CHAPTER 2

2.1. PROCESS ANALYSIS

Equipment in the process flow diagram (PFD) are divided into two part which are A and B. For part A, there are mass transfer
equation, heat transfer equation and reactor while for part B, there are include cooling equipment, heating transfer equipment and
auxiliary.

2.1.1 Mass Transfer Equipment, Heat Transfer Equipment and Reactor

Table 2.1 Mass Transfer Equipment, Heat Transfer Equipment and Reactor

Operating Condition No. of

Equipment / Continuous Material of
Phase Purpose /Usage the unit
Label /batch Construction Temperature Pressure
rquired

Reactor Continuous - T316/316L 650oC 1 atm No - To improve contact 1

Stainless Steel phase between the chemical, in
(R-101)
with: change other words, increasing

1
  Cylindrical contact between a liquid
vessel and gas.
 excellent - As the fluid flows over the
resistance to packing material it spreads
high out and the gas (oxygen) is
temperature up then able to react for a
to 800oC to longer period and with a
ensure uniform higher proportion of the
reaction and fluid (Butene).
high yield of
production
 can be used
with most
commercial
gases

Quench Continuous - Carbon Steel 200 oC 1 atm No - The quench tower is 1

Tower 81 B 45 with : phase designed and engineered
 Diameter : change for cooling high
( V-101)
3.419 m temperature exhaust gases

2
 Height : 12.63 from incinerator, melting
m furnace, drying furnace
 Volume : - Exhaust gas from high
116.01 m3 temperature sources is
 Quenching cooled down with water
Systems : vapor to the saturation
Nozzles temperature of the gas by
quench tower.
- This V-101 quench tower
is used to cool the
superheated cracked gas
in order to eliminate any
further chemical reactions
that might occur and to
also decrease the
temperature enough in
order for the gas to be
“scrubbed” of pollutants.

3
Hydrocarbon Continuous - Shell of the 38 oC 2 atm No - To remove undesirable 1
Absorption tower mainly phase components which are
Column fabricated out change carbon dioxide,CO2 and
of the carbon nitrogen,N2 from within
(V-102)
or low alloy the tower.
steel plate - Provide the absorption oil
to a stripper in which C4
volatiles include
butadiene, 1-butene, cis-2-
butene, trans-2-butene, n-
butane

Stripper Continuous - Shell of the V-103 V-103 No - Used to remove lean oil 1
tower mainly phase from the butadiene, 1-
(V-103) - 25oC - 1.5 atm
fabricated out change butene, cis-2-butene, trans-
of the carbon 2-butene, n-butane
or low alloy
steel plate

4
 2.1.2. Cooling Equipment, Heating Transfer Equipment And Auxiliary

Table 2.2 Cooling Equipment, Heating Transfer Equipment and Auxiliary

Equipment / Continuous Material of Operating Condition Phase Purpose /Usage No. of

Label the unit
/batch Construction
Temperature Pressure
required

Storage Tank -Continuous - SA- TK 101 TK 101 No phase TK 101 (n-butene storage 2
for n-butene 516M Gr.485 change tank)
- TK 101 - 25oC -1 atm
storage tank N steel occur in
(N-Butene - To receive, store and
- Carbon Steel storage
Storage supply n-butene as
for butadiene TK 102 TK 102 tank
Tank) raw material for
-Batch for storage tank
- 25oC -1 atm butadiene production
butadiene
- TK 102
storage tank
(Butadiene
TK 102 (butadiene
Storage
storage tank)
Tank)
- To store butadiene as
final product

5
Condenser Continuous - Aluminium E-104 E-104 Gas to E-104-Convert lean oil 2
because the liquid from gas to liquid
(E-104, E-105) - 80 oC - 1 atm
efficiency of
heat transfer
E-105
is high and E-105 E-105-Convert butadiene
- -4.4 oC
low cost from gas to liquid
- 1 atm
("Learn More
about
Condensers,"
2017)

Boiler Continuous - These boilers H-101 H-101 Liquid to - Boiler usually used 3
are welded vapor combustion of a
( H-101, H- - 650 oC - 1 atm
from thick fossil fuel, to heat
102, H-103)
steel plates water to produce hot
that are up to H-102 H-102 water or steam
35 mm thick. - 650 oC - 1 atm - The boiler heats up or
- Making evaporates the water
pressures of inside it, which is
H-103 H-103
30 bar and then transported to
o
more possible. - 130 C - 1 atm

6
- A stable, the consumers via
robust design pipe systems.
is also - Boiler H-102 is used
essential – if a to pre heat the used
boiler of this feed (butene) to the
type were to optimum temperature
collapse, before it transported
explosive into the reactor.
forces - Boiler H-102 is used
comparable to to pre heat the water
the explosive to the optimum
power of a ton temperature before it
of gelignite consumed into the
would be reactor.
released. - Boiler H-103 is used
- A thermal to heat the oil to
output of up ensure all the gas that
to 38 MW is absorbs by the oil
possible from evaporate and to get a
a single
boiler, which

7
 corresponds better yield of the
approximately products.
to the power
of 500
average VW
Golf cars.
- Up to five
boilers can be
combined
economically.
- A boiler of
this type,
filled with
water and
ready for
function, can
weigh as
much as 165
tons, which
corresponds
to the weight

8
 of 120 VW
Golfs.

Heat Continuous - Stainless Steel E-101 E-101 No Phase - Used as components 3

Exchanger with : -500oC - 0.8 atm Change for cooling
systems or heating
(E-101, E-102,  Standard
E-102 E-102 systems.
E-103) shell sizes
-100oC - 1 atm - Heat ex-changers are
from 3 inches
required to keep
through 31
E-103 E-103 machinery,
inches in
-130oC - 1 atm chemicals, water, gas,
diameter;
and other substances
custom
within a safe
designs up to
operating
60 inches in
temperature.
diameter.
- For example, E-101
 Straight tube, is used to cool down
removable the gas temperature
bundle, from 500oC before
packed the gas flow into the
quenching tower to

9
 floating tube ensure the tower get
sheet. the highest efficiency
to further cool down
the gas temperature.

Pump Continuous - Cast P-101 P-101 No phase - P-101 is used to 2

aluminum or -30oC -1 atm change pump the water from
(P-101, P-102)
bronze alloy outside to the plant
with: P-102 P-102 into the quenching
 Rotor is made -30oC -1 atm tower for the cooling
from stainless of the gas in this
steel with a hard butadiene making
chrome plate for process.
improved wear - P-102 is used to
properties pump in the oil that
 The stator is used in the
made from hydrocarbon
molded Nitrile absorption column as
 High starting an absorbent to
torque motors remove the the CO2,
are N2 and O2.

10
 recommended in
order to
overcome the
high starting
friction of the
stator.
Compressor Continuous - Light weight C-101 C-101 No phase - Compressor C-101 is 3
(C-101, C-102, grade sheet -25oC -1 atm change used to compress the
metal with: air from the outside
C-103)
 Integrated C-102 C-102 to provide the oxygen
refrigerated -80oC -1 atm to the reactor for the
air dryer reaction in this
purifies C-103 C-103 process.
compressed -50oC -atm - Compressor C-102 is
air by used to compress the
chilling it to gas from the
condense and quenching tower to
remove the absorption
moisture, column.
airborne dirt - Compressor C-103 is
and oil used to compress the

11
 Working gas from the
pressure up condenser (E-104) to
to 9 atm the condenser (E-
 Design 105).
modification
for high
ambient
conditions or
corrosive
environment
conditions
available.

12
2.2. MASS BALANCE OF THE PROCESS PLANT

Important step when designing a new process or to analyse an existing one are
material balances or also known as mass balance. Material balance also known as accounting
for the material that are total mass of input = total mass of output. It usually used to calculate
mass flow rates of different streams entering or leaving chemical in industry.

Figure 2.1 General Balance Equation

Input (enters Generation Output (leaves Consumption Accumulation

through system + (produced – through system – (consumed = (buildup within
boundaries) within system) boundaries) within system) system)

This general balance equation can be used for any material that enter or leaves the
process system. It also can be simplified to become:

Input + generation = output + consumption

13
 For physical process, generation and consumption will be zero since no chemical
reaction that involve, so the balance equation for steady state physical properties process will
be simply to:

Input = Output

Table 2.3 Reaction of Butadiene

Reaction Selectivity

C4H8 (trans) + 1/2O2 C4H6 + H2O 95%

C4H8 (cis) + 1/2O2 C4H6 + H2O 95%

Table 2.4 Side reaction of Butadiene

Side reaction Selectivity

C4H8 (trans) + 6O2 4CO2 + 4H2O 5%

C4H8 (cis) + 6O2 4CO2 + 4H2O 5%

Table 2.5 Molecular Weight of raw material, by-product and product

N-Butene 56 kg/kmol

Oxygen, O2 32 kg/kmol

Water, H2O 18 kg/kmol

Nitrogen, N2 14 kg/kmol

Carbon dioxide, CO2 44 kg/kmol

Butadiene 54 kg/kmol

14
 Overall material balance gives the relationship between input stream and output
stream. Raw material is for input stream while products, by-product, purge and waste is at
output stream. N-butene that used as a feed for this process with the capacity 183.86 ton/hr
was mixed with water and air. The feed will be pumped through a series of four reactors that
produce 12.37 ton/hr of butadiene.

FIGURE 2.2 Overall Reaction of Butadiene

15
2.2.1 Mass flow, composition and temperature of all stream

Applying material balance,

Total input = feed input + water input + air input

= (13.5 + 135 + 35.36) ton/hr

= 183.86 ton/hr

Butadiene,

i. Mass of trans-2-butene feed = (13.5 ton/hr) × 0.6468

= 8.73 ton/hr

ii. Mass of cis-2-butene feed = (13.5 ton/hr) × 0.3483

= 4.70 ton/hr

iii. Mass of trans-2-butene reacted = (8.73 ton/hr) × 0.95

= 8.30 ton/hr

iv. Mass of cis-2-butene reacted = (4.70 ton/hr) × 0.95

= 4.47 ton/hr

v. Mole of trans-2-butene reacted =(8.30 ton/hr)×[1/(56 kg/mol)] × (1000kg/1ton)

= 148.21 kmol/hr

16
vi. Mole of cis-2-butene reacted =(4.47 ton/hr)× [1/(56kg/mol)] × (1000kg/1ton)

= 79.82 kmol/hr

vii. Mole of butadiene produced = (148.21 + 79.82) kmol/hr

= 228.03 kmol/hr

viii. Mass of butadiene produced =(228.03 kmol/hr)×(54 kg/kmol)× (1ton/1000kg)

= 12.31 ton/hr

Carbon Dioxide, CO2

i. Mass of trans-2-butene reacted = (8.73 ton/hr) × 0.05

= 0.44 ton/hr

ii. Mass of cis-2-butene reacted = (4.70 ton/hr) × 0.05

= 0.24 ton/hr

iii. Mole of trans-2-butene reacted = (0.44 ton/hr)× [1/(56 kg/mol)] × (1000kg/1ton)

= 7.85 kmol/hr

17
iv. Mole of cis-2-butene reacted = (0.24 ton/hr) × [1/(56kg/mol)] × (1000kg/1ton)

= 4.29 kmol/hr

v. No. of mole CO2 produced = 4 × ( 7.85 kmol/hr + 4.29 kmol/hr)

= 48.56 kmol/hr

vi. Mass of CO2 produced =(48.56 kmol/hr)× (44 kg/kmol) × (1ton/1000kg)

= 2.14 kmol/hr

vii. Mass of inert CO2 feed = 0.01 × (35.36 ton/hr)

= 0.35 ton/hr

viii. Total mass of CO2 at outlet = (2.14 + 0.35) ton/hr

= 2.49 ton/hr

Water, H2O

For 95% selectivity reaction,

i. No. of mole of trans-2-butene = 228.03 kmol/hr

and cis-2-butene reacted

18
ii. No of mole of water produced = 28.03 kmol/hr

iii. Mass of water produced = (228.03 kmol/hr)×(18kg/kmol)× (1ton/1000kg)

= 4.10 ton/hr

For 5% selectivity reaction,

i. No of mole of trans-2-butene = 12.14 kmol/hr

and cis-2-butene reacted

ii. No of mole of water produced = (12.14 kmol/hr) × 4

= 48.56 kmol/hr

iii. Mass of water produced = (48.50 kmol/hr) × (18kg/mol) × (1ton/1000kg)

= 0.873 ton/hr

Total mass of water produced = (4.10 + 0.873) ton/hr

= 4.49 ton/hr

Total outlet of water = ( 135 + 4.97 ) ton/hr

19
 = 139.97 ton/hr

Oxygen, O2

No of mole of O2 reacted = ½ × 228.03 kmol/hr

= 114.02 kmol/hr

For 5% selectivity side reaction,

i. No of mole of O2 reacted = 6 × (7.85 kmol/hr + 4.29 kmol/hr)

= 72.84 kmol/hr

ii. No of mole of O2 reacted in the = (114.02 + 72.84) kmol/hr

reaction
= 186.86 kmol/hr

iii. Mass of O2 reacted =(186.86kmol/hr)×(32 kg/kmol) × (1ton/1000kg)

= 5.98 ton/hr

iv. Mass of O2 feed = 0.21 × 35.36 ton/hr

= 7.43 ton/hr

v. Mass of O2 at outlet = (7.43 – 5.98) ton/hr

= 1.45 ton/hr

20
 Assumption : N2, CO2 and 1-butene are inert in the reaction

i. Mass of N2 at outlet = 0.78 × 35.36 ton/hr

= 27.58 ton/hr

ii. Mass of 1-butene in product = 0.0049 × 13.5 ton/hr

stream
= 0.07 ton/hr

iii. Mass of flue gas = (1.45 + 27.58 + 2.49) ton/hr

= 31.52 ton/hr

Total mass of output stream = (12.31 + 2.49 + 139.97 + 145 + 0.07 + 27.58) ton/hr

= 183.87 ton/hr

21
Difference between input and output stream,

= mass input – mass output

= (183.86 – 183.87) ton/hr

= -1 ton/hr

The insignificant differences between obtained from the calculation above can be explained by
the effect of significant figure used in the calculation steps. However, mass input from excel
shows is equal to mass output and this process is balanced.

22
 H-101 Boiler

1 13.50 ton/hr 2
13.50 ton/hr H – 101

1.0 n-butene Boiler 1.01 n-butene

1

1
1
Figure 2.3 e
e Mass balance of Boiler (H-101)

Stream 1 Stream 2
T ( ͦC) 25 T ( ͦC) 650
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1

Inlet Outlet
Stream 1 Stream 2
Component Mass Mole Mass Mole
Mass Mole Mass Mole
flow flow rate flow flow rate
fraction fraction fraction fraction
(ton/hr) (kmol/hr) (ton/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-
8.73 0.6468 155.93 0.6468 8.73 0.6468 155.93 0.6468
butene
Cis-2-
4.70 0.3483 83.97 0.3483 4.70 0.3483 83.97 0.3483
butene
1-butene 0.07 0.0049 1.18 0.0049 0.07 0.0049 1.18 0.0049
Total 13.50 1.0000 241.07 1.0000 13.50 1.0000 241.07 1.0000

23
 C-101 Compressor

4 5
35.36 ton/hr C – 101 35.36 ton/hr

Compressor
1.0 air 1.0 air

Figure 2.4 Mass balance of Compressor (C-101)

Stream 4 Stream 5
T ( ͦC) 25 T ( ͦC) 25
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 2

Inlet Outlet
Stream 4 Stream 5
Component Mass Mole Mass Mole
Mass Mole Mass Mole
flow flow rate flow flow rate
fraction fraction fraction fraction
(ton/hr) (kmol/hr) (ton/hr) (kmol/hr)
Oxygen 7.43 0.2100 232.03 0.1050 7.43 0.2100 232.03 0.1050
Nitrogen 27.58 0.7800 1969.90 0.8914 27.58 0.7800 1969.90 0.8914
Carbon
0.35 0.0100 8.04 0.0036 0.35 0.0100 8.04 0.0036
Dioxide
Total 35.36 1.0000 2209.96 1.0000 35.36 1.0000 2209.96 1.0000

24
 H-102 Boiler

6 7
135 ton/hr H – 102 135 ton/hr

1.0 H2O Boiler 1.0 H2 O

Figure 2.5 Mass balance of Boiler (H-102)

Stream 6 Stream 7
T ( ͦC) 25 T ( ͦC) 650
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1

Inlet Outlet
Stream 6 Stream 7
Component Mass Mole Mass Mole
Mass Mole Mass Mole
flow flow rate flow flow rate
fraction fraction fraction fraction
(ton/hr) (kmol/hr) (ton/hr) (kmol/hr)
Water 135.00 1.0000 7500.00 1.0000 135.00 1.0000 7500.00 1.0000
Total 135.00 1.0000 7500.00 1.0000 135.00 1.0000 7500.00 1.0000

25
M-101 Mixer M2 = 13.50 ton/hr 0.6468 trans-2-butene
0.3483 cis-2-butene

2 0.0049 1-butene

5 9
M5 = 35.36 ton/hr M9 = 183.86 ton/hr
M-101
0.2100 oxygen 0.0475 trans-2-butene
Mixer
0.7800 nitrogen 0.0256 cis-2-butene
0.0100 carbon dioxide 0.0004 1-butene
7 0.0404 Oxygen
0.1500 Nitrogen

M7 = 135.00 ton/hr 0.0019 Carbon dioxide

1.0000 water 0.7343 Water

Figure 2.6 Mass balance of Mixer (M-101)

Applying mass balance, Input mass = Output mass

Input mass
Stream 2 :

i. trans-2-butene = 0.6468 × 13.50 ton/hr

= 8.7318 ton/hr

ii. cis-2-butene = 0.3483 × 13.50 ton/hr

= 4.7021 ton/hr

26
iii. 1-butene = 0.0049 × 13.50 ton/hr

= 0.0662 ton/hr

Total mass flowrate = (8.7318 + 4.7021 + 0.0662 ) ton/hr

= 13.5001 ton/hr

Stream 5:

i. oxygen = 0.2100 × 35.36 ton/hr

= 7.425 ton/hr

ii. nitrogen = 0.7800 × 35.36 ton/hr

= 27.5786 on/hr

iii. carbon dioxide = 0.0100 × 35.36 ton/hr

= 0.3536 ton/hr

Total mass flowrate = (7.4250 + 27.5786 + 0.3536 ) ton/hr

= 35.3572 ton/hr

27
Stream 7:

Water = 1.0 × 135.00

= 135.00 ton/hr

Total mass input flowrate = (13.5001 + 35.3572 + 135.00) ton/hr

= 183.86 ton/hr

Output mass,

Stream 9:

i. Trans-2-butene = 0.0475 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 8.7318 ton/hr

ii. Cis-2-butene = 0.0256 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 4.7021 ton/hr

iii. 1-butene = 0.0004 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 0.0662 ton/hr

28
iv. Oxygen = 0.0404 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 7.4250 ton/hr

v. Nitrogen = 0.1500 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 27.5786 ton/hr

vi. Carbon dioxide = 0.0019 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 0.3536 ton/hr

vii. Water = 0.7343 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 135.0000 ton/hr

Total mass output flowrate = (8.7318 + 4.7021 + 0.0662 + 7.4250 + 27.5786 + 0.3536 + 135)

ton/hr

= 183.86 ton/hr

29
 Stream 2 Stream 5 Stream 7 Stream 9
T ( ͦC) 650 T ( ͦC) 25 T ( ͦC) 650 T ( ͦC) 650
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 2 P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1

Inlet
Stream 2 Stream 5
Component Mole flow Mole flow
Mass flow Mass Mole Mass flow Mass Mole
rate rate
(ton/hr) fraction fraction (ton/hr) fraction fraction
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 8.73 0.6468 155.93 0.6468 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 4.70 0.3483 83.97 0.3483 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.07 0.0049 1.18 0.0049 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Oxygen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 7.43 0.2100 232.03 0.1050
Nitrogen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 27.58 0.7800 1969.90 0.8914
Carbon dioxide 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.35 0.0100 8.04 0.0036
Water 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Butadiene 0 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Total 13.50 1.0000 241.07 1.0000 35.36 1.0000 2209.96 1.0000

30
 Inlet Output
Stream 7 Stream 9
Component Mole flow Mole flow
Mass flow Mass Mole Mass flow Mass Mole
rate rate
(ton/hr) fraction fraction (ton/hr) fraction fraction
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 8.73 0.0475 155.93 0.0157
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 4.70 0.0256 83.97 0.0084
1-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.07 0.0004 1.18 0.0001

Oxygen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 7.43 0.0404 232.03 0.0233

Nitrogen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 27.58 0.1500 1969.90 0.1980

Carbon dioxide 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.35 0.0019 8.04 0.0008

Water 135.00 1.0000 7500.00 1.0000 135.00 0.7343 7500.00 0.7537

Butadiene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000

Total 135.00 1.0000 7500.00 1.0000 183.86 1.0000 9951.04 1.0000

31
R-101 Oxidative Dehydrogenation Fixed Bed Reactor

9 10
R – 101
183.86 ton/hr 183.8 ton/hr
Oxidative dehydrogenation
0.0475 trans-2-butene fixed bed reactor 0.0669 butadiene
0.0256 cis-2-butene 0.0004 1-butene
0.0004 1-butene 0.0080 O2
0.0404 O2 0.1500 N2
0.1500 N2 0.0134 CO2
0.0019 carbon dioxide 0.7613 H2O
0.7343 water
Figure 2.7 Mass balance of Oxidative dehydrogenation fixed bed reactor (H-101)

Applying mass balance, Input mass = Output mass

Input mass,

Mass flow rate of :

iv. trans-2-butene = 0.0475 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 8.73 ton/hr

v. cis-2-butene
= 0.0256 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 4.70 ton/hr

32
vi. 1-butene = 0.0004 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 0.07 ton/hr

vii. oxygen
= 0.0404 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 7.43 ton/hr

viii. nitrogen
= 0.1500 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 27.58 ton/hr

ix. carbon dioxide

= 0.0019 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 0.35 ton/hr

x. water
= 0.7343 × 183.86ton/hr

=135.00 ton/hr

Total input mass flowrate = (8.73 + 4.70 + 0.07 + 7.43 + 27.58 + 0.35 + 135.00 ) ton/hr

= 183.86 ton/hr

Output mass

Mass flow rate of :

i. butadiene = 0.0669 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 12.30 ton/hr

33
 ii. 1-butene
= 0.0004 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 0.07 ton/hr

iii. oxygen
= 0.0080 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 1.47 ton/hr

iv. nitrogen
= 0.1500 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 27.58 ton/hr

v. carbon dioxide
= 0.0134 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 2.46 ton/hr

vi. water
= 0.7613 × 183.86ton/hr

=139.97 ton/hr

Total output mass flowrate = (12.30 + 0.07 + 1.47 + 27.58 + 2.46 + 139.97 ) ton/hr

= 183.85 ton/hr

34
 Conversion of trans-2 butene and cis-2-butene = 95%

Selectivity of = Amount of butadiene consumed in reactor X 100%

butadiene Total amount of butadiene consumed in reactor

= 227.90 kmol/hr
X 100%
(11.99 kmol/hr) + (275.87 kmol/hr)

= 79.20%

Yield of = Amount of butadiene produced X 100%

butadiene maximum amount of butadiene that could be produced

= 12.31 ton/hr
X 100%
13.43 ton/hr

= 91.70%

35
 Stream 9 Stream 10
T ( ͦC) 650 T ( ͦC) 500
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1

Inlet Outlet
Stream 9 Stream 10
Component Mass Mole Mass Mole
Mass Mole Mass Mole
flow flow rate flow flow rate
fraction fraction fraction fraction
(ton/hr) (kmol/hr) (ton/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 8.73 0.0475 155.93 0.0157 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 4.70 0.0256 83.97 0.0084 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.07 0.0004 1.18 0.0001 0.07 0.0004 1.18 0.0001
Oxygen 7.43 0.0404 232.03 0.0233 1.48 0.0080 46.12 0.0046
Nitrogen 27.58 0.1500 1969.90 0.1980 27.58 0.1500 1969.90 0.1955
Carbon dioxide 0.35 0.0019 8.04 0.0008 2.46 0.0134 56.01 0.0056
Water 135.00 0.7343 7500.00 0.7537 139.97 0.7613 7775.87 0.7716
Butadiene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 12.31 0.0669 227.90 0.0226
Total 183.86 1.0000 9951.04 1.0000 183.86 1.0000 10076.98 1.0000

36
E-101 Heat Exchanger

10 11
183.86 ton/hr E – 101 183.86 ton/hr
Heat exchanger 0.0669 butadiene
0.0669 butadiene
0.0004 1-butene 0.0004 1-butene

0.0080 O2 0.0080 O2

0.1500 N2 0.1500 N2

0.0134 CO2 0.0134 CO2

0.7613 H2O 0.7613 H2O

0.7613 H2O 0.7613 H2O

Figure 2.8 Mass balance of Heat Exchanger (E-101)

37
 Stream 10 Stream 11
T ( ͦC) 500 T ( ͦC) 100
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1

Inlet Outlet
Stream 10 Stream 11
Component Mole flow Mole flow
Mass flow Mass Mole Mass flow Mass Mole
rate rate
(ton/hr) fraction fraction (ton/hr) fraction fraction
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.07 0.0004 1.18 0.0001 0.07 0.0004 1.18 0.0001
Oxygen 1.48 0.0080 46.12 0.0046 1.48 0.0080 46.12 0.0046
Nitrogen 27.58 0.1500 1969.90 0.1955 27.58 0.1500 1969.90 0.1955
Carbon dioxide 2.46 0.0134 56.01 0.0056 2.46 0.0134 56.01 0.0056
Water 139.97 0.7613 7775.87 0.7716 139.97 0.7613 7775.87 0.7716
Butadiene 12.31 0.0669 227.90 0.0226 12.31 0.0669 227.90 0.0226
Total 183.86 1.0000 10076.98 1.0000 183.86 1.0000 10076.98 1.0000

38
V-101 Quench Tower
1.0 H2O
183.86 ton/hr
1.0
15 1103.14 ton/hr

11 12
183.86 ton/hr V – 101 43.89 ton/hr
Quench tower
0.0669 butadiene 0.2804 butadiene
0.0004 1-butene 0.0015 1-butene
0.0080 oxygen 0.0336 oxygen
0.1500 nitrogen
13 0.6283 nitrogen
0.0134 carbon dioxide 0.0562 carbon dioxide
0.7613 water

1243.11 ton/hr
1.0 H2O
183.86 ton/hr
1.0

Figure 2.9 Mass balance of Quench Tower (V-101)

Applying mass balance, Input mass = Output mass

Input mass,

Stream 11:

i. butadiene = 0.0669 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 12.30 ton/hr

39
 ii. 1-butene = 0.0004 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 0.07 ton/hr

iii. oxygen = 0.0080 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 1.47 ton/hr

iv. nitrogen = 0.1500 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 27.58 ton/hr

v. carbon dioxide = 0.0134 × 183.86 ton/hr

= 2.46 ton/hr

vi. water = 0.7613 × 183.86ton/hr

=139.97 ton/hr

Total input mass flowrate = (12.30 + 0.07 + 1.47 + 27.58 + 2.46 + 139.97 ) ton/hr

= 183.85 ton/hr

Stream 15:

Water = 1.0 × 1103.14 ton/hr

= 1103.14 ton/hr

40
 Total input mass flowrate = (1103.14 + 183.85 ) ton/hr

= 1286.99 ton/hr

Output mass,

Stream 12:

i. butadiene = 0.2804 × 43.89 ton/hr

= 12.31 ton/hr

ii. 1-butene = 0.0015 × 43.89 ton/hr

= 0.07 ton/hr

iii. oxygen = 0.0336 × 43.89 ton/hr

= 1.47 ton/hr

iv. nitrogen = 0.6283 × 43.89 ton/hr

= 27.58 ton/hr

v. carbon dioxide = 0.0562 × 43.89 ton/hr

= 2.47 ton/hr

41
Total mass flowrate = (12.31 + 0.07 + 1.47 + 27.58 + 2.47) ton/hr

= 43.90 ton/hr

Stream 13:

Water = 1.0 × 1243.11 ton/hr

= 1243.11 ton/hr

Total output mass flowrate = (43.90 + 1243.11) ton/hr

= 1287.01 ton/hr

42
Stream 11 Stream 15 Stream 12 Stream 13
T ( ͦC) 200 T ( ͦC) 25 T ( ͦC) 80 T ( ͦC) 80
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1.5 P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1

Inlet
Stream 11 Stream 15
Component Mass Mole Mass Mole
Mass Mole Mass Mole
flow flow rate flow flow rate
fraction fraction fraction fraction
(ton/hr) (kmol/hr) (ton/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.07 0.0004 1.18 0.0001 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Oxygen 1.48 0.0080 46.12 0.0046 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Nitrogen 27.58 0.1500 1969.90 0.1955 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Carbon dioxide 2.46 0.0134 56.01 0.0056 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Water 139.97 0.7613 7775.87 0.7716 1103.14 1.0000 61285.71 1.0000
Butadiene 12.31 0.0669 227.90 0.0226 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Total 183.86 1.0000 10076.98 1.0000 1103.14 1.0000 61285.71 1.0000

43
 Outlet
Stream 13 Stream 12
Component Mole flow Mole flow
Mass flow Mass Mole Mass flow Mass Mole
rate rate
(ton/hr) fraction fraction (ton/hr) fraction fraction
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.07 0.0015 1.18 0.0005
Oxygen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 1.48 0.0336 46.12 0.0200
Nitrogen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 27.58 0.6283 1969.90 0.8561
Carbon dioxide 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 2.46 0.0562 56.01 0.0243
Water 1243.11 1.0000 69061.59 1.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Butadiene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 12.31 0.2804 227.90 0.0990
Total 1243.11 1.0000 69061.59 1.0000 43.89 1.0000 2301.10 1.0000

44
P–101 Pump

14 15
1062.29 ton/hr P-101 1062.29 ton/hr
Pump
1.0 H2O 1.0 H2O

Figure 2.10 Mass balance of Pump (P-101)

Stream 14 Stream 15
T ( ͦC) 30 T ( ͦC) 30
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1.5

45
 Inlet Outlet
Stream 14 Stream 15
Component Mole flow Mole flow
Mass flow Mass Mole Mass flow Mass Mole
rate rate
(ton/hr) fraction fraction (ton/hr) fraction fraction
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Oxygen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Nitrogen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Carbon dioxide 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Water 1062.29 1.0000 59015.87 1.0000 1062.29 1.0000 59015.87 0.0000
Butadiene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Total 1062.29 1.0000 59015.87 1.0000 1062.29 1.0000 59015.87 1.0000

46
E–102 Heat Exchanger

12 16
E – 102
43.89 ton/hr 43.89 ton/hr
Heat exchanger
0.2804 butadiene 0.2804 butadiene
0.0015 1-butene 0.0015 1-butene
0.0336 O2 0.0336 O2
0.6283 N2 0.6283 N2
0.0562 CO2 0.0562 CO2

Figure 2.11 Mass balance of Heat Exchanger (E-102)

Stream 12 Stream 16
T ( ͦC) 100 T ( ͦC) 38
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1
ΔH (MJ/hr) ΔH (MJ/hr)

47
 Inlet Outlet
Stream 12 Stream 16
Component Mole flow Mole flow
Mass flow Mass Mole Mass flow Mass Mole
rate rate
(ton/hr) fraction fraction (ton/hr) fraction fraction
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.07 0.0015 1.18 0.0005 0.07 0.0015 1.18 0.0005
Oxygen 1.48 0.0336 46.12 0.0200 1.48 0.0336 46.12 0.0200
Nitrogen 27.58 0.6283 1969.90 0.8561 27.58 0.6283 1969.90 0.8561
Carbon dioxide 2.46 0.0562 56.01 0.0243 2.46 0.0562 56.01 0.0243
Water 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Butadiene 12.31 0.2804 227.90 0.0990 12.31 0.2804 227.90 0.0990
Total 43.89 1.0000 2301.10 1.0000 43.89 1.0000 2301.10 1.0000

48
C–102 Compressor

16 17
43.89 ton/hr C – 102 43.89 ton/hr

0.2804 butadiene Compressor

0.2804 butadiene
0.0015 1-butene
0.0015 1-butene
0.0336 O2
0.0336 O2
0.6283 N2
0.6283 N2
0.0562 CO2
0.0562 CO2
0.7613 H2 O
0.7613 H2O

Figure 2.12 Mass balance of Compressor (C-102)

Stream 16 Stream 17
T ( ͦC) 38 T ( ͦC) 38
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 2
ΔH (MJ/hr) ΔH (MJ/hr)

49
 Inlet Outlet
Stream 16 Stream 17
Component Mole flow Mole flow
Mass flow Mass Mole Mass flow Mass Mole
rate rate
(ton/hr) fraction fraction (ton/hr) fraction fraction
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.07 0.0015 1.18 0.0005 0.07 0.0015 1.18 0.0005
Oxygen 1.48 0.0336 46.12 0.0200 1.48 0.0336 46.12 0.0200
Nitrogen 27.58 0.6283 1969.90 0.8561 27.58 0.6283 1969.90 0.8561
Carbon dioxide 2.46 0.0562 56.01 0.0243 2.46 0.0562 56.01 0.0243
Water 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Butadiene 12.31 0.2804 227.90 0.0990 12.31 0.2804 227.90 0.0990
Total 43.89 1.0000 2301.10 1.0000 43.89 1.0000 2301.10 1.0000

50
V-102 Hydrocarbon Absorption Tower

10.00 ton/hr
1.0 lean oil
27

17 18
43.89 ton/hr V-102 31.52 ton/hr
Hydrocarbon absorption
0.2804 butadiene 0.0468 O2
tower
0.0015 1-butene 0.8750 N2
0.0336 O2 0.0782 CO2
0.6283 N2 19
0.0562 CO2

22.37 ton/hr
0.0030 1-butene
0.5501 butadiene
0.4470 lean oil

Figure 2.13 Mass balance of hydrocarbon Absorption tower (V-102)

Applying mass balance, Input mass = Output mass

Input mass,
Stream 17:

i. butadiene = 0.2804 × 43.89 ton/hr

51
 = 12.31 ton/hr

ii. 1-butene = 0.0015 × 43.89 ton/hr

= 0.07 ton/hr

iii. oxygen = 0.0336 × 43.89 ton/hr

= 1.47 ton/hr

iv. nitrogen
= 0.6283 × 43.89 ton/hr

= 27.58 ton/hr

v. carbon dioxide = 0.0562 × 43.89 ton/hr

= 2.47 ton/hr

Total input mass flowrate = (12.31 + 0.07 + 1.47 + 27.58 + 2.47) ton/hr

= 43.90 ton/hr

Stream 27:

Lean oil = 1.0 × 10.00 ton/hr

= 10.00 ton/hr

52
 Total input mass flowrate = (43.90 + 10.00) ton/hr

= 53.90 ton/hr

Output mass,
Stream 18:

i. oxygen = 0.0468 × 31.52 ton/hr

= 1.48 ton/hr

ii. nitrogen = 0.8750 × 31.52 ton/hr

= 27.58 ton/hr

iii. carbon dioxide = 0.0782 × 31.52 ton/hr

= 2.46 ton/hr

Total mass flowrate = (1.48 + 27.58 + 2.46) ton/hr

= 31.52 ton/hr

53
Stream 19:

i. 1-butene = 0.0030 × 22.37 ton/hr

= 0.07 ton/hr

ii. butadiene = 0.5501 × 22.37 ton/hr

= 12.31 ton/hr

iii. lean oil = 0.4470 × 22.37 ton/hr

= 10.00 ton/hr

Total mass flowrate = (0.07 + 12.31 + 10.00) ton/hr

= 22.38 ton/hr

Total output mass flowrate = (31.52 + 22.38) ton/hr

= 53.90 ton/hr

54
 Stream 27 Stream 17 Stream 18 Stream 19
T ( ͦC) 38 T ( ͦC) 38 T ( ͦC) 25 T ( ͦC) 25
P (atm) 2 P (atm) 2 P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1

Inlet
Stream 17 Stream 27
Component Mass Mole Mass Mole flow
Mass Mole Mass Mole
flow flow rate flow rate
fraction fraction fraction fraction
(ton/hr) (kmol/hr) (ton/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.07 0.0015 1.18 0.0005 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Oxygen 1.48 0.0336 46.12 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Nitrogen 27.58 0.6283 1969.90 0.8561 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Carbon dioxide 2.46 0.0562 56.01 0.0243 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Water 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Butadiene 12.31 0.2804 227.90 0.0990 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Lean oil 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 10.00 1.0000 100.00 1.0000
Total 43.89 1.0000 2215.88 1.0000 10.00 1.0000 100.00 1.0000

55
 Outlet
Stream 18 Stream 19
Component Mole flow Mole flow
Mass flow Mass Mole Mass flow Mass Mole
(ton/hr) fraction rate fraction (ton/hr) fraction rate fraction
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)

Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000

Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000

1-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.07 0.0030 1.18 0.0036

Oxygen 1.48 0.0468 46.12 0.0223 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000

Nitrogen 27.58 0.8750 1969.90 0.9507 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000

Carbon dioxide 2.46 0.0782 56.01 0.0270 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000

Water 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000

Butadiene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 12.31 0.5501 227.90 0.6925

Lean oil 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 10.00 0.4470 100.00 0.3039

Total 31.52 1.0000 2072.03 1.0000 22.37 1.0000 329.08 1.0000

56
V-103 Stripping Tower

28
19 V – 103
22.37 ton/hr 12.37 ton/hr
Stripping Tower
Butadiene = 0.5501 Butadiene = 0.9947
1-butene = 0.0030 1-butene = 0.0053
Lean oil = 0.4470
25

10.00 ton/hr

Lean oil = 1.0

Figure 2.14 Mass balance of Stripping Tower (V-103)

Applying mass balance, Input mass = Output mass

Input mass,
Stream 19:

i. 1-butene = 0.0030 × 22.37 ton/hr

= 0.07 ton/hr

ii. butadiene = 0.5501 × 22.37 ton/hr

= 12.31 ton/hr

57
 iii. lean oil = 0.4470 × 22.37 ton/hr

= 10.00 ton/hr

Total input mass flowrate = (0.07 + 12.31 + 10.00) ton/hr

= 22.38 ton/hr

Stream 28:

i. 1-butene = 0.0053 × 12.37 ton/hr

= 0.07 ton/hr

ii. butadiene = 0.9947 × 12.37 ton/hr

= 12.31 ton/hr

Total mass flowrate = (0.07 + 12.31) ton/hr

= 12.38 ton/hr

Stream 25:

Lean oil = 1.0 × 10.00 ton/hr

= 10.00 ton/hr

Total output mass flowrate = (12.38 + 10.00) ton/hr

= 22.38 ton/hr

58
 Stream 19 Stream 25
T ( ͦC) 25 T ( ͦC) 130
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1

Stream 28
T ( ͦC) 50
P (atm) 1

Inlet
Stream 19
Component Mole flow
Mass flow Mass Mole
rate
(ton/hr) fraction fraction
(kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.07 0.0030 1.18 0.0036
Oxygen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Nitrogen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Carbon dioxide 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Water 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Butadiene 12.31 0.5501 227.90 0.6925
Lean oil 10.00 0.4470 100.00 0.3039
Total 22.37 1.0000 329.08 1.0000

59
 Outlet
Stream 28 Stream 25
Component Mole flow Mass Mole
Mass flow Mass Mole Mass Mole
rate flow flow rate
(ton/hr) fraction fraction fraction fraction
(kmol/hr) (ton/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.07 0.0053 1.18 0.0052 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Oxygen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Nitrogen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Carbon dioxide 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Water 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Butadiene 12.31 0.9947 227.90 0.9948 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Lean oil 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 10.00 1.0000 100.00 1.0000
Total 12.37 1.0000 229.08 1.0000 10.00 1.0000 100.00 1.0000

60
C-103 Compressor

28 29
C-103
12.37 ton/hr 12.37 ton/hr
Compressor

0.0053 1-butene 0.0053 1-butene

0.9947 butadiene 0.9947 butadiene

Figure 2.15 Mass balance of Compressor (C-103)

Stream 28 Stream 29
T ( ͦC) 50 T ( ͦC) 50
P (atm) 1 P (atm) 1.5
ΔH (MJ/hr) ΔH (MJ/hr)

61
 Inlet Outlet
Stream 28 Stream 29
Component Mole flow Mole flow
Mass flow Mass Mole Mass flow Mass Mole
rate rate
(ton/hr) fraction fraction (ton/hr) fraction fraction
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.07 0.0053 1.18 0.0052 0.07 0.0053 1.18 0.0052
Oxygen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Nitrogen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Carbon dioxide 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Water 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Butadiene 12.31 0.9947 227.90 0.9948 12.31 0.9947 227.90 0.9948
Lean oil 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Total 12.37 1.0000 229.08 1.0000 12.37 1.0000 229.08 1.0000

62
E-105 Condenser

29 30
12.37 ton/hr E - 105 12.37 ton/hr
Condenser
0.0053 1-butene 0.0053 1-butene
0.9947 butadiene 0.9947 butadiene

Figure 2.16 Mass balance of Condenser (E-105)

Stream 30 Stream 29
T ( ͦC) -5 T ( ͦC) 50
P (atm) 1.5 P (atm) 1.5
ΔH (MJ/hr) ΔH (MJ/hr)

63
 Inlet Outlet
Stream 29 Stream 30
Component Mole flow Mole flow
Mass flow Mass Mole Mass flow Mass Mole
rate rate
(ton/hr) fraction fraction (ton/hr) fraction fraction
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)
Trans-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1-butene 0.07 0.0053 1.18 0.0052 0.07 0.0053 1.18 0.0052
Oxygen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Nitrogen 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Carbon dioxide 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Water 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
Butadiene 12.31 0.9947 227.90 0.9948 12.31 0.9947 227.90 0.9948
Total 12.37 1.0000 229.08 1.0000 12.37 1.0000 229.08 1.0000

64
2.2.2. Steam Table

Table 2.6 Stream table of each stream

Stream Temperature Pressure, Vapor Mass flow Mole flow Individual component mole flow
(oC) (atm) fraction rate, (ton/hr) rate, rate (kmol/hr)
(kmol/hr)

Stream 1 25 1 Gas 13.50 241.07 Trans-2-butene = 155.93

Cis-2-butene = 83.97

1-butene = 1.18

Stream 2 650 1 Gas 13.50 241.07 Trans-2-butene = 155.93

Cis-2-butene = 83.97

1-butene = 1.18

Stream 4 25 1 Gas 35.36 2209.96 Oxygen = 232.03

Nitrogen = 1969.90

Carbon dioxide = 8.04

65
Stream 5 25 2 Gas 35.36 2209.96 Oxygen = 232.03

Nitrogen = 1969.90

Carbon dioxide = 8.04

Stream 6 25 1 Gas 135 7500.00 Water = 7500.00

Stream 7 650 1 Gas 135 7500.00 Water = 7500.00

Stream 9 650 1 Gas 183.86 9951.04 Trans-2-butene = 155.93

Cis-2-butene = 83.97

1-butene = 1.18

Oxygen = 232.03

Nitrogen = 1969.90

Carbon dioxide = 8.04

Water = 7500.00

Butadiene = 0.00

Stream 10 500 1 Gas 183.86 10076.98 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

66
 1-butene = 1.18

Oxygen = 46.12

Nitrogen = 1969.90

Carbon dioxide = 56.01

Water = 7775.87

Butadiene = 227.90

Stream 11 100 1 Gas 183.86 10076.98 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 1.18

Oxygen = 46.12

Nitrogen = 1969.90

Carbon dioxide = 56.01

Water = 7775.87

Butadiene = 227.90

Stream 12 100 1 Gas 43.89 2301.10 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

67
 Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 1.18

Oxygen = 46.12

Nitrogen = 1969.90

Carbon dioxide = 56.01

Water = 0.00

Butadiene = 227.90

Stream 13 80 1 Gas 1243.11 69061.59 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 0.00

Oxygen = 0.00

Nitrogen = 0.00

Carbon dioxide = 0.00

Water = 69061.59

Butadiene = 0.00

68
Stream 14 30 1 Gas 1062.29 59015.87 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 0.00

Oxygen = 0.00

Nitrogen = 0.00

Carbon dioxide = 0.00

Water = 59015.87

Butadiene = 0.00

Stream 15 25 1.5 Gas 1103.14 61285.71 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 0.00

Oxygen = 0.00

Nitrogen = 0.00

Carbon dioxide = 0.00

69
 Water = 59015.87

Butadiene = 0.00

Stream 16 38 1 Gas 43.89 2301.10 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 1.18

Oxygen = 46.12

Nitrogen = 1969.90

Carbon dioxide = 56.01

Water = 0.00

Butadiene = 227.90

Stream 17 38 2 Gas 43.89 2301.10 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 1.18

Oxygen = 46.12

Nitrogen = 1969.90

70
 Carbon dioxide = 56.01

Water = 0.00

Butadiene = 227.90

Stream 18 25 1 Gas 31.52 2072.03 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 0.00

Oxygen = 46.12

Nitrogen = 1969.90

Carbon dioxide = 56.01

Water = 0.00

Butadiene = 0.00

Lean oil = 0.00

Stream 19 25 1 Gas 22.37 329.08 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 1.18

71
 Oxygen = 0.00

Nitrogen = 0.00

Carbon dioxide = 0.00

Water = 0.00

Butadiene = 227.90

Lean oil = 100.00

Stream 25 130 1 Gas 10.00 100.00 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 0.00

Oxygen = 0.00

Nitrogen = 0.00

Carbon dioxide = 0.00

Water = 0.00

Butadiene = 0.00

Lean oil = 100.00

72
Stream 27 38 2 Gas 10.00 100.00 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 0.00

Oxygen = 0.00

Nitrogen = 0.00

Carbon dioxide = 0.00

Water = 0.00

Butadiene = 0.00

Lean oil = 100.00

Stream 28 50 1 Gas 12.37 229.08 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 1.18

Oxygen = 0.00

Nitrogen = 0.00

Carbon dioxide = 0.00

73
 Water = 0.00

Butadiene = 227.90

Lean oil = 0.00

Stream 29 50 1.5 Gas 12.37 229.08 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 1.18

Oxygen = 0.00

Nitrogen = 0.00

Carbon dioxide = 0.00

Water = 0.00

Butadiene = 227.90

Lean oil = 0.00

Stream 30 -5 1.5 Liquid 12.37 229.08 Trans-2-butene = 0.00

Cis-2-butene = 0.00

1-butene = 1.18

74
Oxygen = 0.00

Nitrogen = 0.00

Carbon dioxide = 0.00

Water = 0.00

Butadiene = 227.90

Lean oil = 0.00

75
2.3. ENERGY BALANCE OF THE PLANT

2.3.1. General Equation

General equation for conversation of energy is:

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 + 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

This is first law of thermodynamics. An energy balance can be written for any
process step. Chemical reaction will evolve energy (exothermic) or consume energy
(endothermic). For steady-state processes the accumulation of both mass and energy will
be zero.

To proceed energy balance, several assumptions have been made:

Q-W = ΔH + ΔEk + ΔEp

1. Work done, W = 0 no moving parts

2. Kinetic Energy, ΔEk = 0 by hypothesis
3. Potential Energy, ΔEp = 0 by hypothesis

- Hence, Q = ΔḢ = ṁCp∆T
- ΔḢ = ∑ 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ∑ 𝐻𝑖𝑛
- Since each reactions in the streams undergo pressure changes, therefore Qout ≠ Qin
and this results in Qnet≠ 0.
- Qnet calculated is asummed as per one hour basis.

76
 2.3.2. Specific Heat Capacity Equations

Specific heat formula in liquid state:

From Table in Appendix C (PERRY’S., 1997)

Heat capacity, Cp = C1 + C2*T + C3*T2 + C4*T3 + C5*T4

Water:

For range 273.16 - 533.15 K

Tref = 0K
Cp = 2.7637x105 – 2.0901x103 T + 8.1250 T2 – 1.4116x10-2T3 + 9.3701x10-6 T4

Oil
196.06 kJ/kmol (("Naphthalene," 2011)

Assumptions :
𝑇
- From equation 𝐻𝑖 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 ,
𝑟𝑒𝑓

- ∆ṅĤ𝑣 = 0 if there is no phases change

- ṁѵ∆𝑃 = 0 if there is no pressure change
- FL = 0
- Vout = Vin
𝑇
- ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 0 if there is no temperature change (isothermal)
𝑟𝑒𝑓
- Basis = 1 hour

77
Specific heat formula in gas state:

From Table in Appendix C (Sinott R., 2005)

Heat capacity, Cp unit : J/mol K]

= CPVAPA + (CPVAPB)*T + (CPVAPC)*T2 + (CPVAPD)*T3

Water:

Cp = (32.243) + (19.238x10-4) T + (10.555X10-6) T2 – (3.569x10-9) T3

Nitrogen:

Cp = (31.150) - (1.357x10-2) T + (26.796X10-6) T2 – (1.168 x10-8) T3

Oxygen:
Cp = (28.106) - (3.680x10-6) T + (17.459X10-6) T2 – (1.065x10-8) T3

Carbon dioxide:
Cp = (19.795) + (73.436x10-3) T - (5.062X10-5) T2 + (17.153x10-9) T3

Butadiene:
Cp = -(1.687) + (34.185x10-2) T - (2.340X10-4) T2 + (63.346x10-9) T3

1-butene:
Cp = -(2.994) + (35.320x10-2) T - (1.982X10-4) T2 + (44.631x10-9) T3

Cis-2-butene:
Cp = -(0.440) + (29.534x10-2) T - (1.018X10-4) T2 - (6.155x10-9) T3

78
Trans-2-butene:
Cp = (18.317) + (25.636x10-2) T - (7.013X10-5) T2 - (8.989x10-9) T3

Conversion unit:

1 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 1000𝑘𝑔
=
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝐽 1𝐽 1𝑘𝐽 1𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000𝑔

= × × × ×
𝑘𝑔.𝐾 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 1000𝐽 1000𝑚𝑜𝑙 18𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽 1𝐽 1𝑘𝐽 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000𝑔

= 𝑘.𝐾 × 1000𝐽 × ×
𝑘𝑔.𝐾 18𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔

Table 2.7 Physical Properties and Thermodynamics Data for Each Component
Specific Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
volume, ѵ formation, ∆H◦f vapourization,
Component (m3/kg) (kJ/kmol) ∆H◦v (kJ/kmol)

Trans-2-butene 0.4156 -11170 22757

Cis-2-butene 6.578 -6990 23349
1-butene 0.4227 -130 21917
Oxygen 0.764 0 -
Nitrogen 0.872 0 -
Carbon dioxide 0.799 -393510 -
Water 0.001 -241820 43990
Butadiene 0.431 123288 22597
Lean oil 1.2987013 77000 -

79
H-101 Boiler
Table 2.8 Stream 1 Properties at Boiler (H-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 1 at 25◦C and 1 atm

Specific Molar flow Mass flow Enthalpy of

∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT Enthalpy of
Component volume,ѵ rate, ṅin rate, ṁin formation, Hf =
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) content, H (MJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) (ton/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr)

Trans-2-butene 0.42 155.93 0.00 0.00 8.73 -1741682 -1741682.25

Cis-2-butene 0.00 0.00
6.58 83.97 4.70 -586917 -586916.60
1-butene 0.42 1.18 0.00 0.00 0.07 -153.563 -153.56
Oxygen - - - - - - -
Nitrogen - - - - - - -
Carbon dioxide - - - - - - -
Water - - - - - - -
Butadiene
- - - - - - -
Oil - - - - - - -
Total Enthalpy -2328752.41

80
 1 2
13.5 ton/hr H – 101 13.5 ton/hr

1.0 n-butene Boiler 1.0 n-butene

Figure 2.17 Block Diagram of Boiler (H-101)

Trans-2-butene

𝑇
𝐻𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠−2−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑇
ṅ ∫𝑇 25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 0 because there is no temperature change between T2 and Tref
25

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

∆ṅĤ𝑓 = -1741.68225 MJ/hr

Thus, Htrans-2-butene = ∆ṅĤ𝑓 = -1741.68225 MJ/hr

Cis-2-butene
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑖𝑠−2−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑇
ṅ ∫𝑇 25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 0 because there is no temperature change between T2 and Tref
25

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

∆ṅĤ𝑓 = -586.916 MJ/hr

Hcis-2-butene = ∆ṅĤ𝑓 = -586.916 MJ/hr

81
1-butene
𝑇
𝐻1−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑇
ṅ ∫𝑇 25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 0 because there is no temperature change between T2 and Tref
25

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

∆ṅĤ𝑓 = -0.153 MJ /hr

H1-butene = ∆ṅĤ𝑓 = -0.153 MJ /hr

82
 Table 2.9 Stream 2 Properties at Boiler (H-101)
Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm
Outlet: Stream 2 at 650◦C and 1 atm

Specific Molar flow Mass flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

∫Cout dT ṅout ∫Cp dT
Component volume,ѵ rate, ṅout rate, ṁout formation, Hf = content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) (ton/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)

Trans-2-butene 0.42 155.93 58703.46 9153337 8.73 -1741682.25 7411.65

Cis-2-butene 6.58 83.97 53227.40 4469248.1 4.70 -586916.60 3882.33
1-butene 0.42 1.18 56481.07 66718.264 0.07 -153.40 66.56
Oxygen - - - - - - -
Nitrogen - - - - - - -
Carbon Dioxide - - - - - - -
Water - - - - - - -
Butadiene - - - - - - -
Oil - - - - - - -
Total Enthalpy 11360.551

83
Trans-2-butene

𝑇
𝐻𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠−2−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

∆ṅĤ𝑓 = -1741.682 MJ/hr

𝑇650 𝑇650
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 18.317 + 25.636𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 7.013𝐸 − 5( 𝑇 2 ) − 8.989𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇25 𝑇25

25.636𝐸−2 7.013𝐸−5
=155.93⌈18.317(650 − 25) + (6502 − 252 ) − (6503 − 253 ) −
2 3
8.989𝐸−9
(6504 − 254 )⌉
4

= 9153337 kJ/hr

Htrans-2-butene = (9153.337 - 1741.682 ) MJ/hr = 7411.654 MJ/hr

Cis-2-butene

𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑖𝑠−2−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

𝑇650 𝑇650
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −0.440 + 29.534𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.018𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) − 6.155𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇25 𝑇25

29.534𝐸−2 1.018𝐸−5
=83.97 ⌈−0.440(650 − 25) + (6502 − 252 ) − (6503 − 253 ) −
2 3
6.155𝐸−9
(6504 − 254 )⌉
4

= 4469248.1kJ/hr

Hcis-2-butene = (4469.248 – 586.916) MJ /hr = 3882.331MJ/hr

84
1-butene
𝑇
𝐻1−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

∆ṅĤ𝑓 = -153.40 kJ/hr

𝑇650 𝑇650
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −2.994 + 35.320𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.982𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) + 44.631𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇25 𝑇25

35.320𝐸−2 1.982𝐸−5
= 1.18 [−2.994(650 − 25) + (6502 − 252 ) − (6503 − 253 ) +
2 3
44.631𝐸−9
(6504 − 254 )]
4

= 66718.264kJ/hr

H1-butene = (66.718 -0.153) MJ/hr = 66.564 MJ/hr

∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = (11360.551+ 2328.752) MJ/hr = 13689.303 MJ/hr

Q = ∆H = 13689.303 MJ/hr

1 ℎ𝑟
Power = 13689.303 MJ/hr x 3600 𝑠

= 3.802 MJ/s or
= 3.802 M

85
C-101 Compressor

Table 2.10 Stream 4 Properties at Compressor (C-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 4 at 25◦C and 1 atm

Specific Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

Molar flow rate, ∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT Enthalpy of
Component volume,ѵ vaporization, Hv = formation, Hf =
ṅin (kmol/hr) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) content, H (MJ/hr)
(m3/kg) ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr)

Trans-2-butene - - - - - - -
Cis-2-butene - - - - - - -
1-butene - - - - - - -
Oxygen 0.764 232.03 0 0 0 0 0.00
Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 0 0 0 0 0.00
Carbon dioxide 0.799 8.04 0 0 0 -3163820 -3163.82
Water - - - - - - -
Butadiene - - - - - - -
Total -3163.82

86
 4 5
35.36 ton/hr C – 101 35.36 ton/hr

1.0 air Compressor

1.0 air

Figure 2.18 Block Diagram of Compressor (C-101)

Oxygen
𝑇
𝐻𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because oxygen is inert gas

Hoxygen = 0 MJ/hr since the operating conditions of oxygen in this unit are same with
reference operating conditions.

Nitrogen
𝑇
𝐻𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because nitrogen is inert gas

Hnitrogen = 0 MJ/hr since the operating conditions of nitrogen in this unit are same with
reference operating conditions.

87
Carbon Dioxide
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -3163.8204 MJ/hr

Hcarbondioxide = ∆ṅĤf = -3163.82 MJ/hr

88
 Table 2.11 Stream 5 Properties at Compressor (C-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 5 at 25◦C and 2 atm

Specific Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

Molar flow rate, ∫Cout dT ṅout∫Cp dT Enthalpy of content,
Component volume,ѵ vaporization, Hv = formation, Hf =
ṅout (kmol/hr) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) H (MJ/hr)
(m3/kg) ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr)

Trans-2-butene - - - - - - -
Cis-2-butene - - - - - - -
1-butene - - - - - - -
Oxygen 0.764 232.03 0 0 0 0 0.00
Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 0 0 0 0 0.00
Carbon dioxide 0.799 8.04 0 0 0 -3163820 -3163.82
Water - - - - - -
Butadiene - - - - - -
Total -3163.82

89
Oxygen
𝑇
𝐻𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because oxygen is inert gas
𝑇
ṅ ∫𝑇 25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 0
25

Hoxygen = 0 MJ/hr since the operating conditions of oxygen in this unit are same with
reference operating conditions.

Nitrogen
𝑇
𝐻𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because nitrogen is inert gas

Hnitrogen = 0 MJ/hr since the operating conditions of nitrogen in this unit are same with
reference operating conditions.

Carbon Dioxide
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -3163.8204 MJ/hr

Hcarbondioxide = ∆ṅĤf = -3163.8204 MJ/hr

∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = 0 MJ/hr

90
Q = ∆H = 0 MJ/hr

Work per unit mass of compressor:

Pout kJ
Ws  RT ln R constant (air) = 0.287
Pin kg.K

Inlet Temperature = 298.15 K

Outlet Pressure = 2 atm

Inlet Pressure = 1 atm

kJ 2atm
Ws = 0.287 (298.15 K) ln
kg.K 1atm

kJ
Ws = 59.31
kg

Power = mass flowrate × Ws mass flowrate = 35360 kg/hr

kJ
Ws = 59.31
kg

kJ 1MJ
Power = 35360 kg/hr × 59.31 ×
kg 1000

MJ 1hr
Power = 2097.2 
hr 3600s

Power required by compressor, C-101 = 0.58MW

Efficiency,  p  85%  0.85

Power 0.58MW
Ps  = =0.68MW
p 0.85

91
H-102 Boiler
Table 2.12 Stream 6 Properties at Boiler (H-102)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 6 at 25◦C and 1 atm

Enthalpy of
Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
∫Cp dT vaporization,
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅin ṅin∫Cp dT (kJ/hr) formation, Hf content, H
(kJ/kmol) Hv = ṅĤv
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
(kJ/hr)

Water 0.001 7500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1813650000 -1813650.00

Total -1813650.00

6
135.00 ton/hr H – 102 7
1.0 H2O 135.00 ton/hr
1.0 H2O Boiler 1.0 H2O

Figure 2.19 Block Diagram of Boiler (H-102)

92
 Table 2.13 Stream 7 Properties at Boiler (H-102)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 7 at 650◦C and 1 atm

Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅout ∫Cp dT (kJ/kmol) ṅout∫Cp dT (kJ/hr) vaporization, Hv formation, Hf = content, H
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)

Water 0.001 7500.00 32197.57702 241481827.7 329925000 -1813650000 -1242243.17

Total -1242243.17

∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = (-1242243.172+1813650) MJ/hr = 571406.8277 MJ/hr

Q = ∆H = 571406.8277 MJ/hr

1 ℎ𝑟
Power = 571406.8277 MJ/hr x 3600 𝑠

= 158.7241188 MJ/s or
= 158.7241188 MW

93
M-101 Mixer
Table 2.14 Stream 2 Properties at Mixer (M-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 2 at 650 ◦C and 1 atm

Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅin vaporization, Hv formation, Hf content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) = ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)

Trans-2-butene 0.416 8.73 58703.46 512481.206 0 -97514.1 414.9671058

Cis-2-butene 6.578 4.7 53227.4 250168.78 0 -32853 217.31578

1-butene 0.423 0.07 56481.1 3953.677 0 -9.1 3.944577

Total
636.2274628

94
 M2 = 13.50 ton/hr 0.6468 trans-2-butene
0.3483 cis-2-butene
2
0.0049 1-butene

5 9
M5 = 35.36 ton/hr M9 = 183.86 ton/hr
M-101
0.2100 oxygen 0.0475 trans-2-butene
Mixer
0.7800 nitrogen 0.0256 cis-2-butene
0.0100 carbon dioxide 0.0004 1-butene
7 0.0404 Oxygen
0.1500 Nitrogen

M7 = 135.00 ton/hr 0.0019 Carbon dioxide

1.0000 water 0.7343 Water

Figure 2.20 Block Diagram of Mixer (M-101)

Trans-2-butene
𝑇
𝐻𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠−2−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -97514.1 kJ/kmol

𝑇650 𝑇650
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 18.317 + 25.636𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 7.013𝐸 − 5( 𝑇 2 ) − 8.989𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇25 𝑇25

25.636𝐸−2 7.013𝐸−5
=8.37⌈18.317(650 − 25) + (6502 − 252 ) − (6503 − 253 ) −
2 3
8.989𝐸−9
(6504 − 254 )⌉
4

= 512481.206 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Htrans-2-butene = (512481.206 - 97514.1) kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽= 414.967 MJ/hr

Thus, Htrans-2-butene = 414.967 MJ/hr

95
Cis-2-butene
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑖𝑠−2−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -32853 kJ/kmol

𝑇650 𝑇650
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −0.440 + 29.534𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.018𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) − 6.155𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇25 𝑇25

29.534𝐸−2 1.018𝐸−5
=4.7 ⌈−0.440(650 − 25) + (6502 − 252 ) − (6503 − 253 ) −
2 3
6.155𝐸−9
(6504 − 254 )⌉
4

=250168.78 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hcis-2-butene = (250168.78 – -32853) kJ /hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = 217.31578 MJ/hr

1-butene
𝑇
𝐻1−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -9.1 kJ/kmol

𝑇650 𝑇650
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −2.994 + 35.320𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.982𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) + 44.631𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇25 𝑇25

35.320𝐸−2 1.982𝐸−5
= 0.07 [−2.994(650 − 25) + (6502 − 252 ) − (6503 − 253 ) +
2 3
44.631𝐸−9
(6504 − 254 )]
4

= 3953.677 kJ/hr

H1-butene = (3953.677- 9.1) MJ/hr = 3.944577 MJ/hr

96
 Table 2.15 Stream 5 Properties at Mixer (M-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 5 at 25 ◦C and 2 atm

Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅin vaporization, Hv = formation, Hf content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) ṅĤv (kJ/hr) = ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)

Oxygen 0.764 232.03 0 0 0 0 0

Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 0 0 0 0 0

Carbon dioxide 0.799 8.04 0 0 0 -3162133.93 -3162.133929

Total -3162.133929

97
Oxygen
𝑇
𝐻𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because oxygen is inert gas
𝑇
ṅ ∫𝑇 25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 0
25

Hoxygen = 0 MJ/hr since the operating conditions of oxygen in this unit are same with
reference operating conditions.

Nitrogen
𝑇
𝐻𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because nitrogen is inert gas
𝑇
ṅ ∫𝑇 25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 0
25

Hnitrogen = 0 MJ/hr since the operating conditions of nitrogen in this unit are same with
reference operating conditions.

Carbon Dioxide
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
1 𝑀𝐽
∆ṅĤf = -3162133.929 kJ/hr 𝑥 = -3162.133929 MJ/hr
1000𝑘𝐽

Hcarbondioxide = ∆ṅĤf = -3162.133929 MJ/hr

98
 Table 2.16 Stream 7 Properties at Mixer (M-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 7 at 650 ◦C and 1 atm

Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

ṅin∫Cp dT
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅin ∫Cp dT (kJ/kmol) vaporization, Hv formation, Hf = content, H
(kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)

Water 0.001 7500.00 32197.57702 241481828 329925000 -1813650000 -1242243.172

Total -1242243.172

99
Water
𝑇
𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

∆ṅĤf = -1813650000 kJ/kmol

∆ṅĤ𝑣 = 329925000 kJ/hr

𝑇650 100 650

ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑇 + ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝑇25 25 100

𝑇100 𝑇100
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 2.7637𝐸5 − 2.0901𝐸3 + 8.125( 𝑇 2 ) − 1.4116𝐸 − 2(𝑇 3 ) + 9.370𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
− 6(𝑇 4 )
𝑇650 𝑇100
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 32.243 + 19.238𝐸 − 4 + 10.555𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 ) − 3.569𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇100 𝑇25

2.0901𝐸3 8.125
= 7500 [2.7637𝐸5(100 − 25) − (1002 − 252 ) + (1003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.4116𝐸−2 9.370𝐸−6
(1004 − 254 ) + (1005 − 255 )] + 7500 [32.243(650 − 25) +
43 5
19.238𝐸−4 10.555𝐸−6 3.569𝐸−9
(6502 − 252 ) + (6503 − 253 ) − (6504 − 254 )]
2 3 4

= 241481828 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hwater= [(-1813650000+24148182+329925000) kJ/hr ] 𝑥 = -1242243.172MJ/hr
1000𝑘𝐽

100
 Table 2.17 Stream 9 at Mixer (M-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 9 at 580 ◦C and 1 atm

Enthalpy of
Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT vaporization,
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅout formation, Hf = content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) Hv = ṅĤv
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
(kJ/hr)

Trans-2-butene 0.764 155.93 48390.56 7545298.46 0 -1741682.25 5803.62

Cis-2-butene 0.872 83.97 43190.41 3626490.55 0 -586916.60 3039.57
1-butene 0.799 1.18 46009.49 54348.71 0 -153.40 54.20
Oxygen 0.764 232.03 17036.14 3952917.87 0 0.00 3952.92
Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 16422.18 32350012.77 0 0.00 32350.01
Carbon dioxide 0.799 8.04 20157.39 161979.02 0 -3162133.93 -3000.15
Water 0.001 7500.00 32197.58 241481827.66 329925000 -1813650000.00 -1242243.17
Total -1200043.01

101
Water
𝑇
𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

∆ṅĤf = --1813650000 kJ/hr

∆ṅĤ𝑣 = 329925000 kJ/hr

𝑇580 100 580

ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝑇25 25 100

𝑇100 𝑇100
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 2.7637𝐸5 − 2.0901𝐸3 + 8.125( 𝑇 2 ) − 1.4116𝐸 − 2(𝑇 3 ) + 9.370𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
− 6(𝑇 4 )
2.0901𝐸3 8.125
=7500 [2.7637𝐸5(100 − 25) − (1002 − 252 ) + (1003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.4116𝐸−2 9.370𝐸−6
(1004 − 254 ) + (1005 − 255 )] + 7500 [32.243(580 − 25) +
43 5
19.238𝐸−4 10.555𝐸−6 3.569𝐸−9
(5802 − 252 ) + (5803 − 253 ) − (5804 − 254 )]
2 3 4

= 241481827.7 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hwater= [(329925000- 1813650000+329925000) kJ/hr]x1000 𝑘𝐽 = -1242243170kJ/hr

102
Trans-2-butene
𝑇
𝐻𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠−2−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -1741682.85 kJ/hr

𝑇580 𝑇580
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 18.317 + 25.636𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 7.013𝐸 − 5( 𝑇 2 ) − 8.989𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
− 9(𝑇 3 )
25.636𝐸−2 7.013𝐸−5
=155.93⌈18.317(580 − 25) + (5802 − 252 ) − (5803 − 253 ) −
2 3
8.989𝐸−9
(5804 − 254 )⌉
4

= 7545298.46 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Htrans-2-butene = (7545298.46 - 1741682.85) kJ/hr 𝑥 1𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑘𝐽 = 5803.62 MJ/hr

Cis-2-butene
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑖𝑠−2−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -586916.59 kJ/kmol

𝑇580 𝑇580
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −0.440 + 29.534𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.018𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) − 6.155𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 9(𝑇
29.534𝐸−2 1.018𝐸−5
=83.965 ⌈−0.440(580 − 25) + (5802 − 252 ) − (5803 − 253 ) −
2 3
6.155𝐸−9
(5804 − 254 )⌉
4

=3626490.55 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hcis-2-butene = (3626490.55-586916.59) kJ /hr 𝑥 1𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑘𝐽 = 3039.57 MJ/hr

103
1-butene
𝑇
𝐻1−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -153.40 kJ/kmol

𝑇580 𝑇580
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −2.994 + 35.320𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.982𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) + 44.631𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
− 9(𝑇 3 )
35.320𝐸−2 1.982𝐸−5
= 1.18 [−2.994(580 − 25) + (5802 − 252 ) − (5803 − 253 ) +
2 3
44.631𝐸−9
(5804 − 254 )]
4

= 54348.7098 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
H1-butene = (54348.7098-153.40) kJ/hr 𝑥 1𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑘𝐽 = 54.20 MJ/hr

Oxygen
𝑇
𝐻𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because oxygen is inert gas

𝑇580 𝑇580
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 28.106 − 3.680𝐸 − 6(𝑇) + 17.459𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.065𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 8(𝑇
3.680𝐸−6 17.459𝐸−6
= 232.03 [28.106(580 − 25) − (5802 − 252 ) + (5803 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.065𝐸−8
(5804 − 254 )]
4

= 3952917.87 kJ/hr

104
 1 𝑀𝐽
Hoxygen = 38952917.87 kJ/hr 𝑥 1𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑘𝐽 = 3952.92 MJ/hr

Nitrogen
𝑇
𝐻𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because nitrogen is inert gas

𝑇580 580
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 31.150 − 1.357𝐸 − 2(𝑇) + 26.796𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.168𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 8(𝑇
1.357𝐸−2 26.796𝐸−6
=1969.90 [31.150(580 − 25) − (5802 − 252 ) + (5803 −
2 3
1.168𝐸−8
253 ) − (5804 − 254 )]
4

= 32350012.8 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hnitrogen = 32350012.8 kJ/hr 𝑥 = 32350,01 MJ/hr
1𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑘𝐽

Carbon Dioxide
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -316382133.93 kJ/hr

𝑇580 580
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 19.795 + 73.436𝐸 − 3(𝑇) − 5.062𝐸 − 5( 𝑇 2 )
𝑇25 𝑇25
+ 17.153𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )

105
 73.436𝐸−2 5.062𝐸−5
= 8.036 (19.795(580 − 25) + (5802 − 252 ) − (5803 − 253 ) +
2 3
17.153𝐸−9
(5804 − 254 ) )
4

= 161979.025 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hcarbondioxide = (161979.025 -316382133.93) kJ/hr = -3000150 kJ/hr 𝑥 1𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑘𝐽

= -3000.15 MJ/hr

∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = (-1200043.01+1244769.10)MJ/hr

= 44726.07 MJ/hr

Q=∆𝑯 = 44726.07 MJ/hr

𝟏 𝒉𝒓
Power = 44726.07 MJ/hr 𝒙 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔 = 12.42 MJ/s = 12.42 MW

106
R-101 Oxidative Dehydrogenation Fixed Bed Reactor

Table 2.18 Stream 9 Properties Oxidative Dehydrogenation Fixed Bed Reactor (R-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 9 at 580 ◦C and 1 atm

Enthalpy of
Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT vaporization,
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅin formation, Hf content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) Hv = ṅĤv
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
(kJ/hr)

Trans-2-butene 0.764 155.925 48390.56 7545298.46 0 -1741682.25 5803.62

Cis-2-butene 0.872 83.9651786 43190.41 3626490.55 0 -586916.598 3039.57
1-butene 0.799 1.18125 46009.4898 54348.7098 0 -153.5625 54.20
Oxygen 0.764 232.03125 17036.14 3952917.87 0 0 3952.92
Nitrogen 0.872 1969.89796 16422.18 32350012.8 0 0 32350.01
Carbon dioxide 0.799 8.03571429 20157.39 161979.025 0 -3162133.93 -3000.15
Water 0.001 7500 32197.58 241481828 329925000 -1813650000 -1242243.17
Total -1200043.01

107
 9 R – 101 10
183.86 ton/hr 183.8 ton/hr
Oxidative dehydrogenation
0.0475 trans-2-butene fixed bed reactor 0.0669 butadiene
0.0256 cis-2-butene 0.0004 1-butene
0.0004 1-butene 0.0080 O2
0.0404 O2 0.1500 N2
0.1500 N2 0.0134 CO2
0.0019 carbon dioxide 0.7613 H2 O
0.7343 water
Figure 2.21 Block Diagram of Oxidative Dehydrogenation Fixed Bed Reactor (R-101)

Trans-2-butene
𝑇
𝐻𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠−2−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -1741682.85 kJ/hr

𝑇580 𝑇580
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 18.317 + 25.636𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 7.013𝐸 − 5( 𝑇 2 ) − 8.989𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇25 𝑇25

25.636𝐸−2 7.013𝐸−5
=155. 925⌈18.317(580 − 25) + (5802 − 252 ) − (5803 − 253 ) −
2 3
8.989𝐸−9
(5804 − 254 )⌉
4

= 7545298.46 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Htrans-2-butene = (7545298.46 - 1741682.85) kJ/hr 𝑥 = 5803.62 MJ/hr
1000𝑘𝐽

108
Cis-2-butene
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑖𝑠−2−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -586916.589 kJ/kmol

𝑇580 𝑇580
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −0.440 + 29.534𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.018𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) − 6.155𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇25 𝑇25

29.534𝐸−2 1.018𝐸−5
=83.965 ⌈−0.440(580 − 25) + (5802 − 252 ) − (5803 − 253 ) −
2 3
6.155𝐸−9
(5804 − 254 )⌉
4

=3626490.55 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hcis-2-butene = (3626490.55-586916.589) kJ /hr 𝑥 = 3039.57 MJ/hr
1000𝑘𝐽

1-butene
𝑇
𝐻1−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -153.40 kJ/kmol

𝑇580 𝑇580
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −2.994 + 35.320𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.982𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) + 44.631𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇25 𝑇25

35.320𝐸−2 1.982𝐸−5
= 1.18 [−2.994(580 − 25) + (5802 − 252 ) − (5803 − 253 ) +
2 3
44.631𝐸−9
(580 − 254 )]
4

= 54348.7098 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
H1-butene = (54348.7098-153.40) kJ/hr 𝑥 = 54.20 MJ/hr
1000𝑘𝐽

109
Oxygen
𝑇
𝐻𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because oxygen is inert gas

𝑇580 𝑇580
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 28.106 − 3.680𝐸 − 6(𝑇) + 17.459𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.065𝐸 − 8(𝑇 3 )
𝑇25 𝑇25

3.680𝐸−6 17.459𝐸−6
= 232.03 [28.106(580 − 25) − (5802 − 252 ) + (5803 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.065𝐸−8
(5804 − 254 )]
4

= 3952917.87 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hoxygen= 3952917.87 kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = 3952.92 MJ/hr

Nitrogen
𝑇
𝐻𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because nitrogen is inert gas

𝑇580 𝑇580
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 31.150 − 1.357𝐸 − 2(𝑇) + 26.796𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.168𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 8(𝑇
1.357𝐸−2 26.796𝐸−6
=1969.90 [31.150(580 − 25) − (5802 − 252 ) + (5803 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.168𝐸−8
(5804 − 254 )]
4

= 32350012.8 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hnitrogen= 32350012.8 kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = 32350.01 MJ/hr

110
Carbon Dioxide
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -316382133.93 kJ/hr

𝑇580 580
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 19.795 + 73.436𝐸 − 3(𝑇) − 5.062𝐸 − 5( 𝑇 2 ) + 17.153𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 9(𝑇
73.436𝐸−2 5.062𝐸−5
= 8.036. (19.795(580 − 25) + (5802 − 252 ) − (5803 − 253 ) +
2 3
17.153𝐸−9
(5804 − 254 ) )
4

= 161979.025 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hcarbondioxide = (161979.025 -316382133.93) kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = -3000.15 MJ/hr

Water
𝑇
𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

∆ṅĤf = -1813650000 kJ/kmol

∆ṅĤ𝑣 = 329925000 kJ/hr

𝑇580 100 580

ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝑇25 25 100

𝑇100 𝑇100
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 2.7637𝐸5 − 2.0901𝐸3 + 8.125( 𝑇 2 ) − 1.4116𝐸 − 2(𝑇 3 ) + 9.370𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
4)
− 6(𝑇
𝑇580 𝑇100
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 32.243 + 19.238𝐸 − 4 + 10.555𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 ) − 3.569𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇100 𝑇25

111
 2.0901𝐸3 8.125
= 7500 [2.7637𝐸5(100 − 25) − (1002 − 252 ) + (1003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.4116𝐸−2 9.370𝐸−6
(1004 − 254 ) + (1005 − 255 )] + 7500 [32.243(580 − 25) +
43 5
19.238𝐸−4 10.555𝐸−6 3.569𝐸−9
(5802 − 252 ) + (5803 − 253 ) − (5804 − 254 )]
2 3 4

= 241481828 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hwater= [(329925000+241481828-1813650000) kJ/hr ]𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = -1242243.17 MJ/hr

112
 Table 2.19 Stream 10 Properties Oxidative Dehydrogenation Fixed Bed Reactor (R-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 10 at 500◦C and 1 atm

Enthalpy of
Specific Molar flow
∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT vaporization, Enthalpy of formation, Enthalpy of
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅout
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) Hv = ṅĤv Hf = ṅĤf (kJ/hr) content, H (MJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr)
(kJ/hr)

Trans-2-butene - - - - - - -
Cis-2-butene - - - - - - -
1-butene 0.422 1.18 35057.50 41367.85 0.00 -153.40 41.21
Oxygen 0.764 232.03 14244.58 3305169.90 0.00 0.00 3305.17
Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 14038.10 27653653.19 0.00 0.00 27653.65
Carbon dioxide 0.799 56.01 16493.32 923790.85 0.00 -22040495.10 -21116.70
Water 0.001 7775.87 32197.58 250364173.23 342060521.30 -1880360883.40 -1287936.19
Butadiene 0.431 227.90 33064.09 7535306.11 0.00 28097335.20 35632.64
Total
-1242420.21

113
Water
𝑇
𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

∆ṅĤf = -1880360883.40 kJ/hr

∆ṅĤ𝑣 = 342060521.30 kJ/hr

𝑇500 100 500

ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝑇25 25 100

𝑇100 𝑇100
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 2.7637𝐸5 − 2.0901𝐸3 + 8.125( 𝑇 2 ) − 1.4116𝐸 − 2(𝑇 3 ) + 9.370𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
− 6(𝑇 4 )
𝑇200 𝑇100
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 32.243 + 19.238𝐸 − 4 + 10.555𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 ) − 3.569𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
𝑇100 𝑇25

2.0901𝐸3 8.125
= 7775 [2.7637𝐸5(100 − 25) − (1002 − 252 ) + (1003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.4116𝐸−2 9.370𝐸−6
(1004 − 254 ) + (1005 − 255 )] + 7775 [32.243(500 − 100) +
43 5
19.238𝐸−4 10.555𝐸−6 3.569𝐸−9
(5002 − 1002 ) + (5003 − 1003 ) − (5004 − 1004 )]
2 3 4

= 250364173.23 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hwater= [(250364173.23 -1880360883.40 + 342060521.30 ) kJ/hr]x1000 𝑘𝐽 = -1287936.19 MJ/h

114
1-butene
𝑇
𝐻1−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -153.40 kJ/kmol

𝑇500 𝑇500
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −2.994 + 35.320𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.982𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) + 44.631𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
− 9(𝑇 3 )
35.320𝐸−2 1.982𝐸−5
= 1.18 [−2.994(500 − 25) + (5002 − 252 ) − (5003 − 253 ) +
2 3
44.631𝐸−9
(5004 − 254 )]
4

= 41367.85 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
H1-butene = (54348.7098-153.40) kJ/hr 𝑥 1𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑘𝐽 = 41.21 MJ/hr

Oxygen
𝑇
𝐻𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because oxygen is inert gas

𝑇500 𝑇500
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 28.106 − 3.680𝐸 − 6(𝑇) + 17.459𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2
𝑇25 𝑇25
− 1.065𝐸 − 8(𝑇 3 )
3.680𝐸−6 17.459𝐸−6
= 232.03 [28.106(500 − 25) − (5002 − 252 ) + (5003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.065𝐸−8
(5004 − 254 )]
4

115
= 3305169.90 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hoxygen = 3305169.90 kJ/hr𝑥 1𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑘𝐽 = 3305.17 MJ/hr

Nitrogen
𝑇
𝐻𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because nitrogen is inert gas

𝑇500 500
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 31.150 − 1.357𝐸 − 2(𝑇) + 26.796𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.168𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 8(𝑇
1.357𝐸−2 26.796𝐸−6
=1969.90 [31.150(500 − 25) − (5002 − 252 ) + (5003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.168𝐸−8
(5004 − 254 )]
4

= 27653653.19 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hnitrogen = 27653653.19 kJ/hr 𝑥 1𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑘𝐽= 27653.65 MJ/hr

Carbon Dioxide
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -22040495.10 kJ/hr

𝑇500 500
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 19.795 + 73.436𝐸 − 3(𝑇) − 5.062𝐸 − 5( 𝑇 2 ) + 17.153𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 9(𝑇

116
 73.436𝐸−2 5.062𝐸−5
= 8.036. (19.795(500 − 25) + (5002 − 252 ) − (5003 − 253 ) +
2 3
17.153𝐸−9
(5004 − 254 ) )
4

= 923790.85 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hcarbondioxide = (923790.85 -22040495.10) kJ/hr 𝑥 1𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑘𝐽 = -21116.70 MJ/hr

Butadiene
𝑇
𝐻𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤv = 28097335.20 kJ/hr
𝑇500 𝑇500
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −1.687 + 34.185𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 2.340𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 )
𝑇25 𝑇25
+ 63.346𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
34.185𝐸−2 2.340𝐸−5
= −1.687(500 − 25) + (5002 − 252 ) − (5003 − 253 ) +
2 3
63.346𝐸−9
(5004 − 254 )
4

=7535306.11 kJ/h

1 𝑀𝐽
Hbutadiene= 195134.817 kJ/hr +28097335.2kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = 35632.64 MJ/hr

∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = (-1242420.21- 42200.11) MJ/hr = -1284620.32 MJ/hr

Q = ∆𝑯 = -1284620.32 MJ/hr
𝟏 𝒉𝒓
Power = -1284620.32 MJ/hr X 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔

= -356.8389787 MJ/s
= -356.8389787 MW

117
V-101 Quench Tower

Table 2.20 Stream 15 Properties Quench Tower (V-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 15 at 25◦C and 1 atm

Specific
Molar flow Mass flow
volume, ∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT Enthalpy of formation, Enthalpy of content, H
Component rate, ṅin rate, ṁin
ѵ (kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) Hf = ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
(kmol/hr) (ton/hr)
(m3/kg)

Water 0.001 61285.71 - - 1103.14 -14820110392.20 -14820110.39

Total -14820110.39

118
 1.0 H2O
183.86 ton/hr
15 1.0
1103.14 ton/hr

11 12
183.86 ton/hr V – 101 43.89 ton/hr
Quench tower
0.0669 butadiene 0.2804 butadiene
0.0004 1-butene 0.0015 1-butene
0.0080 oxygen 0.0336 oxygen
0.1500 nitrogen 0.6283 nitrogen
0.0134 carbon dioxide 0.0562 carbon dioxide
13
0.7613 water

1243.11 ton/hr

1.0 H2O
183.86 ton/hr
Figure 2.22 Block diagram for Quench Tower (V-101)
1.0

Water
𝑇
𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑇25
∫𝑇 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 0 because there is no temperature change between T2 and Tref
25

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -14820110392.20 kJ/hr
1 𝑀𝐽
Hwater = ∆ṅĤf = -14820110392.20 kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = -14820110.39 MJ/hr

119
 Table 2.21 Stream 11 Properties at Quench Tower (V-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 11 at 200◦C and 1 atm
Molar
Specific Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
flow rate, ∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT
Component volume, ѵ Mass flow rate, ṁin (ton/hr) formation, Hf = ṅĤf content, H
ṅin (kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
(kmol/hr)
1-butene 0.42 1.18 5920.02 6993.02 0.07 -153.56 6.84
Oxygen 0.76 46.12 4969.35 229168.34 1.48 0.00 229.17
Nitrogen 0.87 1969.90 5250.74 10343422.01 27.58 0.00 10343.42
Carbon dioxide 0.80 56.01 4767.66 267054.52 2.46 -22041970.76 -21774.92
Water 0.00 7775.87 3276.45 25477261.40 139.97 -1880361779.43 -1854884.52
Butadiene 0.43 227.90 5837.50 1330340.97 12.31 28096801.32 29427.14
Total -1836652.86

120
1-butene
𝑇
𝐻1−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

∆ṅĤ𝑓 = −153.40 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟

𝑇200 𝑇200
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −2.994 + 35.320𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.982𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 )
𝑇25 𝑇25
+ 44.631𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
35.320𝐸−2 1.982𝐸−5
= −2.994(200 − 25) + (2002 − 252 ) − (2003 −
2 3
44.631𝐸−9
253 ) + (2004 − 254 )
4

= 6993.02 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
H1-butene =( 6993.02 kJ/hr -153.40 kJ/hr) 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽= 6.84 MJ/hr

Oxygen
𝑇
𝐻𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because oxygen is inert gas

𝑇200 𝑇200
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 28.106 − 3.680𝐸 − 6(𝑇) + 17.459𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.065𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
− 8(𝑇 3 )
3.680𝐸−6 17.459𝐸−6
= 28.106(200 − 25) − (2002 − 252 ) + (2003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.065𝐸−8
(2004 − 254 )
4

= 229168.34 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hoxygen = 229168.34 kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = 229.17 MJ/hr

121
Nitrogen
𝑇
𝐻𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because nitrogen is inert gas

𝑇200 𝑇200
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 31.150 − 1.357𝐸 − 2(𝑇) + 26.796𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.168𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 8(𝑇
1.357𝐸−2 26.796𝐸−6
=31.150(200 − 25) − (2002 − 252 ) + (2003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.168𝐸−8
(2004 − 254 )
4

= 10343422.01kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hnitrogen = 10343422.01kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = 10343.42 MJ/hr

Carbon Dioxide
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = – 22041970.76 kJ/hr

𝑇200 𝑇200
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 19.795 + 73.436𝐸 − 3(𝑇) − 5.062𝐸 − 5( 𝑇 2 )
𝑇25 𝑇25
+ 17.153𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
73.436𝐸−2 5.062𝐸−5
= 19.795(200 − 25) + (2002 − 252 ) − (2003 −
2 3
17.153𝐸−9
253 ) + (2004 − 254 )
4

= 267054.52 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hcarbondioxide = (267054.52 kJ/hr – 22041970.76 kJ/hr) 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽

122
 = -21774.92 MJ/hr

Butadiene
𝑇
𝐻𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ṅ ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 28096801.32 kJ/hr

𝑇200 𝑇200
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −1.687 + 34.185𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 2.340𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 )
𝑇25 𝑇25
+ 63.346𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
34.185𝐸−2 2.340𝐸−5
= −1.687(200 − 25) + (2002 − 252 ) − (2003 − 253 ) +
2 3
63.346𝐸−9
(2004 − 254 )
4

= 1330340.97 kJ/hr
1 𝑀𝐽
Hbutadiene = (1330340.97 kJ/hr + 28096801.32 kJ/hr) 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = 29427.14 MJ/hr

Water
𝑇 𝑇
𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∫𝑇 3 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓 2

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change

∆ṅĤf = -1880361779.43 kJ/hr

𝑇100 𝑇100
ṅ [∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 2.7637𝐸5 − 2.0901𝐸3 + 8.1250( 𝑇 2 − 1.4116𝐸 − 2
𝑇25 𝑇25

+ 9.3701𝐸 − 6(𝑇 4 ) ]

𝑇200 𝑇200
[∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −1.687 + 34.185𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 2.340𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) + 63.346𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25

− 9(𝑇 3 )]

123
 2.0901𝐸3 8.125
= 7500 [2.7637𝐸5(100 − 25) − (1002 − 252 ) + (1003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.4116𝐸−2 9.370𝐸−6
(1004 − 254 ) + (1005 − 255 )] + 7500 [32.243(200 − 100) +
43 5
19.238𝐸−4 10.555𝐸−6 3.569𝐸−9
(2002 − 1002 ) + (2003 − 1003 ) − (2004 − 1004 )]
2 3 4

= 25477261.40 kJ/hr

Hwater = 25477261.40 kJ/hr+ 342060684.30kJ/hr – 1880361779.43 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
= -1854884518.03 kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 =-1854884.52 MJ/hr

124
 Table 2.22 Stream 13 Properties Quench Tower (V-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 13 at 80◦C and 1 atm

Specific Enthalpy of
Molar flow rate, ṅout ṅout∫Cp dT Enthalpy of content,
Component volume, ѵ ∫Cp dT (kJ/kmol) formation, Hf = ṅĤf
(kmol/hr) (kJ/hr) H (MJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kJ/hr)
Water 0.001 69061.59 1207315.63 83379137040
-16700473693.80 -16700.47
Total
-16700.47

125
 𝑇
𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -16700473693.80 kJ/hr

𝑇80 𝑇80
[∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 2.7637𝐸5 − 2.0901𝐸3 + 8.1250( 𝑇 2 − 1.4116𝐸 − 2
𝑇25 𝑇25

+ 9.3701𝐸 − 6(𝑇 4 ) ]

2.0901𝐸3 8.125
= 69061 [2.763𝐸5 − (802 − 252 ) + (803 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.4116𝐸−2 9.3701𝐸6
(804 − 254 ) + (805 − 255 )]
4 5

= 83379137040 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hwater= (83379137040 -16700473693.80) kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = -16700.47 MJ/hr

126
 Table 2.23 Stream 12 Properties at Quench Tower (V-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 12 at 80◦C and 1 atm

Specific Molar flow Mass flow Enthalpy of

∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT Enthalpy of content, H
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅout rate, ṁout formation, Hf =
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) (ton/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr)

1-butene 0.42 1.18 822.85 971.991563 0.07 -153.5625 0.82

Oxygen 1548.84 71426.87 1.48 71.423

0.76 46.12 0.00
Nitrogen 0.87 1969.90 1678.38 3306237.34 27.58 0.00 3306.24
Carbon dioxide 0.80 56.01 1291.68 72351.84 2.46 -22041970.76 -21969.62
Butadiene 0.43 227.9 856.23 195134.817 12.31 28097335.2 28292.47
Total 9701.33

127
1-butene
𝑇
𝐻1−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -153.40 kJ/hr

𝑇80 𝑇80
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −2.994 + 35.320𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.982𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 )
𝑇25 𝑇25
+ 44.631𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
35.320𝐸−2 1.982𝐸−5
= 1.18 [−2.994(80 − 25) + (802 − 252 ) − (803 −
2 3
44.631𝐸−9
253 ) + (804 − 254 )]
4

= 972.00 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
H1-butene = (972.00 kJ/hr - 153.40 kJ/hr) 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = 0.82 MJ/hr

Oxygen
𝑇
𝐻𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because oxygen is inert gas

𝑇80 𝑇80
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 28.106 − 3.680𝐸 − 6(𝑇) + 17.459𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.065𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
− 8(𝑇 3 )
3.680𝐸−6 17.459𝐸−6
= 46.12 [28.106(80 − 25) − (802 − 252 ) + (803 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.065𝐸−8
(804 − 254 )]
4

= 71426.87kJ/hr
1 𝑀𝐽
Hoxygen = 71426.87kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = 71.43 MJ/hr

128
Nitrogen
𝑇
𝐻𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because nitrogen is inert gas

𝑇80 𝑇80
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 31.150 − 1.357𝐸 − 2(𝑇) + 26.796𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.168𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
− 8(𝑇 3 )
1.357𝐸−2 26.796𝐸−6
=[31.150(80 − 25) − (802 − 252 ) + (2003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.168𝐸−8
(2004 − 254 )]
4

= 3306237.34.00 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hnitrogen = 3306237.34.00 kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = 3306.24 MJ/hr

Carbon Dioxide
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -22041970.76 kJ/hr

𝑇80 𝑇80
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 19.795 + 73.436𝐸 − 3(𝑇) − 5.062𝐸 − 5( 𝑇 2 )
𝑇25 𝑇25
+ 17.153𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
73.436𝐸−2 5.062𝐸−5
= 56.01 [19.795(80 − 25) + (802 − 252 ) − (803 −
2 3
17.153𝐸−9
253 ) + (804 − 254 )]
4

=72351.84 kJ/hr

129
 1 𝑀𝐽
Hcarbondioxide = (72351.84 kJ/hr -22041970.76 kJ/hr ) 𝑥 = -21969.62 MJ/hr
1000 𝑘𝐽

Butadiene
𝑇
𝐻𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf =28097335.2kJ/hr

𝑇80 𝑇80
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −1.687 + 34.185𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 2.340𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 )
𝑇25 𝑇25
+ 63.346𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
34.185𝐸−2 2.340𝐸−5
= 227.9[−1.687(80 − 25) + (802 − 252 ) − (803 − 253 ) +
2 3
63.346𝐸−9
(804 − 254 )]
4

=195134.817 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hbutadiene=( 195134.817 kJ/hr +28097335.2kJ/hr) 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽 = 28292.47MJ/hr

∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = (66688364.8 + 66688364.68 ) MJ/hr

= 83345127.93 MJ/hr

Q = ∆H = 83345127.93 MJ/hr
𝟏 𝒉𝒓
Power = 83345127.93 MJ/hr x 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔

= 23151.42 MJ/s
= 23151.42 MW

130
E-105 Condenser
Table 2.24 Stream 29 as Inlet Stream and Stream 30 as Outlet Stream Properties at Condensor (E-105)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 29 at 50◦C and 1.5 atm
Enthalpy of
Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT vaporization,
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅin formation, Hf content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) Hv = ṅĤv
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
(kJ/hr)
1-butene 0.423 1.18 407.50 481.36 0 -153.56 0.33
Butadiene 0.431 227.90 434.03 98914.68 0 28097335.20 28196.25
Total 28196250.21

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 30 at -7◦C and 1.5 atm
Enthalpy of
Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT vaporization,
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅout formation, Hf content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) Hv = ṅĤv
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
(kJ/hr)
1-butene 0.423 1.18 21104.61 24929.82 -25889.46 -153.56 -1113.20
Butadiene 0.431 227.90 -4451.62 -1014524.31 -5149856.30 28097335.20 21932.95
Total 20819.76

131
∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = (28196250.21 - 20819.76) MJ/hr = 1388483.89 MJ/hr

Q = ∆𝑯 = 1388483.89 MJ/hr

𝟏 𝒉𝒓
Power = 1388483.89 MJ/hr 𝒙 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔

= 385.69 MJ/s

= 385.69 MW

132
E-101 Heat Exchanger
Table 2.25 Stream 10 Properties at Heat Exchanger (E-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 10 at 500◦C and 1 atm

Molar Enthalpy of
Specific Enthalpy of
flow rate, ∫Cp dT vaporization, Enthalpy of content,
Component volume, ѵ ṅin∫Cp dT (kJ/hr) formation, Hf =
ṅin (kJ/kmol) Hv = ṅĤv H (MJ/hr)
(m3/kg) ṅĤf (kJ/hr)
(kmol/hr) (kJ/hr)

1-butene 0.423 1.18 35057.53 41367.89 0.00 -153.40 41.21

Oxygen 0.764 46.12 14244.58 656960.03 0 0.00 656.96

Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 14038.10 27653653.19 0.00 0.00 27653.65
Carbon dioxide 0.799 56.01 16493.32 923790.85 0.00 -22040495.10 -21116.70
Water 0.001 7775.87 26772.30 208177924.40 342060521.30 -1880360883.40 -1330122.44
Butadiene 0.431 227.90 33064.09 7535306.11 0.00 28097335.20 35632.64
Total -1287254.67

133
1-butene
𝑇
𝐻1−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = - 153.40 kJ/hr

𝑇500 𝑇500
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −2.994 + 35.320𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.982𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) + 44.631𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 9(𝑇
35.320𝐸−2 1.982𝐸−5
=1.18 [−2.994(500 − 25) + (5002 − 252 ) − (5003 − 253 ) +
2 3
44.631𝐸−9
(5004 − 254 ) ]
4

= 41367.85 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
H1-butene = (972.00 kJ/hr - 153.40 kJ/hr)𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽= 41.21MJ/hr

Oxygen
𝑇
𝐻𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because oxygen is inert gas

𝑇500 𝑇500
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 28.106 − 3.680𝐸 − 6(𝑇) + 17.459𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.065𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 8(𝑇
3.680𝐸−6 17.459𝐸−6
= 46.12 [28.106(500 − 25) − (5002 − 252 ) + (5003 −
2 3
1.065𝐸−8
253 ) − (500 − 254 )]
4

= 656960.03 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hoxygen= 3305169. 90 kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽
= 656.96 MJ/hr

134
Nitrogen
𝑇
𝐻𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because nitrogen is inert gas

𝑇500 𝑇500
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 31.150 − 1.357𝐸 − 2(𝑇) + 26.796𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.168𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 8(𝑇
1.357𝐸−2 26.796𝐸−6
=0.872 [31.150(500 − 25) − (5002 − 252 ) + (5003 −
2 3
1.168𝐸−8
253 ) − (5004 − 254 )]
4

= 27653653.19 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hnitrogen = 27653653.19 kJ/hr 𝑥 = 27653.65 MJ/hr
1000 𝑘𝐽

Carbon Dioxide
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -22040495.10 kJ/hr

𝑇500 𝑇500
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 19.795 + 73.436𝐸 − 3(𝑇) − 5.062𝐸 − 5( 𝑇 2 ) + 17.153𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
− 9(𝑇 3 )
73.436𝐸−2 5.062𝐸−5
=56.01 [19.795(500 − 25) + (5002 − 252 ) − (5003 −
2 3
17.153𝐸−9
253 ) + (5004 − 254 )]
4

=923790.85 kJ/hr

135
 1 𝑀𝐽
Hcarbondioxide = (923790.85 -22040495.10)kJ/hr 𝑥 = -21116.70 MJ/hr
1000𝑘𝐽

Butadiene
𝑇
𝐻𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 28097335.20 kJ/hr

𝑇500 𝑇500
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −1.687 + 34.185𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 2.340𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 )
𝑇25 𝑇25
+ 63.346𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
34.185𝐸−2 2.340𝐸−5
=227.90 [−1.687(500 − 25) + (5002 − 252 ) − (5003 −
2 3
63.346𝐸−9
253 ) + (5004 − 254 ) ]
4

=7535306.11 kJ/hr
1 𝑀𝐽
Hbutadiene= (7535306.11+28097335.20) kJ/hr 𝑥 = = 35632.64 MJ/hr
1000𝑘𝐽

Water
𝑇
𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 342060521.30 kJ/hr

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = - 1880360883kJ/hr

𝑇500 𝑇500
ṅ [∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 2.7637𝐸5 − 2.0901𝐸3 + 8.1250( 𝑇 2 − 1.4116𝐸 − 2
𝑇25 𝑇25

+ 9.3701𝐸 − 6(𝑇 4 ) ]

𝑇500 𝑇500
[∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −1.687 + 34.185𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 2.340𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 )
𝑇25 𝑇25

+ 63.346𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )]

136
 2.0901𝐸3 8.125
= 7775 [2.7637𝐸5(100 − 25) − (1002 − 252 ) + (1003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.4116𝐸−2 9.370𝐸−6
(1004 − 254 ) + (1005 − 255 )] + 7775 [32.243(500 − 100) +
43 5
19.238𝐸−4 10.555𝐸−6 3.569𝐸−9
(5002 − 1002 ) + (5003 − 1003 ) − (5004 − 1004 )]
2 3 4

= 208177924.40 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hwater = (208177924.40 kJ/hr + 342060684.30kJ/hr – 1880361779.43 kJ/hr) 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽

= -1330122.44 MJ/hr

137
 Table 2.26. Stream 11 Properties at Heat Exchanger (E-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Oulet: Stream 11 at 100◦C and 1 atm

Specific Molar Enthalpy of

Enthalpy of
volume, flow rate, ∫Cp dT vaporization, Enthalpy of content,
Component ṅout∫Cp dT (kJ/hr) formation, Hf =
ѵ ṅout (kJ/kmol) Hv = ṅĤv H (MJ/hr)
ṅĤf (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) (kJ/hr)

1-butene 0.4227 1.18 1400.69 1652.82 0 -153.40 1.50

Oxygen 0.764 232.03 2113.96 490502.42 0 0.00 490.50
Nitrogen 0.872 1969.9 2281.14 4493622.03 0 0.00 4493.62
Carbon dioxide 0.799 56.01 1810.90 101428.61 0 -22040495.10 -21939.07
Water 0.001 7775.87 32197.58 250364173.23 0 103099024277.71 103349388.45
Butadiene 0.431 227.9 1400.69 319217.95 0 28097335.20 28416.55
Total 103360851.56

138
1-butene
𝑇
𝐻1−𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = - 153.40 kJ/hr

𝑇100 𝑇100
ṅ∫ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −2.994 + 35.320𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 1.982𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 ) + 44.631𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 9(𝑇
35.320𝐸−2 1.982𝐸−5
=1.18 [−2.994(100 − 25) + (1002 − 252 ) − (1003 − 253 ) +
2 3
44.631𝐸−9
(1004 − 254 ) ]
4

= 1652.82 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
H1-butene = (1652.82 kJ/hr- 153.40 kJ/hr )𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽= 1.50 MJ/hr

Oxygen
𝑇
𝐻𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because oxygen is inert gas

𝑇100 𝑇100
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 28.106 − 3.680𝐸 − 6(𝑇) + 17.459𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.065𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 8(𝑇
3.680𝐸−6 17.459𝐸−6
= 232.03 [28.106(100 − 25) − (1002 − 252 ) + (1003 −
2 3
1.065𝐸−8
253 ) − (100 − 254 )]
4

= 490502.42 kJ/hr

1 𝑀𝐽
Hoxygen= 490502.42 kJ/hr 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽
= 490.50 MJ/hr

139
Nitrogen
𝑇
𝐻𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 0 because nitrogen is inert gas

𝑇100 𝑇100
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 31.150 − 1.357𝐸 − 2(𝑇) + 26.796𝐸 − 6( 𝑇 2 − 1.168𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 8(𝑇
1.357𝐸−2 26.796𝐸−6
=0.872 [31.150(100 − 25) − (1002 − 252 ) + (1003 −
2 3
1.168𝐸−8
253 ) − (1004 − 254 )]
4

= 4493622.03 kJ/hr
1 𝑀𝐽
Hnitrogen = 4493622.03 kJ/hr𝑥 =4493.62 MJ/hr
1000 𝑘𝐽

Carbon Dioxide
𝑇
𝐻𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = -22040495.10 kJ/hr

𝑇100 𝑇100
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 19.795 + 73.436𝐸 − 3(𝑇) − 5.062𝐸 − 5( 𝑇 2 ) + 17.153𝐸
𝑇25 𝑇25
3)
− 9(𝑇
73.436𝐸−2 5.062𝐸−5
=56.01 [19.795(100 − 25) + (1002 − 252 ) − (1003 −
2 3
17.153𝐸−9
253 ) + (1004 − 254 )]
4

=101428.61 kJ/hr
1 𝑀𝐽
Hcarbondioxide = (101428.61 -22040495.10) kJ/hr 𝑥 = -21939.07 MJ/hr
1000𝑘𝐽

140
Butadiene
𝑇
𝐻𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 because the phase does not change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 28097335.20 kJ/hr

𝑇100 𝑇100
∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ −1.687 + 34.185𝐸 − 2(𝑇) − 2.340𝐸 − 4( 𝑇 2 )
𝑇25 𝑇25
+ 63.346𝐸 − 9(𝑇 3 )
34.185𝐸−2 2.340𝐸−5
=227.90 [−1.687(100 − 25) + (1002 − 252 ) − (1003 −
2 3
63.346𝐸−9
253 ) + (1004 − 254 ) ]
4

=319217.95 kJ/hr
1 𝑀𝐽
Hbutadiene= (319217.95 +28097335.20) kJ/hr 𝑥 = 24816.55 MJ/hr
1000𝑘𝐽

Water
𝑇
𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ∫𝑇 2 ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ∆ṅĤ𝑓 + ∆ṅĤ𝑣 + ṁѵ∆𝑃 .
𝑟𝑒𝑓

∆ṅĤv = 0 becaue there is no phase change

ṁѵ∆P = 0 because there is no pressure change
∆ṅĤf = 103099024277.71 kg/hr

𝑇100 𝑇100
ṅ [∫ ṅ𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ṅ ∫ 2.7637𝐸5 − 2.0901𝐸3 + 8.1250( 𝑇 2 − 1.4116𝐸 − 2
𝑇25 𝑇25

+ 9.3701𝐸 − 6(𝑇 4 ) ]

2.0901𝐸3 8.125
= 7775.87 [2.7637𝐸5(100 − 25) − (1002 − 252 ) + (1003 − 253 ) −
2 3
1.4116𝐸−2 9.370𝐸−6
(1004 − 254 ) + 5
(100 − 255 )]
43 5

= 250364173.23 kJ/hr

141
 1 𝑀𝐽
Hwater = (103099024277.71 kJ/hr + 250364173.23 kJ/hr ) 𝑥 1000 𝑘𝐽

=103349388.45 MJ/hr

∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = (-1424094.06 + 1287254.67) MJ/hr = -1368393.52 MJ/hr

Q = ∆𝑯 = -136839.38 MJ/hr

𝟏 𝒉𝒓
Power = -136839.38 MJ/hr 𝒙 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔

= 38.01 MJ/s
= 38.01 MW

142
E-102 Heat Exchanger
Table 2.27 and Table 2.28 Stream 12 as Inlet Stream and Stream 16 as Outlet Stream Properties at Heat Exchanger (E-102)
Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm
Inlet: Stream 12 at 80◦C and 1 atm
Specific
Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
volume, ∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT
Component rate, ṅin Vporization, Hv formation, Hf = content, H
ѵ (kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
(m3/kg)
1-butene 0.423 1.18 822.85 972.00 0.00 -153.56 0.82
Oxygen 0.764 46.12 1548.84 71426.74 0.00 0.00 71.43
Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 1678.38 3306240.85 0.00 0.00 3306.24
Carbon dioxide 0.799 56.01 1291.68 72346.80 0.00 -22040495.10 -21968.15
Butadiene 0.431 227.90 1400.69 319217.95 0.00 28097335.20 28416.55
Total 9826.89

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 16 at 38◦C and 1 atm
Specific
Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
volume, ∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT
Component rate, ṅout vaporization, Hv formation, Hf = content, H
ѵ (kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
(m3/kg)
1-butene 0.4227 1.18 103.14 121.8334026 0.00 -153.40 -0.03
Oxygen 0.764 46.12 365.61 16860.71471 0.00 0.00 16.86
Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 399.74 787442.1851 0.00 0.00 787.44
Carbon dioxide 0.799 56.01 286.68 16057.02724 0.00 -22040495.10 -22024.44
Butadiene 0.431 227.90 115.02 26213.54665 0.00 28097335.20 28123.55
Total 6903.38

143
∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 =(6903.38- 9826.89) MJ/hr = -2923.51 MJ/hr

Q = ∆𝑯= -2923.51 MJ/hr

𝟏 𝒉𝒓
Power = -2923.51 MJ/hr 𝒙 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔

= -0.8121MJ/s
= -0.8121 MW

144
C-102 Compressor
Table 2.29 and Table 2.30 Stream 16 as Inlet Stream and Stream 17 as Outlet Stream at Compressor (C-102)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 16 at 38◦C and 1 atm
Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅin Vporization, Hv formation, Hf = content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
1-butene 0.423 1.18 103.14 121.83 0.00 -153.56 -0.03
Oxygen 0.764 46.12 365.61 16860.71 0.00 0.00 16.86
Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 399.74 787442.19 0.00 0.00 787.44
Carbon dioxide 0.799 56.01 286.68 16057.03 0.00 -22040495.10 -22024.44
Butadiene 0.431 227.90 115.02 26213.55 0.00 28097335.20 28123.55
Total 6903.38

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 17 at 38◦C and 2 atm
Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅout vaporization, Hv formation, Hf = content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
1-butene 0.423 1.18 103.14 121.83 0.00 -153.56 -0.03
Oxygen 0.764 46.12 365.61 16860.71 0.00 0.00 16.86
Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 399.74 787442.19 0.00 0.00 787.44
Carbon dioxide 0.799 56.01 286.68 16057.03 0.00 -22040495.10 -22024.44
Butadiene 0.431 227.90 115.02 26213.55 0.00 28097335.20 28123.55
Total 6903.38

145
∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 =(6903.38- 6903.38) MJ/hr = 0 MJ/hr

Q = ∆𝑯= 0 MJ/hr

Work per unit mass of compressor:

Pout
Ws  RT ln
Pin

kJ
Ws = 70.25
kg

Power = mass flowrate × Ws

Power required by compressor, C-102 = 0.85 MW

Efficiency,  p  85%  0.85

Power 0.85MW
Ps  = = 1MW
p 0.85

146
V-102 Hydrocarbon Absorption Column

Table 2.31 and Table 2.32 Stream 17 and Stream 27 at Hydrocarbon Absorption Column (V-102)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 17 at 38◦C and 2 atm

Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT Enthalpy of content,
Component volume, rate, ṅin vaporization, Hv = formation, Hf = ṅĤf
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) H (MJ/hr)
ѵ (m3/kg) (kmol/hr) ṅĤv (kJ/hr) (kJ/hr)

1-butene 0.423 1.18 103.14 121.83 0.00 -153.56 -0.03

Oxygen 0.764 46.12 365.61 16860.71 0.00 0.00 16.86
Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 399.74 787442.19 0.00 0.00 787.44
Carbon dioxide 0.799 56.01 286.68 16057.03 0.00 -22040495.10 -22024.44
Butadiene 0.431 227.90 115.02 26213.55 0.00 28097335.20 28123.55
Total 6903.38

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 27 at 38◦C and 1 atm

Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT Enthalpy of content,
Component volume, rate, ṅin vaporization, Hv = formation, Hf = ṅĤf
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) H (MJ/hr)
ѵ (m3/kg) (kmol/hr) ṅĤv (kJ/hr) (kJ/hr)

Lean Oil 1.299 100 196.06 19606 0 7700000 7719.61

Total 7719.61

147
 Table 2.33 and Table 2.34 Stream 18 and Stream 29 at Hydrocarbon Absorption Column (V-102)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 18 at 25◦C and 1 atm

Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT Enthalpy of
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅout vaporization, Hv formation, Hf =
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) content, H (MJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr)

Oxygen 0.764 46.12 0 0 0 0 0.00

Nitrogen 0.872 1969.90 0 0 0 0 0.00
Carbon dioxide 0.799 56.01 0 0 0 -22040495.1 -22040.50
Total -22040.50

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 19 at 25◦C and 1 atm

Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT Enthalpy of
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅout vaporization, Hv formation, Hf =
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) content, H (MJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr)

1-butene 0.423 1.18 0 0 0 -153.40 -0.15

Butadiene 0.431 227.90 0 0 0 28097335.20 28097.34
Lean Oil 1.299 100.00 0 0 0 7700000.00 7700.00
Total 35797.18

148
∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = (13756.69 – 14622.99) MJ/hr = -866.30 MJ/hr

Q = ∆𝑯= -866.30 MJ/hr

𝟏 𝒉𝒓
Power = -866.30 MJ/hr 𝒙 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔

= -0.2406 MJ/s
= -0.2406 MW

149
V-103 Stripping Tower
Table 2.35 Stream 19 Properties at Stripping Tower (V-103)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 19 at 25◦C and 1 atm

Enthalpy of
Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT vaporization,
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅin formation, Hf = content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) Hv = ṅĤv
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
(kJ/hr)

1-butene 0.423 1.18 0 0 0 -153.40 -0.15

Butadiene 0.431 227.90 0 0 0 28097335.20 28097.34

Lean Oil 1.299 100.00 0 0 0 7700000.00 7700.00

Total
35797.18

150
 Table 2.36 and 2.37 Stream 28 and Stream 25 Stripping Tower (V-103)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 28 at 60◦C and 1 atm
Specific Enthalpy of
Enthalpy of
volume, Molar flow rate, ∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT vaporization, Enthalpy of
Component formation, Hf =
ѵ ṅout (kmol/hr) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) Hv = ṅĤv content, H (MJ/hr)
ṅĤf (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kJ/hr)
1-butene 0.423 1.18 407.50 481.36 0 -153.40 0.33
Butadiene 0.431 227.90 434.03 98914.68035 0 28097335.20 28196.25
Total 28196.58

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 25 at 130◦C and 1 atm
Specific Enthalpy of
Enthalpy of
volume, Molar flow rate, ∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT vaporization, Enthalpy of
Component formation, Hf =
ѵ ṅout (kmol/hr) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr) Hv = ṅĤv content, H (MJ/hr)
ṅĤf (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kJ/hr)
Lean Oil 1.299 100.00 196.06 19606.00 0 7700000 7719.61
Total 7719.61

151
∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = (35916.18 – 36797.18) MJ/hr = 119.00 MJ/hr

Q = ∆𝑯=119.00 MJ/hr

𝟏 𝒉𝒓
Power = 119.00 MJ/hr 𝒙 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔

= 0.033 MJ/s
= 0.033 MW

152
C-103 Compressor

Table 2.38 and 2.39 Stream 28 and Stream 29 at Compressor (C-103)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm
Inlet: Stream 28 at 50◦C and 1 atm

Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅin vaporization, Hv formation, Hf = content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)

1-butene 0.423 1.18 407.50 481.36 0 -153.40 0.33

Butadiene 0.431 227.90 434.03 98914.68 0 28097335.20 28196.25
Total 28196.58

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 29 at 50◦C and 1.5 atm

Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of

∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅout vaporization, Hv formation, Hf = content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)

1-butene 0.423 1.18 407.50 481.36 0 -153.40 0.33

Butadiene 0.431 227.90 434.03 98914.68 0 28097335.20 28196.25
Total 28196.58

153
∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = (28196.58– 28196.58) MJ/hr = 0 MJ/hr

Q = ∆𝑯=0 MJ/hr

Work per unit mass of compressor:

Pout
Ws  RT ln
Pin

kJ
Ws = -64.28
kg

Power = mass flowrate × Ws

Power required by compressor, C-103 = 0.22 MW

Efficiency,  p  85%  0.85

Power 0.22MW
Ps  = =0.26MW
p 0.85

154
P-101 Pump

Table 2.40 and 2.41 Stream 14 and Stream 15 at Pump (P-101)

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Inlet: Stream 14 at 25◦C and 1 atm
Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
∫Cp dT ṅin∫Cp dT
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅin vaporization, Hv formation, Hf = content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
Water 0.001 61285.71 0 0 0 -14820110392 -14820110.39
Total -14820110.39

Reference : C(s), H2(g), O2 (g), N2 (g) at 25◦C and 1 atm

Outlet: Stream 15 at 25◦C and 1.5 atm
Specific Molar flow Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Enthalpy of
∫Cp dT ṅout∫Cp dT
Component volume, ѵ rate, ṅout vaporization, Hv formation, Hf = content, H
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/hr)
(m3/kg) (kmol/hr) = ṅĤv (kJ/hr) ṅĤf (kJ/hr) (MJ/hr)
Water 0.001 61285.71 0 0 0 -14820110392 -14820110.39
Total -14820110.39

155
∆𝑯 = ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∑ 𝑯𝒊𝒏 = (-14820110.39+ -14820110.39) MJ/hr = 0 MJ/hr

Q=∆𝑯 =0 MJ/hr

( P1  P2 )
Power  m


- Mass flowrate, m = 1 062290 kg/hr

- Outlet Pressure , P1 = 1.5 atm
- Inlet Pressure, P2 = 1 atm
- ρ = 1000kg/m3

N / m2
(P1 - P2) = 0.5 atm × 101325 = 506625.5 N/m2
atm

506625.5 N / m 2 1Joule
Power =1062290 kg/hr × ×
1000kg / m3 1N / m 2

J 1hr
Power =538155611.4 ×
hr 3600s

1MJ
Power =14948.78 J/s ×
1  106

Power required by pump, P-101 = 0.01 MW

Efficiency,  p  85%  0.85

Power 0.01MW
Ps  = =0.85MW
p 0.85

156
2.4. UTILITIES AND OTHER ISSUES

2.4.1. Utilities

In a production plant, utilities play an equally significant role as process to maintain the
production. Without utilities, the production process will be affected and the quality of
product will be below par. In production of butadiene plant, the utilities used are water, steam,
fuel and electricity.

Table 2.42 Types of utilities and their uses

Utilities Description

Water  Water is used as coolant to maintain the temperature of

processes.

 It has been used to cool down the heat exchangers.

 It is cheap, abundant, and non-hazardous which can be

easily handled without much impact to environment and
health.

Steam  Steam acts as a raw material that will react in the reactor
with the other raw materials.

 Safety handling of steam is required as it may harm

people but it does not bring negative impacts to

environment.

Electricity  Electricity is used to provide energy for the plant to

157
 operate.

 It is reliable and easily available. It can also be

generated for emergency case.

 Uses:

i. To operate pump and compressor for circulation of

material throughout the production line.

ii. To provide energy for control system to

function

Solid Fossil Fuel  Coal used as a solid fuel to provide heat energy for the
(Coal, bituminous) boiler to ensure the plant operate in optimum condition.

 It is reliable and easily available to get in this state.

2.4.1.1. Water

Optimization of water use by industries is important because it can lower water

withdrawals from local water sources thus increasing water availability and improving
community relations, increasing productivity per water input, lowering wastewater
discharges and their pollutant load, reducing thermal energy consumption and, potentially,
processing cost. From 1987 to 2003, industry used roughly twice as much water as
households, where about a third of this water usage was recorded in the United States and
only about a thirtieth by all 19 territories of South-eastern Africa combined.

158
 From an industrial standpoint, water is a necessary item in heat transferring process,
especially in cooling section. Furthermore, its cost is much lower compared to other coolant
over the world. The amount of cooling water required is summarized in Table 2.43 and Table
2.44.

Table 2.43 Summary of water application

Type of Utilities Cooling Water

Unit Heat Exchanger Condenser

Code E-102 E-105

Inlet Temperature (˚C) 100 60

Outlet Temperature (˚C) 80 -5

Pressure (atm) 1 1

Heat Duty (MW) -0.081 385.69

Amount Required (kg/s) 0.77 428.5

Total (kg/s) 429.31

Table 2.44 Summary of cooling water applications

Type of Utilities Cooling Water

Unit Quench Tower

Code V-101

Quench Tower Temperature (˚C) 200

Pressure (atm) 1

159
 Heat Duty (MW) 23151.42

Amount Required (kg/s) 11751

2.4.1.2. Steam

Steam can be produced by using either watertube or firetube boilers. In this section, a
comparison between watertube and firetube boiler would be discussed and subsequently
propose a suitable solution to the proposed this plant.

Watertube and firetube boilers are essentially the opposite in design. In a watertube
boiler, water travels through tubes which are surrounded by the by-products of combustion,
or flue gas. In a firetube boiler, the flue gas travels through the tubes, which are surrounded
by hot water. Firetube boilers are typically designed with either three or four sets of tubes
(three or four-pass boilers). Every set of tubes that the flue gas travels through is considered
a “pass”. Boilers designed for three-passes have the stack at the rear, and boilers designed for
four-passes have the stack at the front. A boiler with more passes has a higher heat extraction
rate and is more efficient than one with less passes (Spiraxsarco.com, 2015).

Watertube boilers are safer by design and generally can operate many years longer than
firetube boilers. Watertube boilers are available in larger capacities and recover faster than
firetube boilers. Watertube boilers can also handle higher pressures (up to 350 atm), and have
the ability to reach very high temperatures with the use of superheaters. Firetube boilers are

160
not suitable for pressures above 25 atm and actual operating steam output of firetube boilers
are less than the stated nameplate. Watertube boilers are rated at actual operating conditions.

From a maintenance standpoint, firetube boilers are typically have lower operating costs
comparable to a similarly sized watertube boiler. Firetube boilers have easy access to the
boilers firesides and tubes can easily be replaced without additional repair of the boiler.
Although firetube boilers are smaller in design, these equipments have a larger water volume
than similar size watertube boilers, causing them to take longer to bring up to operating
temperature from a cold start. Once a firetube boiler is started up and is operating at its desired
pressure, a firetube boiler can handle a sudden upward load surge better than a watertube
boiler because of the large steam disengaging area. The drawback to this feature is once the
pressure of a firetube is dropped, it takes longer to catch back up. With less water volume, a
watertube boiler has the ability to follow load swings more precisely and generally has better
turn down than a firetube boiler.

Since the applied pressure across the whole plant is at low pressure, the firetube boiler is
more suitable to generate the steam instead of water tube boiler. A fire-tube boiler is a type
of boiler in which hot gases from a fire pass through one or (many) more tubes running
through a sealed container of water. The heat of the gases is transferred through the walls of
the tubes by thermal conduction, heating the water and ultimately creating steam. The fire-
tube boiler developed as the third of the four major historical types of boilers: low-pressure
tank or "haystack" boilers. Their advantage with a single large flue is that the many small
tubes offer far greater heating surface area for the same overall boiler volume.

The general construction is as a tank of water penetrated by tubes that carry the hot flue
gases from the fire. The tank is usually cylindrical for the most part being the strongest
practical shape for a pressurized container and this cylindrical tank may be either horizontal
or vertical. The firetube boilers sometimes have water-tubes as well, to increase the heating
surface. A Cornish boiler may have several water-tubes across the diameter of the flue (this

161
is common in steam launches). A locomotive boiler with a wide firebox may have arch tubes
or thermic syphons. As firebox technology developed, it was found that placing a baffle of
firebricks (heat-resistant bricks) inside the firebox to direct the flow of hot flue gasses up into
the top of the firebox before it flowed into the fire tubes increased efficiency by equalizing
the heat between upper and lower fire tubes. For this reason, a metal bracket was used, but to
prevent these brackets from burning and eroding away as a result water tubes is built, with
cool water from the bottom of the boiler moving upwards by convection as it heated, and
carrying the heat away before the metal reached its failure temperature. The amount of steam
required and its utility cost is summarized in Table 2.45 and Table 2.46.

Table 2.45 Summary of steam applications

Type of Utilities Low Pressure Steam

Unit Reactor

Code R-101

Reactor Temperature (˚C) 650

Pressure (atm) 1 atm

Power required (MW) -356.84

Total Power Required (Mw) 191.07

Table 2.46 Summary of steam application on heat exchanger

Type of Utilities Low Pressure Steam

Unit Heat Exchanger

Code E-101

162
 Inlet Temperature, (˚C) 500

Outlet Temperature, (˚C) 100

Pressure (atm) 0.8

Heat Duty (MW) 458.214

Amount Required, (kg/s) 1782.93

2.4.1.3. Electricity

Development of industrial process is one of the main driving force towards Malaysia on
the path to become an advanced country in the future. Relatively, a high consumption in
electrical energy would became an issue due to majority of manufacturer comply a high tech
equipment and unit plant to operate and increase their production. Therefore, the sources of
electrical energy in Malaysia is provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) with cooperation
by Malaysia government, which provide a suitable power quality needed by the customer so
that equipment can be operated and get some production. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) is
the monopoly generator and supplier of electrical power in Peninsular Malaysia. While in
East Malaysia, the Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) and the Sarawak Electricity Supply
Corporation (SESCO) provide power to the States of Sabah and Sarawak respectively.

The power supply from TNB trough the grid line (Transmission line) into the industrial
building is at 500kV, 275kV and 132kV. While to distribute the power among the section
needed in the plant are called distribution line 127 which at voltages 33kV, 11kV and 400/230
volts. The power is distributed from high voltage to low voltage of equipment used and each
part to lower down the voltage is done by transformer. Usually most of the equipment used
in Malaysia required 240V voltage with a frequency of 50 hertz. The electricity from the

163
TNB is usually for start-up and outage process (plant maintenance). Tenaga Nasional Berhad
(TNB) is the main electricity power generator and supplier in Peninsular Malaysia.

Electricity consumption in our plant consists mainly of electric motors, pump, lighting,
ventilation, compressor, boilers and collecting equipment. To simplify the prospects of our
utility consumption we consider pump and compressor in our utility energy requirements.
Table 2.47 show the equipment and corresponding power requirement in operating..

Table 2.47 Summary of electricity application (Pumps, Compressor)

Type of Utilities Electricity

Unit Pump Compressor

Code P-101 C-101 C-102 C-103

Inlet Temperature, (˚C) 30 25 80 50

Outlet Temperature, (˚C) 30 25 38 60

Pressure Difference, (atm) 0.5 1 1 0.5

Power Required, (MW) 0.01 0.68 1 026

Total Power Required, (MW) 1.95

[1], [2]

164
2.4.1.4. Solid Fuel (Coal, bituminous)

Bituminous coal or black coal is a relatively soft coal containing a tarlike

substance called bitumen. It is of higher quality than lignite coal but of poorer quality
than anthracite. Formation is usually the result of high pressure being exerted on lignite.
Its coloration can be black or sometimes dark brown; often there are well-defined bands
of bright and dull material within the seams. These distinctive sequences, which are
classified according to either "dull, bright-banded" or "bright, dull-banded", is how
bituminous coals are strati-graphically identified.

In this plant, bituminous coal is used due to it compatibility with the firetube boiler
as a source of fuel. Coal is fed onto one end of a moving steel chain grate. As grate moves
along the length of the furnace, the coal burns before dropping off at the end as ash. Some
degree of skill is required, particularly when setting up the grate, air dampers and baffles,
to ensure clean combustion leaving minimum of unburnt carbon in the ash.

This fuel will be the heat source for heating up the boiler H-101, H-102 and H-
103. It will heat up the feed that will enter the boiler in the beginning of this process.
Somehow, it will also heat up the water that will be used as steam in the second boiler
which is H-102. Last but not least, this solid fuel also used to heat up the boiler which is
H-103 to reboil the lean oil that need to be recovered back into the absorber.

Table 2.48 Summary of fuel application (Boiler)

Type of Utilities Solid Fuel

(Coal, bituminous)

Unit Boiler

Code H-101 H-102

Temperature, (˚C) 650 650

165
 Pressure (atm) 1 1

Heat Duty (Mw) 3.80 158.72

Amount Required, (kg/s) 2.20 124.98

Total, (kg/s) 127.18

APPENDIX B: Utilities

Appendix B.1: Cooling Water

(1) Heat Exchanger, E-102

Utility used: Cooling Water

Heat duty= 0.081 Mw (Release Heat)

kJ
Heat capacity of water, Cp = 4.178
kg.K

Tin, water = 100˚C

Tout, water = 80˚C

Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

Mass flow rate of cooling water as coolant in E-102

166
Qabsorbed  Qreleased  mwater C p  (Tout  Tin )

mwater = 0.77 kg/s

*The calculation steps for E-101, E-105 are same as E-102.

(2) Quench Tower, V-101

Utility used: Cooling Water

Heat duty= 23151.42 Mw (Release Heat)

kJ
Heat capacity of water, Cp = 4.178
kg.K

Temperature Condition = 200˚C

Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

Mass flow rate of cooling water as coolant in E-102

Qabsorbed  Qreleased  mwater C p  (Tout  Tin )

mwater = 11751 kg/s

*The calculation steps for R-101, H-101 and H-102 are same as V-101.

167
2.4.2. Amount Of Waste Generated And Mode Of Disposal

In this process plant, almost all by-products are removed at the final product stream.
The waste generated includes water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Table 2.49 Amount of waste generated and mode of disposal

Amount
Waste State generated Mode of Disposal
(ton/hr)

Water, H2O Liquid 2346.25 Offsite waste treatment

Disposed to the environment with national,

Nitrogen, N2 Gas 1.45 local and state of the environmental control
regulations

Disposed to the environment with national,

Carbon Dioxide,
Gas 27.58 local and state of the environmental control
CO2
regulations

Disposed to the environment with national,

Oxygen, O2 Gas 2.49 local and state of the environmental control
regulations

168
2.5. Mass And Energy Balance Verification

In previous section, manual calculations were done by with the aids of Microsoft
Excel Software and the sample of calculating steps were presented for selective mass and
heat transfer equipment, reactor and separating equipment. In this section, Aspen HYSYS, a
powerful dynamic process simulation software is used to verify the data calculated manually.
One of each mass and heat transfer equipment was selected to run the simulation using Aspen
HYSYS software and the results from the simulation is used as the theoretical data to verify
the manual calculation done. The process flow diagram for the selective equipment and the
tabled data from simulation by HYSYS are as attached.

2.5.1 Fluid Package Selection

In this simulation, Peng-Robinson (PR) is chosen as it is the most enhance model in

Aspen HYSYS with the largest applicability range in term of temperature and pressure [3].
As in this butadiene production plant, high temperature (500-600ºC) would be used to achieve
optimum reaction for the dehydrogenation process while eventually, the gas phase butadiene
produced would be compressed to about -7ºC which is below its boiling point into liquid
phase for storage purpose.

2.5.2 Mass Transfer Equipment

The mass transfer equipment simulated was the mixer, M-101, mixing the preheated
raw material n-butene (Stream 2), compressed air (Stream 5) and hot steam (Stream 7) into
Stream 9 as the feed into reactor R-101. The process flow diagram drawn and the data
calculated by using Aspen HYSYS as attached. Table 2.50 shows the comparison between
the results from HYSYS software versus the manually calculated data. The table shows that
the results from manual calculation gives accurate and reasonable as similar with the results
simulated. However, there is still a 0.04 ton/hr discrepancy on the outlet mass flow which

169
can be explained by the effect of significant figures encountered while calculating is done by
using Microsoft Excel software.

Table 2.50 Comparison of calculated data versus simulated data by HYSYS for mixer M-
101

Inlet
Manual
Stream 2 Calculation HYSYS Data Discrepancy
Data
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Total Mass Flow (ton/hr) 13.5000 1.35 x 104 × 0.00
ℎ𝑟 1000𝑘𝑔

Component Trans-2-butene 0.6468 0.6468 0.00

Mass Cis-2-butene 0.3483 0.3483 0.00
Fraction 1-butene 0.0049 0.0049 0.00
Manual
Stream 5 Calculation HYSYS Data Discrepancy
Data
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Total Mass Flow (ton/hr) 3.536 x 104 × 0.00
35.36 ℎ𝑟 1000𝑘𝑔

Oxygen,O2 0.2100 0.2100 0.00

Component
Mass Nitrogen,N2 0.7800 0.7800 0.00
Fraction Carbon Dioxide,
0.0100 0.0100 0.00
CO2
Manual
Stream 7 Calculation HYSYS Data Discrepancy
Data
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Total Mass Flow (ton/hr) 3.536 x 104 ℎ𝑟 × 0.00
35.36 1000𝑘𝑔
Component
Mass Water, H2O 1.000 1.000 0.00
Fraction
Outlet
Manual
Stream 9 Calculation HYSYS Data Discrepancy
Data
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Total Mass Flow (ton/hr) 183.86 1.839 x 105 ℎ𝑟 × 0.04
1000𝑘𝑔

Trans-2-butene 0.0475 0.0475 0.00

170
 Cis-2-butene 0.0256 0.0256 0.00
1-butene 0.0004 0.0004 0.00

Component Oxygen 0.0404 0.0404 0.00

Mass Nitrogen 0.1500 0.1500 0.00
Fraction Carbon dioxide 0.0019 0.0019 0.00
Water 0.7343 0.7343 0.00
Butadiene 0.0000 0.0000 0.00

2.5.3 Heat Transfer Equipment

Heat exchanger, E-101 was the simulated heat transfer element. This equipment is
simply a cooler to cool down the mixture of semi-product including produced butadiene,
unreacted 1-butene, left over oxygen, inert nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas and also water
input as steam and water produced in the dehydrogenation reaction. Stream 10 was designed
to be cooled from 500 ºC leaving the top of R-101 to 100ºC in Stream 11 under 1 atm before
entering the quench tower for further cooling and remover of water. Hence, the amount of
heat duty required in the cooling process of E-101 was calculated manually by determining
the enthalpy change, ΔH between the outlet and inlet stream which can be represented by the
amount of heat absorbed by Stream 31. Similarly, the simulation on this equipment was done
and the results from the simulation can be summarized as in Table 2.51.

As refer to table 2.51, the heat duty calculated manually for E-101 is -1.368 x 108
kJ/hr where the negative sign simply representing the heat is removed from the inlet stream
and hence the outlet temperature is lower than inlet. From HYSYS, the heat duty for the
energy stream is 1.507 x 108 kJ/hr showing a significant difference of 0.139 x 108 kJ/hr from
the manual calculation. As if refer to the heat flows data, the simulated data are greater than
the calculated data for a gap of 0.414 x 109 kJ/hr and 0.428 x 109 kJ/hr respectively. This can
be explained as an error in calculation at which in this case, the outlet temperature at Stream
11 was set to be 100 ºC which is the boiling point of water under standard condition.
Moreover, the mixture throughout the process contents water and organic hydrocarbons
which might have a lower boiling point than pure water. However, when calculating the heat
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duties for both streams, only heat capacity of water in liquid phase was considered for stream
11 as the exact boiling point for the mixture is underestimated where as in the real case or in
simulation, this situation is encountered by the software and therefore, there is a difference
between the heat duty data obtained. Consequently, the power requirement for the system by
simulation will definitely differ and higher from the calculated data.

Table 2.51: Comparison of calculated data versus simulated data by HYSYS for Heat
Exchanger E-101

Inlet (Stream 10)

Stream 10 Manual
500 ºC Calculation HYSYS Data Discrepancy
1atm Data
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Mass Flow (ton/hr) 183.86 1.839 x 105 ℎ𝑟 × 0.04
1000𝑘𝑔

Heat Flow (kJ/hr) -1.287 x 109 -1.701 x 109 0.414 x 109

Outlet (Stream 11)
Stream 11 Manual
100 ºC Calculation HYSYS Data Discrepancy
1atm Data
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Mass Flow (ton/hr) 183.86 1.839 x 105 ℎ𝑟 × 0.04
1000𝑘𝑔

Heat Flow (kJ/hr) -1.424 x 109 -1.852 x 109 0.428 x 109

Energy Stream
Stream 31 Manual
Temperature Approached: Calculation HYSYS Data Discrepancy
10 ºC Data
Heat Duty (kJ/hr) -1.368 x 108 1.507 x 108 0.139 x 108

Power (kW) 38010 41860 3850

2.6 ATTACHMENT

- (Refer to attachment)

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References

[1] "PUMP POWER CALCULATION," 9 July 2012. [Online]. Available:

https://neutrium.net/equipment/pump-power-calculation/. [Accessed 29 March 2017].

[2] J. M. Campbell, "How to Estimate Compressor Efficiency?," November 2011. [Online].

Available: http://www.jmcampbell.com/tip-of-the-month/2015/07/how-to-estimate-
compressor-efficiency/. [Accessed 29 March 2017].

[3] Aspen HYSYS Property Packages Overview and Best Practices for Optimum Simulations,
Barcelona (Spain): Aspen Process Engineering Webinar, October 17, 2006.

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