector Routing Protocol
 Ultra-wide band radio communication
 Wireless fidelity systems
 Future directions
 Home automation
 Smart metering Applications

Text Books:
1. C. Siva Ram Murthy and B. S. Manoj, ―Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and
Protocols‖, PHI 2004.
2. Holger Karl & Andreas Willig, ―Protocols And Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks",
John Wiley, 2005.
3. Feng Zhao & Leonidas J. Guibas, ―Wireless Sensor Networks- An Information Processing
Approach", Elsevier, 2007.
4. Jagannathan Sarangapani, ―Wireless Ad- hoc and Sensor Networks: Protocols, Performance
and Control‖, CRC Press, 2007.
Reference Books:
1. Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, & Taieb Znati, ―Wireless Sensor Networks- Technology,
Protocols, and Applications‖, John Wiley, 2007.
2. C.K. Toh, ―Ad- Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Protocols & Systems‖, 1 st Edition, Pearson
Education, 2007.
3. C. S. Raghavendra, Krishna M. Sivalingam,‖Wireless Sensor Networks‖, 2004, Springer.
4. S Anandamurugan, ―Wireless Sensor Networks‖, Lakshmi Publications, 2010.

Narasaraopeta Engineering College (Autonomous)

 Kotappakonda Road, Yellamanda (P.O), Narasaraopet- 522601,
Guntur District, AP.
Subject Code: R16EC4203
IV B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, (April/May -2020)
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
(ECE)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 60
Question Paper Consists of Part-A and Part-B.
Answering the question in Part-A is Compulsory & Four Questions should be answered from Part-B
All questions carry equal marks of 12.

PART-A

1. a) How does ad-hoc network differ from wireless networks?

b) Mention the major applications of Wireless Sensor Networks.

c) What are the Design goals of a MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks?
d) List the classification of routing protocols in ad hoc networks.
e) Explain in brief about feedback based TCP?
f ) What are the requirements in network security?
[2+2+2+2+2+2]

PART-B
4 X 12 = 48
2 a) what are the unique constraints and Challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks. [6]
b) Explain the enabling technologies for WSN’s [6]
3. Explain the single node architecture in detail with appropriate diagram. [12]
4. a) Mention the MAC layer challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks. [6]
b) Describe the contention based MAC protocols with reservation mechanism. [6]
5. a) What are the issues in designing a Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks? [6]

b) Explain the Table driven routing protocols in detail. [6]

6. a)What are the design Goals of a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks? [6]
b) Justify what are the solutions for classification of transport layer. [6]

7. a) Explain how security is provided in ad-hoc sensor networks. [5]

b) Explain in brief about Secure Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks? [7]

 Narasaraopeta Engineering College (Autonomous)
Kotappakonda Road, Yellamanda (P.O), Narasaraopet- 522601, Guntur District, AP.
Subject Code: R16EC4203
IV B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, (April/May -2020)
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
(ECE)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 60
Question Paper Consists of Part-A and Part-B.
Answering the question in Part-A is Compulsory & Four Questions should be answered from Part-B
All questions carry equal marks of 12.

PART-A
1. a) Define Wireless Sensor Networks?
b) Explain in brief about Tiny OS?
c) Explain in brief about Real time MAC Protocol?
d) Define Gateway? Explain in brief about the need for Gateways?
e) Differentiate between DSR and TORA Routing Protocols?
f) Explain in brief about Sensor Tasking and Control?
[2+2+2+2+2+2]

PART-B
4 X 12 = 48
2. a) Explain the Advantages and Disadvantages in Wireless Sensor Networks [6]
b) Explain in brief about the Topology of Wide Area Networks? [6]
3. a) Explain about hidden node and exposed node problem? [6]
b) Explain about Gateway concept in networking technologies. [6]
4. a) Describe the contention based MAC protocols with scheduling mechanism. [6]
b) Explain in brief about Classifications of MAC Protocols? [6]
5. a) Explain in brief about DSDV Routing Protocol? [6]
b) Explain the routing protocols with efficient flooding mechanism. [6]
6. a) Explain in brief about Security in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks? [6]
b) Why does TCP not perform well in Ad hoc wireless network? [6]
7. a)What are the issues and challenges in security provisioning of WSN’s. [6]
b) What are the applications of smart metering? [6]