STATISTICS

Real Life Statistics:

In real life statistics, we come across numerical data in the newspapers, magazines and
television regarding different aspects like increase or decrease in population, profit made by a
company in different years, weather report, etc. These numerical facts are also represented by
graphs which are easy to understand.

Definition of statistics:

It is the branch of mathematics which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of the numerical data .

Now, we will learn the terms related to statistics to handle the raw data, make frequency
distribution table and calculate mean.

The various terms related to statistics are :

Data:

The collection of information in the form of numerical figures, regarding different aspects of
life is called data. The data can be about population, birth, death, temperature of place
during a week, marks scored in the class, runs scored in different matches, etc. We need to
analyze this data.

For Example:

The following table gives the data regarding the number of students opting for different
activities.

Activities Dance Music Art Sports

Raw data:

When some information is collected randomly and presented, it is called a raw data.

For Example:

Given below are the marks (out of 25) obtained by 20 students of class VII A in mathematics in a
test.

18, 16, 12, 10, 5, 5, 4, 19, 20, 10, 12, 12, 15, 15, 15, 8, 8, 8, 8, 16
Observation:

Each entry collected as a numerical fact in the given data is called an observation.

Array:

The raw data when put in ascending or descending order of magnitude is called an array or arrayed
data.

For Example:

The above data is arranged in ascending order and represented as:

4, 5, 5, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 18, 19, 20

Range:

The difference between the highest and the lowest value of the observation is called the range of the
data.

In the above data,

Highest marks obtained = 20

Lowest marks obtained = 4

Therefore, range = 20 - 4 = 16

Mean:

It is calculated by dividing the sum of all the observation by the total number of
observations. If x, x1, x3, ……… xn are n observations then

❑ ❑
Arithmetic mean = n = n

[∑ is the Greek letter sigma and is used to denote summation]

For Example:

The heights of 10 girls were measured in cm and results are as follows:

142, 149, 136, 148, 129, 140, 148, 145, 150, 133

(i) What is the height of the tallest girl?

Solution:

The height of the tallest girl is 150 cm.

Solution:

The height of the shortest girl is 129 cm

(iii) What is the range of the data?

Solution:

Range = 150 cm – 129 cm = 21 cm

(iv) Find the mean height.

Solution:

The mean height = (142 + 149 + 136 + 148 + 129 + 140 + 148 + 145 + 150 + 133)/10

= 1420/10 = 142 cm

(v) How many girls are there whose height is less than the mean height?

Solution:

There are 4 girls whose height is less than the mean height, i.e., the girl having heights 136 cm, 129
cm, 133 cm, 140 cm.

 The terms related to statistics are data, raw data, array, range, mean are explained above
using examples.

Use of Tally Marks

When the observations are large, it may not be easy to find the frequencies by simply
counting, so we make the use of bass (| , \ ) called the tally marks.

Tallies are usually marked in bunches of five.

The first four tallies are marked vertically. The fifth tally in a bunch is marked diagonally
across the earlier 4.
The illustration of the example will help us to learn the use of tally marks:

The scores obtained in 20 throws of a dice are:

5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 2, 4

Prepare the frequency table for the above scores.

Solution:

Frequency table of scores in 20 throws.

Here;

1 occurs 3 times

2 occurs 5 times

3 occurs 3 times

4 occurs 4 times

5 occurs 2 times

6 occurs 3 times
 Frequency Distribution of
Ungrouped and Grouped Data

Frequency distribution of ungrouped and grouped data is discussed below with examples.

Frequency distribution of ungrouped data:

Given below are marks obtained by 20 students in Math out of 25.

21, 23, 19, 17, 12, 15, 15, 17, 17, 19, 23, 23, 21, 23, 25, 25, 21, 19, 19, 19

Frequency distribution of grouped data:

The presentation of the above data can be expressed into groups. These groups are called
classes or the class interval.

Each class interval is bounded by two figures called the class limits.

Marks Number of Students

1 - 10 0
11 - 20 11
21 - 30 9

Note: The lower value of a class interval is called lower limit and upper value of that class interval is
called the upper limit. Thus, each class interval has lower and upper limits.
For Example:

In the class interval 11 - 20, 11 is the lower limit and 20 is the upper limit.

Class Boundaries:

Marks Number of Students

1 - 10 6
11 - 20 9
21 - 30 5

Here, the data is arrange into different groups called class intervals, i.e., 1 - 10, 11 - 20, 21 - 30.

1 to 10 means between 1 and 10 including 1 and 10.

Here, 1 is the lower limit and 10 is the upper limit. 11 to 20 means between 11 and 20 including 11
and 20.

Here, 11 is the lower limit and 20 is the upper limit.

The class boundaries are formed by subtracting 0.5 from lower limit and adding it to upper limit of
each class interval.

In the interval 11 – 20, the class boundary interval becomes 10.5 - 20.5. Similarly, the class
boundary interval for 21 - 30 will be 20.5 - 30.5.

 The above illustrative examples on frequency distribution of ungrouped and grouped data are
explained above to get the clear concept.