COMPLEX NUMBERS

A complex number is represented by an expression

49
of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝒊 where a and b are real numbers 𝑥 = √ 𝒊2
4
and i is a symbol with a property 𝒊𝟐 = −1.
7
𝑥=± 𝒊
𝒊 = √−1 was introduced by a Swiss mathematician 2
Euler. Traditionally the letters Z and W are used to (b) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6 = 0
stand for complex numbers.
b  b 2  4ac
From, x 
Given a complex numbers 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝒊. 2a
(−2 ± √(2)2 − 4(1)(6))
The real part of a complex number z is 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = 𝑎 𝑥=
and the imaginary part of z is 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = 𝑏. 2×1
−2 ± √−20
𝑥=
Both 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) and 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) real numbers. 2
−2 ± √4𝒊2 × 5
Thus the real part of Z = 4 − 3𝒊 is 𝑅𝑒(𝑤) = 4 and 𝑥=
2
imaginary part of Z is Im(𝑍) = −3 −2 ± 2𝒊√5
𝑥=
By identifying the real number a with a complex 2
number 𝑎 + 𝑜𝑖 we consider ℝ (real numbers) to be 𝑥 = −1 + 𝒊√5
subset of ℂ (complex numbers). 𝑥 = −1 − 𝒊√𝟓
With this new concept we are in position to find the
Consider the equation 𝑥 2 + 9 = 0, this can be written roots of any quadratic equation.
as 𝑥 2 = −9 and we can see that the equation has no
real roots since we cannot find the real root of a When the imaginary part of a complex number is
negative number, But with 𝒊2 = −1 (Euler) we are zero, the complex number becomes a real number.
able to find the square root of complex numbers. Thus, all real numbers are complex numbers.
𝑥 2 = −9 Definition
𝑥 2 = 9𝒊𝟐 Given a complex number 𝒛 = 𝑥 + 𝒊𝑦, the complex
√𝑥 𝟐 = √9 𝒊2 conjugate of Z denoted by ̅𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ∗ is a complex
𝑥 = ±3𝒊 number given by ̅𝑧 = x – iy. Therefore if 𝑧 = 4 + 3𝒊,
𝑥 = 3𝒊 𝒙 = −3𝒊 𝑤 = −2 + 4𝒊

Example Then ̅𝑧 = 4 – 3i, 𝑤

̅ -2 – 4i
Solve the following equations
(a) 4𝑥 2 + 49 = 0 Algebra of complex numbers
(b) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6 = 0 1. Addition
Solution Given that two complex numbers
4𝑥 2 + 49 = 0 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝒊𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝒊𝑦2 . Then
4𝑥 2 = −49 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝒊𝑦1 + 𝑥2 + 𝒊𝑦2
= 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝒊(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
49
𝑥2 = − Therefore if 𝑧1 = 3 + 5𝒊 and 𝑧2 = 2 − 7𝒊
4
49 2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 3 + 5𝒊 + 2 − 7𝒊
𝑥2 = 𝒊 = (3 + 2) + 5𝒊 − 7𝒊
4
= 5 − 2𝒊

133
Example 2 + 6𝑖 2 + 6𝑖(3 + 𝑖)
𝑧= =
1. Subtraction: 3−𝑖 (3 − 𝑖)(3 + 𝑖)
z1  x1  iy1 2(3 + 𝑖) + 6𝑖(3 + 𝑖)
=
z2  x2  iy2 32 − 𝑖 2
z1  z2  ( x1  iy1 )  ( x2  iy2 ) 6 + 2𝑖 + 18𝑖 + 6𝑖 2
=
10
 x1  x2  iy1  iy2 6 + 20𝑖 − 6
 ( x1  x2 )  i ( y1  y2 ) =
10
𝑧1 = 4 − 3𝒊 0 + 20𝑖
=
𝑧2 = 6 − 14𝒊 10
= 2𝑖
Find (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) Example II
(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) = (4 − 3𝒊) − (6 − 14𝒊) −1+2𝑖
Express 1+3𝑖
in the form a + bi
= 4 − 6 − 3𝒊 + 14𝒊
Solution
= −2 + 11𝒊 −1 + 2𝑖 −1 + 2𝑖(1 − 3𝑖)
=
2. Multiplication 1 + 3𝑖 1 + 3𝑖(1 − 3𝑖)
𝑧1 = 𝑥𝟏 + 𝒊𝑦𝟏, 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝒊𝑦2 −1 + 3𝑖 + 2𝑖 − 6𝑖 2
=
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝒊𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝒊𝑦2 ) (1)2 − (3𝑖)2
= 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑦2 𝒊 + 𝑦1 𝑥2 𝒊 + 𝑖 𝟐 𝑦1 𝑦2 5𝑖 + 5
=
= 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 + (𝑦1 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑦2 )𝒊 10
5 + 5𝑖
=
Example 10
𝑧1 = 3 + 5𝒊, 𝑧2 = 2 − 7𝒊 1 1
= + 𝑖
Find 𝑧1 𝑧2 2 2
Solution
Find 𝑧1 𝑧2 = (3 + 5𝑖)(2 − 7𝑖)
= 3(2 − 7𝑖) + 5𝑖(2 − 7𝑖) The Argand Diagram
= 6 − 21𝑖 + 10𝑖 − 35𝑖 2 Complex numbers can be represented graphically on
= 6 + 35 + (10 − 21)𝑖 a graph of Real (Re) and Imaginary (Im) axes called
= 41 − 11𝑖 a complex plane. The complex plane is similar to the
3. Division Cartesian plane where the imaginary axis
𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝒊𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 corresponds to the y-axis and the real axis
𝑧1 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 corresponds to the x-axis. The diagram representing
=
𝑧2 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 the complex number in complex plane is called an
𝑧1 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 (𝑥2 − 𝑖𝑦2 ) argand diagram named after JR argand 1806.
=
𝑧2 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 (𝑥2 − 𝑖𝑦2 ) On the argand diagram a complex number is
2
𝑧1 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 𝑖 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 𝑖 − 𝒊 𝑦1 𝑦2 represented by a line with an arrow on the head to
=
𝑧2 (𝑥2 )𝟐 − 𝒊𝟐 𝑦2 𝟐 show direction
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 + (𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 )𝑖 If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 we can represent z on argand diagram
= as shown below.
𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 (𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 )𝑖 Im Axis
= + y (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2

Example I
2+6𝑖
Simplify 𝑧 = 3−𝑖
𝑥 𝑅𝑒 (𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)

134
If 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 then Im
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) axis
4

3
Im
z1
2
axis
z2 1
y2
−5 −4 −3 −2 0 1 2 3 4
Real axis
−1 5 5
z5 −1
𝑃1 | ← 𝑥2 → | z4
𝑦1 z3 −2
𝑧1
𝑂 𝑥1 Real axis −3

𝑧1 , 𝑧2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 is represented by vectors 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 , −4

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝑄
𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ respectively. The diagram shows that
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑄 is equal 𝑂𝑃2 in magnitude and direction Modulus of a complex number
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑃
𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑄 = 𝑂𝑃1 + 𝑂𝑃2
Given a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, the
magnitude or length of z is denoted be |𝑧| is
Thus the sum of two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 is
defined by
represented in the argand diagram by the sum of the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
corresponding vectors 𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝑃2
Example I
Representing 𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 on the argand diagram. Given 𝑧 = 1 + √3𝑖 find |𝑧|
Solution
𝑧 = 1 + (√3)𝑖
2
|𝑧| = √(1)2 + (√3)
= √4
=2
(z1 – z2) = OP1 – OP2
Example II
= 𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑃2 1 √3
Find |𝑧| 𝑖𝑓 𝑧 = − 2 − 𝑖
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 − 𝑂𝑃
Since 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = 𝑃⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑃2
2

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 can be represented by 𝑃1 𝑃2 Solution

1 √3
𝑧=− − 𝑖
Example 2 2
Represent the following complex numbers on the z  ( 12 ) 2  (  2 3 ) 2
argand diagram.
𝑧1 = 3 + 4𝑖, 𝑧2 = −2 + 𝑖, 𝑧3 = −5 − 4𝑖, 1 3
=√ +
𝑧4 = 2 − 3𝑖, 𝑧5 = −4 − 2𝑖, 4 4
Solution
= √1
=1

⟹ |𝑧| = 1

Example III
𝑧 = −3 + 4𝑖 find |𝑧|
Solution
135
𝑧 = −3 + 4𝑖 63 − 16i
=
|𝑧| = √(−3)2 + (4)2 9 + 16
= √9 + 16 63 16
= − 𝑖
= √25 25 25
=5
𝑧1 63 2 16 2
Properties of modulus | | = √( ) + (− )
𝑧2 25 25
If 𝑧1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 are complex numbers then
(𝑖) |𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |
𝑧1 (63)2 + (16)2
𝑧 |z |
(𝑖𝑖) | 1 |  1 | |=√
𝑧1 𝑧2 252
| z2 |
65 13
Example I = =
25 5
𝑧1 = 5 − 12𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 − 4𝑖
𝑧
Find |𝑧1 𝑧2 | 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑧1 | Argument of a complex number Z (arg Z)
2
Solution The argument of a complex number z is defined to be
𝑧1 = 5 − 12𝑖 , 𝑧2 = 3 − 4𝑖 the angle (θ) which the complex number z makes
with the positive x-axis.
|𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |
 |(5 – 12i)(3 – 4i)|
= |5 – 12i||3 – 4i| 𝑦

= √(5)2 + (−12)2 √(3)2 + (−4)2

= √169 × √25 y
= 13 × 5
𝜃
= 65 𝑥
x
Alternatively
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (5 − 12𝑖)(3 − 4𝑖) From the diagram above,
= 15 − 20𝑖 − 36𝑖 + 48𝑖 2 𝑦 𝑦
= 15 − 48 − 56𝑖 tan 𝜃 = ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥 𝑥
= −33 − 56𝑖
Note: For a given complex number, there will be
|𝑧1 𝑧2 | = √(−33)2 + (−56)2 infinitely many possible values of the
= 65 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 argument, any two of which will differ by a
𝑧1 = 5 − 12𝑖, 𝑧2 = 3 − 4𝑖 whole multiple of 360°.
𝑧1 |𝑧1 | √(5)2 + (−12)2 To avoid confusion we usually work with the value
| |= =
𝑧2 |𝑧2 | √(3)2 + (−4)2 of 𝜃 for which −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋 or −180 < 𝜃 < 180.
13 This is called the principle argument of z denoted by
= arg z.
5
𝑦
z 5  12i In practice the formula tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
Alternatively, 1 
z2 3  4i 𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
(5 − 12𝑖)(3 + 4𝑖) 𝑥
(3 − 4𝑖)(3 + 4𝑖) Which is often used to find the principal argument of
𝑧1 15 + 20𝑖 − 36𝑖 − 48𝑖 2 a complex number z, despite the fact that it tends to
=
𝑧2 (3)2 − (4𝑖)2 two possible values for 𝜃 in the permitted range. The
formula is necessary but not sufficient to help us

136
obtain the arg z. The correct value of arg z is chosen 2
OR arg 𝑧2 = − 3 𝜋
with the aid of a sketch.
𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Example
Find the principal argument of the following
complex number
(𝑎) 1 + 𝑖 (𝑏) − 1 − 𝑖√3 (𝑐) − 5 −5 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

(𝑑) − √3 + 𝑖 (𝑒)√3 − 𝑖

Solution 𝑧3 = −5 + 0𝑖
Consider z1 = 1 + i arg 𝑧3 = 180° or arg 𝑧3 = 𝜋
𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 (d) Let 𝑧4 = −√3 + 𝑖
1
𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝜃
150°
1 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝜃
−√3 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
1
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 45°
1
Since 180° = 𝜋 radians 1
45𝜋 𝜋 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 30°
𝜃= = √3
180 4
𝑧4 = −√3 + 𝑖
⟹ arg 𝑧1 = 45°
arg 𝑧4 = 150°, from the sketch above
45 𝜋
arg z1  =
180 4 (e) √3 − 𝑖
𝑧5 = √3 − 𝑖
(𝑏) Let 𝑧2 = −1 − 𝑖√3
𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝜃2
𝜃 √3 𝑅𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
-1 𝜃 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝜃1
z2
−1
−√3
1
tan 𝜃 =
√3
1
√3 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 30°
tan 𝜃 = √3
1 arg 𝑧5 = −30° from the above diagram
√3
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
1 Properties of Arguments
𝜃 = 60° Given the two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 then
arg 𝑧2 = 𝜃1 𝐚𝐫𝐠( 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟏 ) = 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝒛𝟏 + 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝟏
⟹ arg 𝑧2 = −120° 𝐚𝐫𝐠 ( ) = 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝒛𝟏 − 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝟐
137
Example I
𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Given that 𝑧1 = −1 − 𝑖√3 and 𝑧2 = 1 + 𝑖. Find the
𝑧
arg(𝑧1 𝑧2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 arg (𝑧1 ) 𝑦 (x, 𝑦)
2
Solution
𝑟
𝑧1 = −1 − 𝑖√3
𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝜃
𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
−1 𝜃
𝜃1 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Consider a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 making an
angle 𝜃 with the positive 𝑥 − axis
−√3 arg 𝑧 = 𝜃
𝑥 𝑦
From the diagram above cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑟
 3 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝑦
  tan  1
 = 60°
 1  𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
arg 𝑧1 = 𝜃1 = −120° 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑧 = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
Z2 = 1 + i (modulus argument form a complex number)
Where 𝑟 = |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1
Example
Express the following complex numbers in modulus
𝜃 –argument
1 a) 5 + 5𝑖√3
b) √2 + 𝑖
1 √3 1
arg 𝑧2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 45° c) − + 2𝑖
1 2
arg(𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 d) −3√2 + 3√2𝑖
= −120 + 45° e) −5𝑖
= −75° f) −5 − 12𝑖
𝑧1
arg ( ) = arg 𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2
𝑧2 Solutions
= −120 − 45 𝑧1 = 5 + 5𝑖√3
= −165 2
𝑟 = √(5)2 + (5√3)
Modulus–argument form of a complex
= √25 + 75
number
= 10
(Polar form of a complex number)
5√3
arg 𝑧1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 60°
5
𝑧1 = 5 + 5𝑖√3 = 10(cos 60 + 𝑖 sin 60)

(b) 𝑧2 = √2 + 𝑖
2
|𝑧2 | = 𝑟 = √(√2) + (1)2
= √3

138
 1 𝜃 = 45°
arg 𝑧2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 35.3°
√2 arg(𝑧4 ) = +135°
𝑧2 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑧4 = 6(cos 135 + 𝑖 sin 135)
√3[cos 35.3 + 𝑖 sin 35.3]
(e) 𝑧5 = −5𝑖 = 0 + −5𝑖
√3 1
(c) − 2
− 2𝑖 |𝑧5 | = √02 + (−5)2
|𝑧5 | = 5
√3 1
𝑧3 = − − 𝑖
2 2 𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

2
√3 1 2
|𝑧3 | = √((− ) + (− ) )
2 2 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝜃
−5
3 1
=√ + =1
4 4
𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
arg 𝑧5 = −90
𝑧5 = 5(cos −90 + 𝑖 sin −90)
√3 𝜃 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑧6 = 3 + 4𝑖
− 𝜃1
2 𝑟 = |𝑧6 | = √(3)2 + (4)2
-0.5
= √25
=5
1⁄ 4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2 ) = 30° 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 53.1
√3⁄ 5
2 z6 = 5(cos 53.1° + i sin 53.1°)
 3 1
z3   
2 2 (g) 𝑧6 = −5 − 12𝑖
arg 𝑧3 = −150° |𝑧6 | = √(−5)2 + (−12)2
𝑧3 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) = √169
𝑧3 = 1(cos −150 + 𝑖 sin −150) = 13
12
(d) 𝑧4 = −3√2 + (3√2)i 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
5
2 2 𝜃 = 67.4
|𝑧4 | = √(−3√2) + (3√2)
z7 = -5 – 12i
= √36 𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
=6

𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 −5 𝜃
𝜃1 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
3√2

−12
𝜃
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
arg 𝑧7 = −112.6°
|𝑧7 | = √(−5)2 + (−12)2
= √25 + 144
3√2 = √169
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
3√2 = 13

139
13(cos −112 . 6 + 𝑖 sin −122.6) = √4
=2
Example II
arg 𝑧2 = −30°
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 ) 𝜋
𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 ) = − 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
6
𝜋
Show that arg 𝑧2 = −
6
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )) 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧2 = 2 (cos − + 𝑖 sin − )
𝑧 𝑟 6 6
And 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋
= 2√2(cos ( + − ) + 𝑖 sin ( + )
Solution 4 6 4 6

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 )𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 ) 𝜋 𝜋

= 𝑟1 𝑟2 [(cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1 (𝑖 sin 𝜃2 ) = 2√2 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
12 12
+ 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 2 sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 )]
𝑧1 𝑟1
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 [(cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 = (cos(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ))
𝑧2 𝑟2
+ 𝑖(sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 )]
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 [(cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ))] √2 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋
z1 r1 (cos 1  i cos 1 ) = [cos ( − ) + 𝑖 sin ( − )]
 2 4 6 4 6
z2 r2 (cos  2  i sin  2 )
r1 (cos 1  i sin 1 )(cos  2  i sin  2 ) √2 5𝜋 5𝜋
 2
[cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( )]
12 12
r1 (cos  2  i sin  2 )(cos  2  i sin  2 )
r1  cos1 cos 2  i cos1 sin  2  i sin 1 cos 2  sin 1 sin  2  Demoivre’s Theorem
  
r2  cos 2  2  sin 2  2  Demoivres theorem states that for real values of n
r  cos1 cos 2  sin 1 sin  2  i  sin 1 cos 2  cos1 sin  2  
 1  (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛 = (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
r2  cos 2 2  sin2 2 
z1 r1 (cos(1   2 )  i sin(1   2 ) Proving Demoivre’s theorem by mathematical
 induction
z2 r2 1
(as required)
z1 r1 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛 = (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
 cos(1   2 )  i sin(1   2 )
z2 r2
For n =1, (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)1 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)

Example III It’s true for n =1

Given that 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖 Assume the results holds for the general value of n=k
𝑧2 = √3 − 𝑖 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑘 = (cos 𝑘𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑘𝜃)
𝑧
Find in polar form 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧1 It must be true for the next integer 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
2

 cos  i sin     cos  i sin    cos  i sin  

Solution k 1 k

𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖
= (cos 𝑘𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑘𝜃)(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
|𝑧1 | = √12 + 12 = √2
1 𝜋 = cos 𝑘𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 cos 𝑘𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑘𝜃 cos 𝜃
arg 𝑧1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = + 𝑖 2 sin 𝜃 sin 𝑘𝜃
1 4
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 ) = [(cos 𝑘𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝑘𝜃 sin 𝜃) +
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧1 = √2 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4 i  sin k cos  cos k sin  ]
𝑧2 = √3 − 𝑖 = cos(𝑘𝜃 + 𝜃) + 𝑖 sin(𝑘𝜃 + 𝜃)
2
|𝑧1 | = 𝑟2 = √(√3) + (−1)2 = cos(𝑘 + 1)𝜃 + 𝑖 sin(𝑘 + 1)𝜃

140
⟹ (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑘+1 Solution:
= cos(𝑘 + 1)𝜃 + 𝑖 sin(𝑘 + 1)𝜃 1 −3
= (1 − 𝑖√3)
For the next integer , 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 = 2 1 − 𝑖√3
Let 𝑧 = (1 − 𝑖√3)
⟹𝑘=1 2
2 |𝑧| = √12 + (−√3)
(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) = (cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃)
=2
Since it’s true for n=1, n = 2 and so on it’s true for all 𝜋
positive integral values of n. arg 𝑧 = −
3
𝜋 𝜋
(1 − 𝑖√3) = 2 (cos −+ 𝑖 sin − )
Example I 3 3
1 1 12 −3 𝜋 𝜋 −3
Find the value of (cos 4 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 4 𝜋) (1 − 𝑖√3) = 2−3 (cos − + 𝑖 sin − )
3 3
Solution 1 𝜋 𝜋
= (cos − × −3 + 𝑖 sin − × −3)
(cos  i sin  )n  cos n  i sin n 8 3 3
1
1 1 12 = (cos +𝜋 + 𝑖 sin +𝜋)
(cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋) = 8
4 4 1
1 1 =−
(cos 𝜋 × 12 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋 × 12) 8
4 4
= cos 3𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 3𝜋 Example IV
= −1 Express √3 + 𝑖 in modulus –argument form. Hence
find
Example II
1
4
Express (1 − 𝑖√3) in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 (√3 + 𝑖)10 and 7 in the form of 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
(√3 + 𝑖)
Solution
4 Solution
(1 − 𝑖√3) Let 𝑧 = √3 + 𝑖
Let 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖√3 2
|𝑧| = √(√3) + 1 = 2
2
|𝑧| = √(1)2 + (−√3) = 2 𝜋
arg 𝑧 =
6
arg 𝑧 = −60 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝑧 = 2 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
6 6
=− 10 10𝜋 10𝜋
3
𝜋 (√3 + 𝑖) = 210 (cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ))
arg 𝑧 = − 6 6
3 1 √3
z = r(cos θ + isinθ) = 210 ( − 𝑖)
𝜋 𝜋 2 2
𝑧 = 2 (cos − + 𝑖 sin − ) ) 1024 𝑖(1024)√3
3 3 = −
𝜋 𝜋 4 2 2
𝑧 4 = 24 (cos − + 𝑖 sin − )
3 3
= 512 − 512√3𝑖
 16  cos 43  i sin 43 
1 −7
1 √3 7 = (√3 + 𝑖)
= 16 (− + 𝑖) (√3 + 𝑖)
2 2
−7
= −8 + 8√3𝑖 𝜋 𝜋
= (2 (cos + 𝑖 sin ))
6 6
Example III 𝜋 𝜋
= 2−7 (cos −7 × + 𝑖 sin −7 × )
Evaluate
1 6 6
3
(1−𝑖√3)

141
 2𝜋 8
 
1 2𝜋
 cos 76  i sin 76 f)
(cos
5
+𝑖 sin )
5
128 3𝜋 3𝜋 3
(cos −𝑖 sin )
5 5
1 √3 1
= (− + 𝑖) Solutions
128 2 2
(a) (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)2 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)3
√3 1
=− + 𝑖 = (cos  i sin  )23
256 256
√3 1 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)5
=− + 𝑖 = (cos 5𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 5𝜃)
256 256
1
Example V (b) (cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)2
Express (-1+i) in modulus – argument form. Hence
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−2
show that (−1 + 𝑖)16 is real and that
= cos −2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin −2𝜃
1
is pure imaginary. = cos 2𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
(−1 + 𝑖)6
Solution cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃
(c) (cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)4
𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖
|𝑧| = √(−1)2 + 12 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)1 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−4
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)1+−4
= √2
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−3
arg 𝑧 = 135°
= cos −3𝜃 + 𝑖 sin −3𝜃
𝑧 = √2(cos 135 + 𝑖 sin 135)
16
= (cos 3𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 3𝜃)
𝑧16 = (√2) (cos 135 × 16 + 𝑖 sin 135 × 16)
(cos 17  i sin 17 )8
= 256(cos 2160 + 𝑖 sin 2160) (d)
(cos 17  i sin 17 )9
= 256(1)
(cos   i sin  ) 17
8

= 256
(cos   i sin  ) 17
9

⟹ (−1 + 𝑖)16 = 256 So it is purely real

9
 17
(cos   i sin  ) 17
8
As required
1 (cos   i sin  )1
 (1  i)6
(1  i) 6

−6 (cos  i sin  )(cos 2  i sin 2 )

𝑧 −6 = (√2) (cos 135 × −6 + 𝑖 sin 135 × −6) (e)
(cos 2  i sin 2 )
1 1 (cos  i sin  )(cos   i sin  ) 2
= (0 + 𝑖) = 𝑖
8 8 (cos  i sin  ) 2
1

−6
⟹ 𝑧 is purely imaginary.
(cos  i sin  )3
(cos  i sin  ) 2
1

Example VI
(cos   i sin  )
5
2
a) (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)2 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)3
b)
1 cos 52   i sin 52 
(cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)2
cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃 2𝜋 2𝜋 8
c) (cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)4
(cos
5
+𝑖 sin )
5
(f) 3𝜋 3𝜋 3
𝜋 𝜋 8 (cos −𝑖 sin )
(cos +𝑖 sin ) 5 5
17 17
d) 8
𝜋 𝜋 9
(cos −𝑖 sin ) 𝜋 𝜋 2
17 17 ((cos + 𝑖 sin ) )
(cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)(cos 2𝜃+𝑖 sin 2𝜃)
5 5
e) 𝜃 𝜃 𝜋 𝜋 −3
3
(cos +𝑖 sin )
2 2 ((cos + 𝑖 sin ) )
5 5

142
 𝜋 𝜋 16 = (cos 4 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 4𝜃)
(cos + 𝑖 sin )
5 5
𝜋 𝜋 −9 Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary
(cos + 𝑖 sin )
5 5
𝜋 𝜋 16−−9 cos 4𝜃 = cos 4 𝜃 − 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃 … . (𝑖)
(cos + 𝑖 sin )
5 5
𝜋 𝜋 sin 4𝜃 = 4 cos3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 … . . … (𝑖𝑖)
cos (25 × ) + 𝑖 sin (25 × )
5 5
= (cos 5𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 5𝜋) Eqn (ii) ÷ Eqn (i)

Example VII 4 cos3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃

tan 4𝜃 =
Use De-moivre’s theorem to show that cos4 𝜃 − 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃
3 tan θ − 3tan3 θ 4 cos3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 4 cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃
tan 3 𝜃 = −
1 − 3 tan2 θ cos 4 𝜃 cos 4 𝜃
tan 4𝜃 =
Solution cos 𝜃 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 sin4 𝜃
4 2 2
− +
(cos 3𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 3𝜃) = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)3 cos4 𝜃 cos4 𝜃 cos4 𝜃
𝑏𝑢𝑡 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)3 =
4 tan 𝜃 − 4 tan3 𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 3(𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 3(𝑖 sin 𝜃)2 cos 𝜃 tan 4𝜃 =
1 − 6𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + tan4 𝜃
+ (𝑖 sin 𝜃)3
= (cos3 𝜃 − 3 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃) + Example IX
𝑖(3 sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 − sin3 𝜃) Show that
= cos 3𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 3𝜃 1
𝑧𝑛 + = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary; 𝑧𝑛
1
⇒ sin 3𝜃 = 3 sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 … . . (1) 𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛 = 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
cos 3𝜃 = cos3 𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 … … … … . . … (2) 𝑧
1
Hence show that cos 4   (cos 4  4cos 2  3)
Eqn (1) ÷ Eqn (2) 8
3 sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 Solution
⇒ tan 3𝜃 = 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑧 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛
𝑛
3 sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃
− = (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
tan 3𝜃 = cos3 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
3 2
cos 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑧 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−𝑛
−𝑛
− = cos −𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin −𝑛𝜃
cos3 𝜃 cos3 𝜃
3 tan 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
tan 3𝜃 = 1
1 − 3 tan2 𝜃 𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 + cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑧
Example VIII = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃
Use Demovre’s theorem to show that 1
𝑧𝑛 − 𝑛
4 tan 𝜃 − 4 tan3 𝜃 𝑧
tan 4𝜃 =
1 − 6 tan2 𝜃 + tan4 𝜃 = (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃) − (cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
= 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
Solution 1
(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)4 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)4 from 𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑛 = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑧
= cos4 𝜃 + 4 cos 3 𝜃 (𝑖 sin 𝜃) + 6 cos 2 𝜃 (𝑖 sin 𝜃)2 + 1
𝑧 + = 2 cos 𝜃
4 cos 𝜃 (𝑖 sin 𝜃)3 + (𝑖 sin 𝜃)4 𝑧
1
= cos4 𝜃 + (4 cos3 𝜃 sin 𝜃)𝑖 − 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛 = 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑧
− (4 cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃) 𝑖 + sin4 𝜃 1
𝑧 − = 2𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑧

143
 1 1 5
𝑧+ = 2 cos 𝜃 (𝑧 − ) = (2𝑖sin𝜃)5
𝑧 𝑧
1 4 2𝑖 sin 5𝜃 − 5(2𝑖 sin 3𝜃) + 10(2𝑖 sin 𝜃) = 32𝑖 sin5 𝜃
(𝑧 + ) = (2 cos 𝜃)4
𝑧 1
sin5 𝜃 = (2 sin 5𝜃 − 10 sin 3𝜃 + 20 sin 𝜃)
But ( z  1z )
4
32
1
4
1 3 2
1 2 1 3 1 4 sin5 𝜃 = (sin 5𝜃 − 5 sin 3𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃)
𝑧 + 4𝑧 ( ) + 6𝑧 ( ) + 4𝑧 ( ) + ( ) 16
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
4
1 1 1 Example XII
(𝑧 4 + 4 ) + 4 (𝑧 2 + 2 ) + 6 = (𝑧 + ) 1
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 Prove that cos 6 𝜃 + sin6 𝜃 = 8 (3 cos 4𝜃 + 5)
2 cos 4 𝜃 + 4(2 cos 2𝜃) + 6 = (2cos𝜃)4
Solution
16cos4θ = 2cos4θ + 4(2cos2θ) + 6
1
1 𝑧𝑛 + = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃
cos 4 𝜃 = (2 cos 4𝜃 + 8 cos 2𝜃 + 6) 𝑧𝑛
16 1
1 𝑧 + = 2 cos 𝜃
cos4 𝜃 = (cos 4𝜃 + 4 cos 2𝜃 + 3) 𝑧
8
1 6
(𝑧 + ) = (2 cos 𝜃)6
Example XI 𝑧
Given that 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 show that 1 6
(𝑧 + ) = 64 cos 6 𝜃
1 𝑧
𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛 = 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 1 6 1 1 2
𝑧 But (𝑧 + 𝑧) = 𝑧 6 + 6𝑧 5 (𝑧 ) + 15𝑧 4 (𝑧) +
Hence or otherwise show that
1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
1 20𝑧 3 (𝑧) + 15𝑧 2 (𝑧) + 6𝑧 (𝑧) + (𝑧)
sin5 𝜃 = (sin 5𝜃 − 5 sin 3𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃)
16 1 6 15
Solution = (𝑧 6 + 6
) + (6𝑧 4 + 4 ) + (15𝑧 2 + 2 ) + 20
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1
𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛 = 2𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑧 = 2 cos 6𝜃 + 6(2 cos 4𝜃) + 15(2 cos 2𝜃) + 20
1 ⇒ 64 cos 6 𝜃 = 2 cos 6𝜃 + 12 cos 4 𝜃 + 30 cos 2𝜃 + 20
𝑧 − = 2𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑧 64 cos6 𝜃 = 2 cos 6𝜃 + 12 cos 4𝜃 + 30 cos 2𝜃
1 5 + 20 … … … … … … … … … . (1)
(𝑧 − ) = (2𝑖 sin 𝜃)5
𝑧 1
1 5 (𝑧 − ) = 2𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑧
(𝑧 − ) = 𝑖 5 (32) sin5 𝜃
𝑧 1 6
1 5 (𝑧 − ) = 64𝑖 6 sin6 𝜃
𝑧
(𝑧 − ) = (32𝑖 × 𝑖 4 sin5 𝜃)
𝑧 1 6
1 5 (𝑧 − ) = −64 sin6 𝜃
𝑧
(𝑧 − ) = 32𝑖 sin5 𝜃
𝑧 But
1 5 1 1 2 1 6 1
(𝑧 − 𝑧) = 𝑧 6 + 6𝑧 5 (− 𝑧) + 15𝑧 4 (− 𝑧) +
1 2
but (z − ) = 𝑧 5 + 5𝑧 4 (− ) + 10𝑧 3 (− )
z 𝑧 𝑧
3 4 5 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
1 1 1 20𝑧 3 (− 𝑧) + 15𝑧 2 (− 𝑧) + 6𝑧 (− 𝑧) + (− 𝑧)
+10𝑧 2 (− ) + 5𝑧 (− ) + (− )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝑧 5 − 5 − 5 (𝑧 3 − 3 ) + 10 (𝑧 − ) = (𝑧 6 + ) − 6 (𝑧 4 + 4 ) + 15 (𝑧 2 + 2 ) − 20
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧6 𝑧 𝑧
1
z n  n  2i sin n = 2 cos 6𝜃 − 6(2 cos 4𝜃) + 15(2 cos 2𝜃) − 20
z
1
z  5  2i sin 5
5
⇒ 2 cos 6𝜃 − 12 cos 4𝜃 + 30 cos 2𝜃 − 20
z = −64 sin6 𝜃
1
z   2i sin 
z

144
−64 sin6 𝜃 = 2 cos 6𝜃 − 12 cos 4𝜃 + 30 cos 2𝜃 2
For xy = 2, y 
− 20 … … … … … … … … … . (2) x
Eqn (2) – Eqn (1) 4
 4x2  4  4 
⇒ 64 cos6 𝜃 − −64 sin6 𝜃 = 24 cos 4𝜃 + 40 x2
8 4
cos6 𝜃 + sin6 𝜃 = (3 cos 4𝜃 + 5) 4 x2  0
64 x2
1
cos6 𝜃 + sin6 𝜃 = (3 cos 4𝜃 + 5) Let x2 = m
8
4
4m  0
Solving Complex Equations m
Given that x and y are real numbers. Find the values 4m2 – 4 = 0
of x and y which satisfy the equation. m2 – 1 = 0
2𝑦 + 4𝑖 𝑦 (m + 1)(m – 1) = 0
− =0 m = 1, m = -1
2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖
Solution When m = 1, x2 = 1  x = ±1
2𝑦 + 4𝑖 𝑦 When m = -1, x2 = i2  x = ±i
− =0 xy = 2
2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖
2𝑦 + 4𝑖 𝑦 If x = 1, y = 2
= If x = -1, y = -2
2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖
2𝑦+4𝑖 𝑦 xi If x = i, y = -2i
= 𝑥−𝑖× If x = -i , y = 2i
2𝑥+𝑦 xi
2𝑦 + 4𝑖 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑖𝑦
= 2 Example II
2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 +1
Find the values of x and y in
2𝑦 4𝑖 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑖
+ = 2 + 2 𝑥 𝑦 6 + 2𝑖
2𝑥 + 𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1 − =
2 + 3𝑖 3 − 2𝑖 1 + 8𝑖
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary Solution
𝑥 𝑦 6 + 2𝑖
− =
2𝑦 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑖 3 − 2𝑖 1 + 8𝑖
⇒ = 2 … … … … … … (1) 𝑥(2 − 3𝑖) 𝑦(3 + 2𝑖)
2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 1 −
4 𝑦 2 + 3𝑖(2 − 3𝑖) (3 − 2𝑖)(3 + 2𝑖)
= 2 … … … … … … . . (2) (6 + 2𝑖)(1 − 8𝑖)
2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 1 =
From equation (1) (1 + 8𝑖)(1 − 8𝑖)
2𝑦(𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑥𝑦(2𝑥 + 𝑦) (2𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑖) (3𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑖) (6 − 48𝑖 + 2𝑖 + 16)
− =
2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 13 13 65
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 22 46
2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 0 − 𝑖= − 𝑖
13 13 65 65
𝑦(2 − 𝑥𝑦) = 0 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 22
𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥𝑦 = 2 ⇒ =
13 65
4 y 5(2𝑥 − 3𝑦) = 22
From Eqn (2),  2
2x  y x  1 10𝑥 − 15𝑦 = 22 … … … … … … … … … … (1)
3𝑥+2𝑦 46
4x2 + 4 = 2xy + y2 Similarly, = 65
13
For y = 0, 4x2 + 4 = 0
5(3𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 46
x2 + 1 = 0
15𝑥 + 10𝑦 = 46 … … … … … … … … … . . (2)
x2 = -1 Solving eqn (1) and eqn (2) simultaneously
x2 = i 2
⟹ 𝑥 = 2.8 𝑦 = 0.4
x = ±i
Example III
𝑥 𝑦
Find the values of x and y if 1+𝑖 + 2−𝑖 = 2 + 4𝑖

145
Solution 3
Substituting y = and xy = 3 in Eqn (3);
𝑥 𝑦 x
+ = 2 + 4𝑖 2
1+𝑖 2−𝑖 3
x 2  3(3)  4  4  
x
𝑥(1 − 𝑖) 𝑦(2 + 𝑖)
+ = 2 + 4𝑖 36
(1 + 𝑖)(1 − 𝑖) (2 − 𝑖)(2 + 𝑖) x2  9  4  2
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 2𝑦 + 𝑦𝑖 x
+ = 2 + 4𝑖 36
2 5 𝑥2 + 9 = 4 + 2
5(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖) + 2(2𝑦 + 𝑦𝑖) = 2 + 4𝑖 𝑥
2
36
5𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑖 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑖 = 20 + 40𝑖 𝑥 − 2+5=0
𝑥
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary;
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 2 = 𝑃
5𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 20 …………… (1) 36
2𝑦 − 5𝑥 = 40 …………… (2) 𝑃− +5=0
𝑃
Solving Eqn (1) and Eqn (2) simultaneously; 𝑃2 − 36 + 5𝑃 = 0
𝑦 = 10 𝑃2 + 5𝑃 − 36 = 0
𝑥 = −4 (𝑃 + 9)(𝑃 − 4) = 0
Example IV (𝑥 2 + 9)(𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
Find the values of x and y. given that 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±2
𝑥𝑖 3𝑥 + 4𝑖
= 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = −2
1 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 + 3𝑦 3
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦=
Solution 2
3
𝑥𝑖(1 − 𝑖𝑦) (3𝑥 + 4𝑖) When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦=−
= 2
(1 + 𝑖𝑦)(1 − 𝑖𝑦) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑥2 + 9 = 0
𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 3𝑥 + 4𝑖 𝑥 2 = −9
=
1 + 𝑦2 𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑥 = ±3𝑖
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑖 3𝑥 4𝑖 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3𝑖
2
+ 2
= +
1+𝑦 1+𝑦 𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑥 + 3𝑦 3 1
𝑥𝑦 3𝑥 𝑦= =
⇒ = … … … … … … … … … … . (1) 3𝑖 𝑖
1 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑦 = −𝑖
𝑥 4 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −3𝑖
2
= … … … … … … … … … … … … (2)
1+𝑦 𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑦 = +𝑖
From equation (1) Example V
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑃 𝑞
If z is a complex number such that 𝑧 = 2−𝑖 + 1+3𝑖.
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 3𝑥 𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 0 Where p and q are real. If |z| = 7, arg P = 2 . Find the
𝑥(𝑥𝑦 − 3) = 0 value of p and q.
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥𝑦 = 3 Solution
From eqn (2) 𝑃 𝑞
𝑧= +
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 = 4 + 4𝑦 2 ………(3) 2 − 𝑖 1 + 3𝑖
P(2 + i) 𝑞(1 − 3i)
z= +
When x = 0, 0 = 4 + 4𝑦 2 (2 − i)(2 + i) (1 + 3i)(1 − 3i)
−1 = 𝑦 2 2p + Pi q − 3qi
z= +
𝑦 = ±𝑖 5 10
When xy = 3
3
𝑦=
𝑥

146
 2(2 p  pi )  q  3qi 8
z − =𝑞
10 10
4 p  2 pi  q  3qi 4
z 𝑞=−
10 5
7 4
4 p  q  (2 p  3q)i ⇒𝑝= , 𝑞=−
z 5 5
10
2𝑃 − 3𝑞 (b) Let 𝑝 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
10 𝑞 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
−1 4𝑃 + 𝑞 𝜋 (1 + 5𝑖)(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − 2(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) = 3 + 7𝑖
arg 𝑧 = tan =
10 2 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑖 − 5𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑖 = 3 + 7𝑖
( ) (𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 2𝑥) + (𝑦 + 5𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑖 = 3 + 7𝑖
2𝑝 − 3𝑞 𝜋 (−𝑥 − 5𝑦) + (3𝑦 + 5𝑥)𝑖 = 3 + 7𝑖
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )=
4𝑃 + 𝑞 2 −𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 3
𝑥 = −3 − 5𝑦 ........................ (1)
2p − 3q
=∞ 3𝑦 + 5𝑥 = 7 .......................... (2)
4P + q
Substituting Eqn (1) in Eqn (2)
4P + q = 0 3𝑦 + 5(−3 − 5𝑦) = 7
q = −4P 3y − 15 − 25y = 7
|z| = 7 −22y = 22
2 2 𝑦 = −1
√(4P+q) + (2𝑃−3𝑞) = 7 …………… (1) 𝑥 = −3 − 5(−1)
10 10
Substituting q = -4p in Eqn (1) 𝑥 = −3 + 5
2 𝑥=2
 14 p 
02    7 𝑝 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
 10 
𝑝=2−𝑖
14𝑝
=7 𝑞 =2+𝑖
10
𝑝=5
q = −4 × 5 Square root of Complex Numbers
𝑞 = −20 Example I
Example VI Find the square root of 35 − 12𝑖
Given that (1 + 5i)p – 2q = 3 + 7i, find 𝑝 and 𝑞 Solution
(a) When p and q are real Let √35 − 12𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
(b) When p and q are conjugate complex numbers 2
Solution (√35 − 12𝑖) = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2
(a) (1 + 5𝑖)𝑃 − 2𝑞 = 3 + 7𝑖 35 − 12𝑖 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 𝑖 2 𝑦 2
𝑃 + 5𝑃𝑖 − 2𝑞 = 3 + 7𝑖 35 − 12𝑖 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑖
𝑃 − 2𝑞 + 5𝑃𝑖 = 3 + 7𝑖 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 35
𝑃 − 2𝑞 = 3 ……………………. (1) 2𝑥𝑦 = −12
5P = 7 ………………………… (2) 𝑥𝑦 = −6
From Eqn (2), 6
𝑦=−
P=
7 𝑥
5 36
7 𝑥 2 − 2 = 35
 − 2𝑞 = 3 𝑥
5
7 𝑥 4 − 36 = 35𝑥 2
− 3 = 2𝑞 𝑥 4 − 35𝑥 2 − 36 = 0
5
8 Let 𝑥 2 = 𝑚
− = 2𝑞
5 m2 − 35𝑚 − 36 = 0

147
 (𝑚 − 36)(𝑚 + 1) = 0 (1 − 𝑖) ± √(1 − 𝑖)2 − 4(1)(7𝑖 − 4)
(𝑥 2 − 36)(𝑥 2 + 1) = 0 𝑧=
2×1
1 − 𝑖 ± √1 − 2𝑖 − 1 − 28𝑖 + 16
But 𝑥 is real 𝑧=
2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 36 = 0
1  i  16  30i
𝑥 = ±6
6 2
When 𝑥 = 6 𝑦 = −6
But 16  30i  a  bi
𝑦 = −1 16 – 30i = a2 + 2abi – b2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −6, 𝑦=1 a2 – b2 = 16
⇒ √35 − 12i = 6 − i 2ab = -30
or √35 − 12𝑖 = −6 + 𝑖 ab = -15
15
a
Example VIII b
Find the square root of 5 − 12𝑖 2
 15 
   b  16
2
solution
b
Let √5 − 12𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
225
5 − 12𝑖 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2  b 2  16
b2
5 − 12𝑖 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 2
Let m = b2
5 − 12𝑖 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑖
225
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary;  m  16
m
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 5 …………………….(1)
m2 + 16m – 225 = 0
2𝑥𝑦 = −12
m = 9, m = -25
𝑥𝑦 = −6
6
b2 = 9
𝑦 = − 𝑥 …………………….(2) b = ±3
Substituting Eqn (2) in Eqn (1) ab = -15
36 a=5
𝑥2 − 2 = 5
𝑥 When b = -3, a = 5
(𝑥 2 )2 − 36 = 5𝑥 2 When b = 3, a = -5
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑚 = 𝑥 2 a + bi = 5 – 3i, -5 + 3i
𝑚2 − 36 = 5𝑚 16  30i  (5  3i)
𝑚2 − 5𝑚 − 36 = 0
1 − 𝑖 ± (5 − 3𝑖)
(𝑚 − 9)(𝑚 + 4) = 0 𝑧=
2
(𝑥 2 − 9)(𝑥 2 + 4) = 0 𝑧 = 3 − 2𝑖
𝑥2 = 9 𝑧 = −2 + 𝑖
𝑥 = ±3 Example X
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −2 Show that 1 + 2𝑖 is a root of the equation
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦=2 2𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 15 = 0
√5 − 12𝑖 = 3 − 2𝑖 Solution
𝑜𝑟 √5 − 12𝑖 = 3 + 2𝑖 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖
2
𝑧 = (1 + 2𝑖)2
Example IX = 1 + 4𝑖 + 4𝑖 2
Find the roots of 𝑧 2 − (1 − 𝑖)𝑧 + 7𝑖 − 4 = 0 = −3 + 4𝑖
Solution 3 2
𝑧 = 𝑧 × 𝑧 = (1 + 2𝑖)(−3 + 4𝑖)
b  b2  4ac = −3 + 4𝑖 − 6𝑖 − 8
z
2a = −11 − 2𝑖

148
 2z3 – z2 + 4z + 15 ⇒ 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 13 is a factor of
 2(−11 − 2𝑖) − (−3 + 4𝑖) + (4(1 + 2𝑖) + 15 𝑧 3 − 6𝑧 2 + 21𝑧 − 26 = 0
= −22 − 4𝑖 + 3 − 4𝑖 + 4 + 8𝑖 + 15 𝑧−2
= −22 + 22 − 8𝑖 + 8𝑖 𝑧 − 4𝑧 + 13 𝑧 − 6𝑧 2 + 21𝑧 − 26
2 3
= 0 + 0𝑖 𝑧 3 − 4𝑧 2 + 13𝑧
=0 −2𝑧 2 + 8𝑧 − 26
⇒ 1 + 2𝑖 is a root of the equation. −2𝑧 2 + 8𝑧 − 26
Since 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖 is a root of the equation 0
2𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 15 = 0
The complex conjugate 𝑧̅ = 1 − 2i must also be a ⇒ (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 13) = 0
root of the above equation ⇒ 𝑧 = 2, 𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2 − 3𝑖 are roots of
⇒ 1 − 2𝑖 = 𝑧 is also a root of the equation equation of 𝑧 3 − 6𝑧 2 + 21𝑧 − 26 = 0
2𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 15 = 0
Example XII
2𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 15 = 0
Show that 1 + 𝑖 is a root of the equation
𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖
𝑧 4 + 3𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 10 = 0. Hence find other roots
𝑧 = 1 − 2𝑖
Solution
Sum of roots = 1 + 2𝑖 + 1 − 2𝑖
𝑧 =1+𝑖
=2
z = 1 + 2i + i2
2
Product of roots = (1) − (2𝑖)2
2
𝑧 2 = 1 + 2𝑖 − 1
=1+4
𝑧 2 = 2𝑖
=5
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧3 = 𝑧2. 𝑧
𝑧2 − ( ) 𝑧 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 0 = 2𝑖(1 + 𝑖)
𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5 = 0 = 2𝑖 − 2
 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5 is a factor of 2𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 15 𝑧 4 = (𝑧 2 )2 = (2𝑖)2 = 4𝑖 2
2𝑧 + 3 = −4
𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 5 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 15
2 3 ⇒ 𝑧 4 + 3𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 10
2𝑧 3 − 4𝑧 2 + 10𝑧 = (−4) + 3(2𝑖) − 6(1 + 𝑖) + 10
= −4 + 6𝑖 − 6 − 6𝑖 + 10
3𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 15
3𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 15 = −10 + 10 + 6𝑖 − 6𝑖
0 = 0 + 0𝑖
(2𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 15) = 0 =0
3 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 is a root of the equation
𝑧=− 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1 − 2𝑖 ⇒ 1 − 𝑖 is also a root of the equation
2
Sum of the roots= 1 + 𝑖 + 1 − 𝑖
Example XI =2
Given that 2 + 3𝑖 is a root of the equation Product of roots = (1) − 𝑖 2 = 2
2

𝑧 3 − 6𝑧 2 + 21𝑧 − 26 = 0. Find the other roots 𝑧 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑧 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 0

Solution 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 0
𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖 is a root ⇒ 𝑧 = 2 − 3𝑖 is also a root of
the equation 𝑧 3 − 6𝑧 2 + 21𝑧 − 26 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 2 is a factor of 𝑧 4 + 3𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 10
Sum of roots = 2 + 3𝑖 + 2 − 3𝑖
=4
Product of roots = (2 + 3i)(2 – 3i)
= 22 − (3𝑖)2
=4+9
= 13

149
 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 5 12 − 𝑖 2 = 2
𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 2 𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 10
2 4 ⇒ 𝑧 2 − (2𝑧) + 2 = 0
2
𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 2 ⇒ 𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 2 is a factor of
2𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 +10 𝑧 4 − 8𝑧 3 + 9𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 0.
2𝑧 3 − 4𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 4𝑧 2 + 1
2
5𝑧 − 10𝑧 + 10 𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 2 4𝑧 − 8𝑧 3 + 9𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 2
2 4

5𝑧 2 − 10𝑧 + 10 4𝑧 4 − 8𝑧 3 + 8𝑧 2
0 z2 – 2z + 2
2 2
(𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 2𝑧 + 5) = 0 z2 – 2z + 2
⇒ 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 5 = 0 (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1)(4𝑧 2 + 1) = 0
z2 – 2z + 2 = 0 1
4𝑧 2 = −1 𝑧2 = −
4
2  (2) 2  4 1 5 1 1
For z2 + 2z + 5 = 0, z  ⇒ 𝑧2 = 𝑖2 , 2 = ± 𝑖
4 1 4 2
−2 ± √16𝑖 2 Example XIV
𝑧=
2
−1 ± 4𝑖 Given that z = 2 – i is a root of the equation
𝑧= 𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 𝑘 = 0, k is real. Find other roots.
2
𝑧 = −1 + 2𝑖 Solution
𝑧 = −1 − 2𝑖 𝑧 =2−𝑖
 -1 + 2i, -1 – 2i, 1 + i, 1 − 𝑖 are roots of the 𝑧 2 = (2 − 𝑖)2
equation 𝑧 4 + 3𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 10 = 0 = 4 − 4𝑖 + 𝑖 2
= 3 − 4𝑖
Example XIII 𝑧 3 = (2 − 𝑖)(3 − 4𝑖)
Show that 1 − 𝑖 is a root of the equation = 6 − 8𝑖 − 3𝑖 + 4𝑖 2
4𝑧 4 − 8𝑧 3 + 9𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 0. Find the other = 2 − 11𝑖
roots. ⇒ (2 − 11𝑖) − 3(3 − 4𝑖) + 2 − 𝑖 + 𝑘 = 0
Solution 2 − 11𝑖 − 9 + 12𝑖 + 2 − 𝑖 + 𝑘 = 0
𝑧 =1−𝑖 −11𝑖 + 11𝑖 + 4 − 9 + 𝑘 = 0
𝑧 2 = (1 − 𝑖)2 0−5+𝑘 =0
= 1 − 2𝑖 + 𝑖 2 𝑘=5
= −2𝑖 ⇒ 𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 5 = 0
𝑧3 = 𝑧2. 𝑧 𝑧 =2−𝑖
= −2𝑖(1 − 𝑖) 𝑧 =2+𝑖
= −2𝑖 + 2𝑖 2 𝑧 =2−𝑖
= −2 − 2𝑖 𝑧 =2+𝑖
𝑧 4 = (𝑧 2 )2 = (−2𝑖)2 Sum of roots = 4
= −4 Product of roots = 5
4𝑧 4 − 8𝑧 3 + 9𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 5 = 0 is a factor of
4(−4) − 8(−2 − 2𝑖) + 9(−2𝑖) − 2(1 − 𝑖) + 2 𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 5 = 0
= −16 + 16 + 16𝑖 − 18𝑖 − 2 + 2𝑖 + 2
= 0 + 0𝑖 = 0 𝑧+1
Since 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖 is a of the equation and it implies 𝑧 − 4𝑧 + 5 𝑧 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 5
2 3

that 1 + i is also a root. 𝑧 3 − 4𝑧 2 + 5𝑧

Sum of roots= 1 − 𝑖 + 1 + 𝑖 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 5
=2
Product of the roots = (1 + i)(1 – i) (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 5) = 0

150
 (𝑧 + 1) = 0 𝑧 = −1 Solve the equation z 3 – 1
⇒ 𝑧 = −1, 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖, 𝑧 = 2 − 𝑖 are roots of the
equation z3 – 3z2 + z + k = 0 where k = 5 Solution
𝑧 3 − 1 = (𝑧)3 − (1)3
= (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1)
Example XIV Since 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Solve for 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 in the simultaneous equations 𝑧 3 − 1 = (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1) = 0
below 𝑧=1
𝑧1 + (1 − 𝑖)𝑧2 = 0 2
𝑧 +𝑧+1=0
3𝑧2 − 3𝑧1 = 2 − 5𝑖 (−1) ± √(1)2 − 4(1)(1)
Solution 𝑧=
2×1
𝑧1 + (1 − 𝑖)𝑧2 = 0 … … … … … … … … (1) −1 ± √3𝑖 2
3𝑧2 − 3𝑧1 = 2 − 5𝑖 … … … … … … … … … . (2) 𝑧=
2
From eqn (1) 1 (√3)𝑖
𝑧1 = −(1 − 𝑖)𝑧2 𝑧=− +
2 2
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (2) 1 √3
3𝑧2 − 3[(−1(1 − 𝑖)𝑧2 )] = 2 − 5𝑖 𝑧=− − 𝑖
2 2
3𝑧2 + 3(1 − 𝑖)𝑧2 = 2 − 5𝑖 1 √3𝑖 1 √3𝑖
3𝑧2 − 3𝑖𝑧2 + 3𝑧2 = 2 − 5𝑖 𝑧 = 1, 𝑧 = − + , 𝑧=− −
2 2 2 2
6𝑧2 − 3𝑖𝑧2 = 2 − 5𝑖
Alternatively we can use Demovre’s theorem
𝑧2 (6 − 3𝑖) = 2 − 5𝑖
𝑧3 − 1 = 0
2 − 5𝑖
𝑧2 = 𝑧3 = 1
6 − 3𝑖 3
𝑧 = 1 + 0𝑖
(2 − 5𝑖)(6 + 3𝑖) 1
𝑧2 = 𝑧 = (1 + 0𝑖)3
(6 − 3𝑖)(6 + 3𝑖)
12 + 6𝑖 − 30𝑖 + 15 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑃 = 1 + 0𝑖
𝑧2 = |𝑃| = √1 = 1
36 + 9
27 − 24𝑖 0
𝑧2 = arg 𝑃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 0
45 1
𝑃 = 𝑟[cos(0) + 𝑖 sin(0)]
9 − 8𝑖
𝑧2 = 𝑃 = 1(cos 0 + 𝑖 sin 0)
15
zP
1
3
9 8𝑖
𝑧2 = − 1
15 15 𝑧 = 13 (cos(0 + 360𝑛) + 𝑖 sin(0 + 360𝑛))
𝑧1 = −(1 − 𝑖)𝑧2 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2 …
9 − 8𝑖
𝑧1 = − ((1 − 𝑖) ( )) (Depending on the number of roots you want)
15 1 1
For n = 0, 𝑧 = 13 (cos(0 + 360) + 𝑖 sin(0 + 360))3
9 − 8𝑖 − 9𝑖 − 8 1
𝑧1 = − ( )
15 𝑧 = 13 (cos 120 + 𝑖 sin 120)
1 − 17𝑖 1 √3
𝑧1 = − ( ) 𝑧 = 1 (− + 𝑖)
15 2 2
−1 + 17𝑖 1 √3𝑖
𝑧1 = 𝑧=− +
15 2 2
1 17𝑖 1 1
𝑧1 = − + For n = 1, z  13 [cos(0  360 1)  i sin(0  360  1)]3
15 15
Example XV 𝑧 = 1(cos 120 + 𝑖 sin 120)

151
 1
1 √3 For n = 1, 𝑧 = 273 [(cos(180 + 360 × 1) +
𝑧=− + 𝑖
2 2 1
1 1 𝑖 sin(180 + 360 × 1)])3
For n = 2, z  1 [cos(0  360  2)  i sin(0  360  2)]
3 3
𝑧 = 3(cos 180 + 𝑖 sin 180)
𝑧 = 1(cos 240 + 𝑖 sin 240) z = -3
1
1 √3 For n = 2, 𝑧 = 273 [(cos(180 + 360 × 2) +
𝑧=− − 𝑖 1
2 2
𝑖 sin(180 + 360 × 2)])3
1 √3 1 √3
⇒ 𝑧 = 1, 𝑧=− + 𝑖, 𝑧=− − 𝑖 𝑧 = 3(cos 300 + 𝑖 sin 300)
2 2 2 2
3 3√3
= + − 𝑖
Example XVI 2 2
Solve: 𝑧 3 + 27 = 0 3 3
= − √3𝑖
Solution 2 2
3 3√3 3 3√3
𝑧 3 + 33 = (𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 9) 𝑧 = −3, 𝑧 = 2 + 2
𝑖 and 𝑧 = 2 − 2
𝑖
From 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
⇒ 𝑧 3 + 33 = (𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 9) Example XVII
𝑧 = −3 Solve the equation
𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 9 = 0 𝑧4 + 1 = 0
−3 ± √32 − 4(1)(9) 𝑧 4 = −1 + 0𝑖
𝑧= 1
2 𝑧 4 = (−1 + 0𝑖)4
−3 ± √27𝑖 2 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑃 = −1 + 0𝑖
𝑧=
2 |𝑃| = 1
3 3√3𝑖 arg 𝑃 = 180
𝑧 = −3, 𝑧=− +
2 2 𝑃 = 1(cos 180 + 𝑖 sin 180)
3 3 3 1 1
z=  i 𝑧 = 𝑃4 = 14 [(cos(180 + 360𝑛)
2 2 1
+ 𝑖 sin(180 + 360𝑛))]4
Alternatively, we can use Demovre’s theorem 1

𝑧 3 + 27 = 0 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0, 𝑧 = 14 (cos 45 + 𝑖 sin 45)

𝑧 3 = −27 √2 √2
1
𝑧= + 𝑖
2 2
𝑧 = (−27 + 0𝑖)3 For n = 1
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑃 = −27 + 0𝑖 1 1
𝑧 = 14 (cos 540 + 𝑖 sin 540)4
|𝑃| = √(−27)2 + 𝑜𝑖)
𝑧 = 1(cos 135 + 𝑖 sin 135)
= 27
arg 𝑃 = 180 −√2 𝑖√2
𝑧= +
𝑃 = 27(cos 180 + 𝑖 sin 180) 2 2
1 1
1 1 1 For n = 2, 𝑧 = 14 (cos 900 + 𝑖 sin 900)4
𝑧= 𝑃3 = 273 (cos 180 + 𝑖 sin 180)3
1 1
𝑧 = 1(cos 225 + 𝑖 sin 225)
𝑧= 273 (cos(180 + 360𝑛) + 𝑖 sin(180 + 360𝑛))3 −√2 √2
1 1 𝑧= + 𝑖
When n = 0, 𝑧 = 273 [(cos 180 + 𝑖 sin 180)]3 2 2
𝑧 = 3(cos 60 + 𝑖 sin 60) For n = 3
1 1
1 𝑖√3 𝑧 = 14 (cos 1260 + 𝑖 sin 1260)4
= 3( + )
2 2 𝑧 = 1(cos 315 + 𝑖 sin 315)
3 3√3 √2 √2
= + 𝑖 𝑧=( − 𝑖)
2 2 2 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑧 4 + 1 = 0

152
𝑧=
√2
+
√2 √2
𝑖, 2 −
√2
𝑖, −
√2
+
√2
𝑖, −
√2 √2
− 2 𝑖 𝑛=1
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑧 = 3(cos 150 + 𝑖 sin 150)
Example XVIII √3 1
= 3 (− + 𝑖)
Find the fourth roots of -16 2 2
Solution 3√3 3𝑖
=− +
z  (16)  (16  0i)
1 1
4 4
2 2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 2
Let 𝑃 = −16 + 0𝑖
1 1 𝑧 = 3(cos 270 + 𝑖 sin 270)
𝑧 = 𝑃4 = (−16 + 01)4 = −3𝑖
|𝑃| = 16
arg 𝑃 = 180 Loci in the complex plane
1 1
𝑧= 𝑃4 = 164 [(cos(180 + 360𝑛) What is a locus
1
+ 𝑖 sin(180 + 360𝑛))]4 A locus is a path possible position of a variable point,
that obeys a given condition. It can be given as
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0
Cartesian equation or it can be described in words.
𝑧 = 2(cos 45 + 𝑖 sin 45)
𝑧 = √2 + √2𝑖 Example I
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1 The complex number z is represented by the point P
𝑧 = 2(cos 540 + 𝑖 sin 540) on the Argand diagram.
𝑧 = 2(cos 135 + 𝑖 sin 135)
Given that |𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 2| find in the simplest
= −√2 + 𝑖√2
form the Cartesian equation of the locus
For n = 2, 𝑧 = 2(cos 225 + 𝑖 sin 225) Solution
= −√2 − 𝑖√2 |𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 2|
For n = 3, 𝑧 = 2(cos 315 + 𝑖 sin 315) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑧 = √2 − √2𝑖
1 |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1 − 𝑖| = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 2|
⇒ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = (−16 + 0𝑖)4 |𝑥 − 1 + (𝑦 − 1)𝑖| = |𝑥 − 2 + 𝑖𝑦|
𝑧 = √2 − (√2)𝑖, −√2 + (√2)𝑖 √(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = √(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2
√2 + (√2)𝑖, − √2 − (√2)𝑖 (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2
Example XIX −2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2 = −4𝑥 + 4
Find the cube roots of 27i 2𝑥 − 2 = 2𝑦
1
𝑧 = (0 + 27𝑖)3 𝑦 =𝑥−1
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑃 = 0 + 27𝑖 The locus is a straight line with a positive gradient
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1) which can be represented on the complex
|𝑃| = √02 + 272
plane.
= 27
𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 27
arg = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 90
0
𝑃 = 27(cos 90 + 𝑖 sin 90)
1 1
𝑧 = 273 (cos 90 + 𝑖 sin 90)3
1 1
𝑧 = 273 (cos(90 + 360𝑛) + 𝑖 sin(90 + 360𝑛))3
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛1= 0𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑧 = 3(cos 30 + 𝑖 sin 30)
3√3 3
−1 𝑧= + i
2 2

153
 𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Example II
Given that |𝑧 − 2| = 2|𝑧 + 𝑖|. Show that the locus of
P is a circle.

Solution 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

|𝑧 − 2| = 2|𝑧 + 𝑖|

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 2 4
(− , − )
3 3

|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 2| = 2|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖|

|(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑖𝑦| = 2|𝑥 + (𝑦 + 1)𝑖|

Example III
√(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 2√𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 Show the region represented by |𝑧 − 2 + 𝑖| < 1
Solution
(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4(𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 )
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 4 |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 2 + 𝑖|
|𝑥 − 2 + (𝑦 + 1)𝑖| < 1
0 = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑦
4 8𝑦 √(𝑥 − 2) + (y + 1)2 < 1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥 + =0
3 3
This is sufficient to justify that locus is a circle. (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 < 1
4 8𝑦
Comparing 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + = 0 With It’s a circle with centre (2, -1) and radius less than 1.
3 3
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 It can be illustrated on the argand diagram
4
2𝑔 =
3
2 𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑔=
3
8y
2 fy 
3
4 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
f 
3
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒(−𝑔, −𝑓)
(2, −1)
2 4
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (− , − )
3 3
𝑟 = √𝑔 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
2

4 16
𝑟=√ + −0
9 9

20 In order to represent (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 < 1 on the

𝑟=√
9 diagram, we can either take a point inside the circle
2 or outside the circle as our test point.
𝑟 = √5
3
Taking (2,-1) as the test point.
⇒ (2 − 2)2 + (−1 + 1)2 < 1

154
 0+0<1
25 4
𝑟 =√ +0−1=
0<1 9 3
𝑧−1
(2, −1)(the point inside the circle satisfies our locus). For |𝑧+1| > 2
It implies that (2,-1) lies in the wanted region. 10
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥+1 > 0
Therefore, we shade the region outside the circle. 3

Example IV 𝐼𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Given that
𝑧−1
| |=2
𝑧+1
find the Cartesian equation of the locus of z and
represent the locus by the sketch on the argand
5 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
diagram. Shade the region for which the inequalities. (− , 0)
3
𝑧−1
| |>2
𝑧+1

Solution
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 Example V
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1 Shade the region represented by |𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖| < 3
| |=2
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 1 Solution
(𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖𝑦) Note: Shade the region represented by |z – 1 – i| < 3.
| |=2 Implies that we shade the wanted region.
(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑖𝑦
Let 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
|𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖𝑦| |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1 − 𝑖| < 3
=2 |𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 1)| < 3
|(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑖𝑦|
√(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 < 3
|(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦| = 2|(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑖𝑦| (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 < 9
It is a circle with centre (1, 1) and radius less than 9
√(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 2√(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑰𝒎 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4((𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 2 )

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 = 4(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 )
3
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 + 3 = 0
10 (1,1)
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
3
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
The locus is a circle comparing
10
𝑥 𝟐 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0 with
3
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 Taking (1, 1) as our test point
10 5 (1 − 1)2 + (1 − 1)2
2𝑔 = , 𝑔 = , 2𝑓 = 0 and 𝑓 = 0 (0 + 0) < 9
3 3
Center ( 35 , 0) ⇒The region inside the circle is the wanted region.

𝑟 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 Example VI

155
Show that when  ( x   y  1 i)  x  2   iy 
𝑧+𝑖 Im   =0
Re ( ) = 0,  ( x  2  iy)  x  2  iy  
(𝑧 + 2)
the point P(x, y) lies on a circle with centre 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) − 𝑥𝑦𝑖 + (𝑦 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑦 + 1)
𝐼𝑚 ( )
1 1 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦 2
−1, − 2) and radius2 √5
=0
Solution
−𝑥𝑦 + (𝑦 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖 ⇒ =0
Re ( )=0 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2
−𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 𝑥 + 2
𝑥 + (𝑦 + 1)𝑖 =0
𝑅𝑒 ( )=0 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 + 2 + 𝑖𝑦
2𝑦 + 𝑥 + 2 = 0
 ( x  ( y  1)i)  x  2  iy   𝑥
Re   =0 𝑦 =− +1
 (( x  2)  iy )( x  2  iy)  2
Which is a straight line with a negative gradient.
𝑥(𝑥 + 2) − 𝑥𝑦𝑖 + (𝑦 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑦 + 1)
𝑅𝑒 ( )
(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦 2 Loci in and diagram for arguments of complex
 x  2 x  y  y  [( y  1)( x  2)  xy ]i 
2 2 numbers
Re  
 ( x  2)2  y 2  If arg(𝑧 − 𝐴) = 𝛼 is the equation of half line with
 x  2 x  y  y [( y  1)( x  2)  xy ]i 
2 2
end point A inclined at an angle 𝛼 to the real axis
Re   0
 ( x  2)  y ( x  2)2  y 2
2 2

2 2 𝑰𝒎 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
⇒ =0
(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
Comparing with
x2 + y2 + 2x + y = 0 with 𝛼
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
A
2𝑔 = 2, g = 1 0 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
2fy = y
1
𝑓=
2
1 Example I
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (−1, − )
2 Sketch the loci defined by the equation
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = √𝑔 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
2 1
arg(𝑧 − 1 − 2𝑖) = 𝜋
4
1 Solution
= √1 + − 0
4 𝑧 − 1 − 2𝑖 = 𝑧 − (1 + 2𝑖)
√5 Thus if A is a point representing 1 + 2𝑖
=
2 arg(𝑧 − (1 + 2𝑖))is the angle AP makes with the
1 positive real axis. Hence the equation arg(𝑧 − 1 −
= √5
2 1
2𝑖) = 𝜋 represents the half line with end point (1,
Example VII 4
1
Given that 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 . where x and y are real. 2) inclined at angle 𝜋 to the real axis.
4
𝑧+𝑖
Show that Im(𝑧+2) = 0
is equation of a straight line
Solution
𝑥+𝑖𝑦+𝑖
Im(𝑥+𝑖𝑦+2) = 0

156
 𝑰𝒎 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑃
𝑰𝒎 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

1
𝜋
4
1
(1, 2) 𝜋
3
0 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝐴 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

Example IV
Example II
Sketch the locus of the equation. Sketch the separate argand diagram the loci defined
2 by
arg(𝑧 + 2) = − 𝜋 1
3 (𝑖) arg(𝑧 + 1 − 3𝑖) = − 𝜋
Solution 6
2𝜋 1
(𝑖𝑖) arg(𝑧 + 2 + 𝑖) = 𝜋
arg(𝑧 + 2) = − 2
3
Solution
𝑧 + 2 = (𝑧 − −2)
1
Thus A is a point (-2, 0). Arg(z-2) is the angle AP (arg(𝑧 + 1 − 3𝑖) = − 𝜋
6
makes with the real axis. Hence arg(𝑧 − −2) = 1
2
− 3 𝜋 represents a half line with end point (-2, 0) 𝑧 − (−1 + 3𝑖) = − 𝜋
6
2 Thus A is a point (-1, 3)
inclined at angle 𝜋 measured clockwise from the
3 Arg(z – (-1 + 3i) is the angle AP makes with the real
positive axis. 1
axis Hence arg(𝑧 + 1 − 3𝑖) = − 𝜋
6
𝑰𝒎 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 is equation of the half line with end point (-1, 3)
1
inclined at an angle of 6 𝜋 measured clockwise from
𝐴 the real axis
(−2,0) 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 P
𝑰𝒎 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

1
2 𝜋
6
𝜋
3
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) A(-1, 3)

Example III 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

Show by shading the region represented by
1
𝜋 ≤ arg(𝑧 − 2) ≤ 𝜋
3
Solution 1
1 (𝑖𝑖) arg(𝑧 + 2 + 𝑖) = 𝜋
The equations arg(𝑧 − 2) = 3
𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 arg(𝑧 − 2) = 2
𝜋 represent half lines with end point (2, 0). Hence the 1
arg(𝑧 − (−2 − 𝑖)) = 𝜋
1 2
inequality 3 𝜋 ≤ arg(𝑧 − 2) ≤ 𝜋 Thus, point A is (−2, −1).
Represent the two lines and region between them arg(z − (-2 – i)) is the angle AP makes with the real
1
axis and arg(𝑧 + 2 + 𝑖) = 2 𝜋 is the equation of the

157
 1
line through A inclined at and angle of 2 𝜋 to the real 𝑦 𝐴
𝑰𝒎 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝛼
axis

𝑰𝒎 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
𝛾 𝑃

𝛽
𝐵

𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
𝜋 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝑥
2
(−2, − 1)

𝑧−3 1
For instance, if arg (𝑧−1) = 4 𝜋, then the locus of P is
𝒛−𝒂 a circular arc with end point A(3, 0) and (1, 0) such
Sketching of loci involving 𝒂𝒓𝒈 ( ) =𝜸
𝒛−𝒃 1
that ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 4 𝜋
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧+2 1
Equation involving arg ( )are more difficult to Similarly if arg ( 𝑧−𝑖 ) = 3 𝜋 then the locus of P is a
𝑧−𝑏
interprete. If arg(𝑧 − 𝑎) = 𝛼 , circular arc with end points A (-2, 0) and B(0, +1)
𝑧−𝑎 1
arg(𝑧 − 𝑏) = 𝛽, arg ( ) = 𝛾, such that ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 3 𝜋 since both cases the given
𝑧−𝑏
arg(𝑧 − 𝑎) − arg(𝑧 − 𝑏) = 𝛾 arguments are positive, the arcs must be drawn so
𝛼 − 𝛽 = 𝛾. 𝛾 = (𝛼 − 𝛽) ± 2𝜋 if necessary that the turn from BP to AP is anti-clockwise.

Thus 𝛾 is the angle which the vector AP makes with 𝑧+2 1

arg ( )= 𝜋
the vector BP. 𝑧−𝑖 3

If the turn from BP to AP is anti-clockwise the 𝛼 is Im axis

negative
𝑧−𝑎 B(0, 1)
for arg ( )>0
𝑧−𝑏
𝑦 𝑃
𝑰𝒎 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
𝛾 A(-2, 0)
Real axis
𝑧−𝑎
𝛽
𝐵
𝛼 P
𝐴

𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝑥
Example II
Sketch on different argand diagram the loci defined
𝑧−𝑎
arg ( )<0 by the equations.
𝑧−𝑏 𝑧−1 1
(𝑎) arg ( )= 𝜋
𝑧+1 3
𝑧−3 1
(𝑏) arg ( )= 𝜋
𝑧 − 2𝑖 4
𝑧 1
(𝑐) arg ( )= 𝜋
𝑧 − 4 + 2𝑖 2

158
Solution

𝑧−1 1 Im axis
arg ( )= 𝜋
𝑧+1 3

The locus of P is a circular arc with end point A(1, 0)

and B(-1, 0) such that A(0, 0) Real axis
1
∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 3
𝜋

Im axis B(4, -2)

P(x, y) P
Example
𝑧 𝜋
Find the locus of arg (𝑧−6) = 2
Solution
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑧
arg ( ) = arg 𝑧 − arg(𝑧 − 6)
B(-1, 0) 𝑧−6
A(3, 0) Real axis 𝜋
⇒ arg(𝑧) − arg(𝑧 − 6) =
2
𝜋
𝑧−3 1 arg(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − arg(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 6) =
(𝑏) arg ( )= 𝜋 2
𝑧 − 2𝑖 4 1 y 1 
The locus of P is a circular arc with end points (3, 0) tan ( x )  tan ( x  6 ) 
y

2
1
(0, 2) such that ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 𝜋 𝑦
4 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥
𝑦
Im axis tan 𝐴 =
𝑥
P 𝑦
−1
A(0, 2) 𝐵 = tan ( )
𝑥−6
𝑦
tan 𝐵 =
𝑥−6
𝜋
(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
2
𝜋
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = tan ( )
B(3, 0) 2
Real axis tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
=∞
1 + tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
𝑦 𝑦
𝑧 1 𝑥 −𝑥−6
(𝑐) arg ( )= 𝜋 =∞
𝑧 − 4 + 2𝑖 2 𝑦2
𝑧 1 1+
𝑥(𝑥 − 6)
arg( = 𝜋
𝑧 − (4 − 2𝑖) 2 𝑦(𝑥 − 6) − 𝑥𝑦
𝑥(𝑥 − 6)
𝑧
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = ∞
arg ( ) is a circle with end points
𝑧 − 4 + 2𝑖 𝑥(𝑥 − 6)
1 𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦
𝐴(0, 0) and B(4, −2) such that ∠APB = 𝜋 =∞
2 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥
2

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 = 0 which is a circle.

Revision Exercise 1
1. Prove that if |Z| = r, then ZZ* = r2.

159
2. Express 3 + i in modulus-argument form. (b) If a, b, and c are real numbers, prove that if
aZ2 + bZ + c = 0, then then a(Z*)2 + b(Z*) +
1
Hence find ( 3  i )10 and in the c=0
( 3  i)7 (c) If p and q are complex numbers and q ≠ 0,
form a + ib. *

prove   
p p*
3. Express -1 + i in modulus-argument form.
 
q q *
Hence show that (-1 + i)16 is real and that
15. Find the values of a and b such that (a + ib)2 = i.
1 Hence or otherwise solve the equation z2 + 2z +
is purely imaginary, giving the value
(1  i)6 1 – i = 0, giving your answer in the form p + iq,
of each. where p and q are real numbers.
4. Simplify the following expression: 1
16. If Z  (1  i) , write down the modulus and
(cos 27  i sin 27 )3 (cos 25  i sin 25 )8 2
(a) (b) argument for each of the numbers Z, Z2, Z3, Z4.
(cos 27  i sin 27 ) 4
(cos 35  i sin 35 )3
Hence or otherwise, show in the Argand
5. Find the expressions for cos 3θ in terms of cos diagram, the points representing the number 1 +
θ, Z + Z2 + Z3 + Z4.
sin 3θ in terms of sin θ and tan 3θ in terms of 17. If Z = 3 – 4i, find
tan θ. (i) Z* (ii) ZZ* (iii) (ZZ)*
6. Express sin 5θ and cos 5θ/cos θ in terms of sin 18. Simplify each of the following:
θ. (a) (3 + 4i) + (2 + 3i) (b) (2 – 4i) – 3(5 – 3i)
5 tan   10 tan 3   tan 5  (b) (2i)2 (c) i4
7. Prove that tan 5  19. Simplify each of the following:
1  10 tan 2   5 tan 4 
. By considering the equation tan 5θ = 0, show (a) (2 + i)(3 – i) (b) (5 – 2i)(6 + i)
(c) (4 – 3i)(1 – i) (d) (3 + i)(2 – 5i)
that tan2(π/5) = 5 – 2 5 20. Express each of the following in the form a + ib
8. Find expressions for cos 6θ/sinθ in terms of cos
θ and for tan 6θ in terms of tan θ. (a) 20 (b) 4
3i 1 i
9. Express in terms of cosines of multiples of θ: 2i 1
(a) cos5θ (b) cos7θ (c) cos4θ (c) (d)
1 i 1  2i
10. Express in terms of sines of multiples of θ: 21. Solve the following equations:
(a) sin3θ (b) sin7θ (c) cos4θsin3θ (a) x2 + 25 = 0
11. Prove that cos6θ + sin6θ = 18 (3cos4θ + 5) (b) 2x2 + 32 = 0
 (c) 4x2 + 9 = 0
 sin 
4
12. Evaluate (a) d𝜃 (b) (d) x2 + 2x + 5 = 0
0 22. If 3 – 2i and 1 + i are two of the roots of the

2
equation ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + c = 0, find the
 cos  sin  d
4 2
values of a, b, c, d and e.
0
23. Find the square roots of the following complex
13. (a) Express the following complex numbers in a numbers:
form having a real denominator. (a) 5 + 2i
1 1 (b) 15 + 8i
,
3  2i (1  i) 2 (c) 7 – 24i
(b) Find the modulus and principal arguments of 24. Find the quadratic equations have the roots:
each of the complex numbers Z = 1 + 2i and (a) 3i, -3i (b) 1 + 2i, 1 – 2i
W = 2 – I, and represent Z and W clearly by (c) 2 + i, 2 – i (d) 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i
points A and B in an Argand diagram. Find 25. Find real and imaginary parts of the complex Z
also the sum and product of Z and W and when:
mark the corresponding points C and D in Z
(i) = 1 + 2i
your diagram. Z 1
14. If the complex number x + iy is denoted by Z, Z i Z i
(ii) 
then the complex conjugate number x – iy is Z 1 Z  3
denoted by Z*, 26. Find the modulus and principal argument of the
(a) Express |Z*| and (Z*) in terms of |Z| and following complex numbers
arg(Z). (a) 3i (b) 15 (c) -3i (d) -1

160
27. Find the modulus and principle argument of: 40. Use Demoivre’s theorem to find the value of
1 i 1  7i -3  1
(a) (b)
1 i 4  3i -3  1
1 i (3  i) 2 41. Find the two square roots of I and the four
(c) (d)
2i 1 i 1
values of (-16) 4 .
28. If Z1 and Z2 are complex numbers, solve the 42. Find the three roots of the equation (1 – Z)3 = Z3
simultaneous equations 43. If W is a complex cube root of unity, show that
4Z1 + 3Z2 = 23 (1 + W – W2)3 – (1 – W + W2)3 = 0
Z1 + iZ2 = 6 44. Use Demoivre’s theorem to find the four fourth
giving your answer in the form x + iy
29. Given that 2 + i is a root of the equation roots of 8(-1 + i 3 ) in the form a + ib, giving a
Z3 – 11Z + 20 = 0. Find the remaining roots. and b correct to 2 decimal places.
30. Show that 1 + i is a root of the equation x4 + 3x2 45. Use Demoivre’s theorem to show that
– 6x + 10 = 0. Hence write down the quadratic cos5x
= 1 – 12sin2x + 16sin4x
factor of x4 + 3x2 – 6x + 10 and find all the roots cos x
of the equation. Z  6i
46. Prove that if is real, the locus of the point
31. The complex number satisfies the equation Z 8
representing the complex number Z in the
Z
 2  i . Find the real and imaginary parts Argand diagram is a straight line.
Z 2
Z  2i
of Z and the modulus and argument of Z. 47. Prove that if is purely imaginary, the
2Z  1
32. If Z1 = 4  cos 1324  i sin 1324  and Z2= locus of the point representing Z in the Argand
Z1 diagram is a circle and find its radius.
2  cos 5
 i sin 5
, find and Z1Z2 in the
24 24
Z2 Z i
48. If Z is a complex number and Z  1 = 2, find the
form a + ib.
33. If Z1= 2cos 23 + i sin 23 and Z2 = equation of the curve in the Argand diagram on
6  cos 34  i sin 34  , find: which the point representing it lie.
49. The complex numbers Z – 2 and Z – 2i have
(ii) arg  1  (iii)
Z1 Z Z2 arguments which are
(i)
Z2  2
Z Z1 (i) equal and
1
Z  (ii) differ by  and each argument lies
(iv) arg  2  2
 Z1  between –π and π. In each case, find the
34. One root of the equation Z2 + aZ+b=0 where a locus of the point which represents Z in the
and b are real constants, is 2+3i. Find the values Argand diagram and illustrate by a sketch.
of a and b. 50. Show by shading on an Argand diagram the
35. If Z1 and Z2 are two complex numbers such that region in which both |Z – 3 – i| ≥ |Z – 3 – 5i|
|Z1 – Z2| = Z1 + Z2|, show that the difference of
 3 Answers
their arguments is or
2 2 1.
36. (a) Find the modulus and argument of
1 3 1 3
(2  i) 2 (3i  1) 2. (a) 1, (b) -i (c)  i (d)   i
2 2 2 2
i3
1  7i 17  7i 3 1
(b) If Z1  and Z 2  . Find the 3. 2  cos 6  i sin 6  ; 512 – 512 3 i ,  i
1 i 2  2i 256 256
moduli of Z1, Z2, Z1 + Z2 and Z1Z2. 4. 2  cos 34  i sin 34  ; 256 – 18 i
37. Use Demoivre’s theorem to show that: 5. (a) 1, (b) -1
(cos3  i sin 3 )5 (cos   i sin  )3 3 tan   tan 3 
 cos13  i sin13
(cos5  i sin 5 )7 (cos 2  i sin 2 )5 6. 4cos3θ – 3cos θ – 4sin3θ,
1  3 tan 3 
38. Use Demoivre’s theorem to show that: 7. 16sin5θ – 20sin3θ + 5sin θ, 1 – 12sin2θ +
cos 4θ = cos4θ – 6cos2θ sin2θ + sin4θ 16sin4θ
sin4θ = 4cos3θ sinθ – 4cos θ sin3θ 8. .
39. Show that  1  sin   i sin    cos n( 2   )  i sin n( 2   )
n

 1  sin   i sin  

161
9. 32cos6θ – 48cos4θ + 18cos2θ – 1, 32cos5θ – Exercise 2
6 tan   20 tan 3   6 tan 5  Show on the Argand diagram the region represented
32cos3θ + 6cos =
1  15 tan 2   15 tan 4  by the following:
10. (a) 16 (cos5  5cos3  10cos ),
1 1. arg z = 14 π,
(b) 1
64
(cos7  7cos5  21cos3  35cos ) 2. arg(z – i) = 1
3 π
(c) 1
16
(2cos  cos3  cos5 ) 3. arg(z + 1 – 3i) = 16 π
11. (a) 1
4
(3sin   sin 3 ), 4. arg(z – 3 + 2i) = π
1
64
(35sin   21sin 3  7sin   sin 7 ), 5. arg(z + 2 + i) = 12 π
(c) 1
64
(3sin   sin 3  sin 5  sin 7 ) 6. arg(z – 1 – i) =  14 π
3
12. (a) , (b) 32
8
7. |z + 1| = |z – 3|,
3  2i 1 8. |z| = |z – 6i|
13. (a)
13
, i (b)
2
5 , 63.4°, 5 , -26.6°, 3 + i, z i
9. =1
4 + 3i. z 1
z 1 1
10. (a) arg 
1 1 1 1
15. a  ,b  or a  ,b    3
2 2 2 2  1
z
Z  1  or Z  1  z 3  1
11. (a) arg  (b)    1
1 1
z
2 i
  4  2
i
2
 z  2i   z  4  2i 
2
2

2 1 2 1 In questions 12 to 24 find the Cartesian equation of

16. , 45°; , 90°; , 135°; 4
, 180°
2 2 4 the locus of the point P representing the complex
17. (i) 3 + 4i (ii) 25 (iii) -7 + 24i number z. Sketch the locus of P each case.
18. (a) 5 + 7i (b) -13 + 5i (c) -4 (d) 1 12. 2|z + 1| = |z – 2|
19 (a) 7 + i (b) 32 – 7i (c) 1 – 7i (d) 11 – 13i 13. |z + 4i| = 3|z – 4|
20. (a) 6 – 2i (b) 2 – 2i (c) -1 + i (d) 15  52 i 14.
z
=5
21 (a) x ± 5i (b) x = ±4i (c) ± 32 i (d) x = -1 ± 2i z4
22. a = 1, b = -8, c = 27, d = -38, e = 26 z i
15. =1
23. (a) ±(3 + 2i) (b) ±(4 + i) (c) ±(4 – 3i) z  5  2i
24. (a) x2 + 9 = 0 (b) x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 z
16. =5
(c) x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 (d) x2 – 4x + 13 = 0 z6
25 (i) -1, ½ (ii) 15 , 52 z 1
17. 2
26. (a) 3, π/2 (b) 15, 0 (c) 3, -π/2 (d) 1, π z 1 i 3
27. (a) 1, -π/2 (b) 2, 34 , (c) 105 , 1.25 18. z – 5 = λi(z + 5), where λ is a real parameter
28. 2 + 3i 19. 2 – i, -4 z  2i
19. = λi, where λ is a real number.
31. (i) Re(Z) = -3, Im(Z) = -1 (ii) 10 , -2.82 rads z2
20. z = 3i + λ(2 + 5i), where λ is a real parameter.
32. 1  3i ; 4 2  4 2 i 21. Im(z2) = 2
33. (i) 1/3 (ii) 127 (iii) 3 (iv) 712 22. Re (z2) = 1
Re  z   = 0
34. -4, 13 1
23.
36. (a) 5, 0.6435 rad (b) 5, 6.5, 2.061, 32.5  z
 (1  i )
Im  z   = 0
41. ,  2i 2 9
24.
2  z
42. 12 , 12 (1  i 3) . 44. (1.73  i),  (1  1.73i)
1
In questions 27 to 34 shade in separate Argand
47. centre ¼ + i, radius 4
7 diagrams the regions represented by:
2
25. |z – i | ≤ 3
48.  x    y 2 
5 16
 3 9 26. |z – 4 + 3i| < 4
49. (i) x + y = 2 (ii) (x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 2 27. 0 ≤ arg z ≤ 13 
1 3
28. 4 π < arg z < 4 π

162
29.  16   arg( z  1)  16   z 1  1 
1.  z 1 3
30.  12   arg( z  i)  23   
31. |z| > |z + 2| z  2  3i
2. =1
32. |z + i| ≤ |z – 3i| z 2i
33. Represent each of the following loci in an 11  2i
3. Express the complex number z1  in the
Argand diagram. 3  4i
(a) arg(z – 1) = arg(z + 1) form x + iy where x and y are real. Given that z2
(b) arg z = arg(z – 1 I i) = 2 – 5i, find the distance between the points in
(c) arg(z – 2) = π + arg z the Argand diagram which represent z1 and z2.
(d) arg(z – 1) = π + arg(z – i) Determine the real numbers α and β such that
34. Find the least value of |z + 4| for which αz1 + βz2 = -4 + i.
(a) Re(z) = 5 (b) Im(z) = 3 4. (i) Find two complex numbers z satisfying the
(c) |z| = 1 (d) arg z = 14 π equation z2 = -8 – 6i.
(ii) Solve the equation z2 – (3 – i)z + 4 = 0 and
35. Given that the complex number z varies such represent the solutions on an Argand diagram
that |z – 7| = 3, find the greatest and least values
of |z – i|. by vectors OA and OB , where O is the
36. Given that the complex number w and z vary origin. Show that triangle OAB is right-
subject to the conditions |z – 12| = 7 and |z – i| = angled.
4, find the greatest and least values of |w – z|. 5. If z and w are complex numbers, show that:
37. In an Argand diagram, the point P represents the | z  w |2  | z  w |2  2{| z |2  | w |2}
complex number z, where z = x + iy. Given that Interpret your results geometrically.
z + 2 = λi(z + 8), where λ is a real parameter, 6. A regular octagon is inscribed in the circle |z| =
find the Cartesian equation of the locus of P as λ 1 in the complex plane and one of its vertices
varies. If also z = μ(4 + 3i), where λ is real, 1
represents the number (1  i) . Find the
prove that there is only one possible position for 2
P. numbers represented by the other vertices.
38. (i) Represent on the same Argand diagram the loci 7. (i) Two complex numbers z1 and z2 each have
given by the equations |z – 3| = 3 and |z| = |z – 2|.
arguments between 0 and π. If z1z2 = i – 3
Obtain the complex numbers corresponding to the
point of intersection of these loci. (ii) Find a z1
and = 2i, find the values of z1 and z2
complex number z whose argument is π/4 and z2
which satisfies the equation |z + 2 + i| = |z – 4 + i|. giving the modulus and argument of each.
(ii) Obtain in the form a + ib the solutions of
Answers the equation z2 – 2z + 5 = 0, and represent the
12. x2 + y2 + 4x = 0, 13. x2 + y2 – 9x – 9x – y + 16 solutions on an Argand diagram by the points
15. 5x + 3y = 14. 16. 2x2 + 2y2 + 25x + 75 = 0 A and B.
17. 5x2 + 5y2 – 26x + 8y + 1 = 0. The equation z2 – 2pz + q = 0 is such that p
18. x2 + y2 = 25, excluding (-5, 0) and q are real, and its solutions in the Argand
19. x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y = 0, excluding (2, 0). diagram are represented by the points C and
20. 5x – 2y + 6 = 0 21. xy = 1. 22. x2 – y2 = 1 D. Find in the simplest form the algebraic
23. x(x2 + y2 – 1) = 0, excluding (0, 0) relation satisfied by p and q in each of the
24. y(x2 + y2 – 9) = 0, excluding (0, 0). following cases:
34. (a) 9, (b) 3, (c) 3, (d) 4. (a) p2 < q, p ≠ 1 and A, B, C, D are the
35. 5 2  3 , 5 2  3 . 38. 24, 2. vertices of a triangle;
37. x2 + y2 + 10x + 16 = 0 (b) p2 > q and CAD  12 
38.(i) 1  i 5 (ii) 1 + i. 8. (a) If –π < arg z1 + arg z2 ≤ π, show that arg(z1z2)
= arg z1 + arg z2. The complex numbers
a  4 3  2i and b  3  7i are represented in
Revision Exercise 3 the Argand diagram by points A and B
respectively. O is the origin. Show that triangle
Show on the Argand diagram the region represented
OAB is equilateral and find the complex
by the following:
number c which the point C represents where
OABC is a rhombus. Calculate |c| and arg c.

163
 (b) z is a complex number such that (ii) Sketch the curve in the Argand diagram
p q defined by |z – 1| = 1, Im z ≥ 0. Find the
z  where p and q are real. If
2  q 1  3i value of z at the point P in which this curve
is cut by the line |z - 1| = |z – 2|. Find also the
arg z = π/2 and |z| = 7 find the values of p
value of arg z and arg(z – 2) at P.
and q.
9. . 16. (i) If z = 1 + i 3 , find |z| and |z5|, and also the
10. (a) Show that (1 + 3i)3 = -(26 + 18i). values of arg z and arg(z5) lying between –π
(b) Find the three roots z1, z2, z3 of the equation and π. Show that Re(z5) = 16 and find the
z3 =-1 value of Im(z5).
(c) Find in the form a + ib, the three roots z'1, z'2, (ii) Draw the line |z| = |z – 4| and the half line
z'3 of the equation z3 = 26 + 18i. arg(z – i) = π/4 in the Argand diagram.
(d) Indicate in the same Argand diagram the Hence find the complex number that satisfies
points represented by zr and z'r for r = 1, 2, 3, both equations.
and prove that the roots of the equations may 17. (i) Without using tables, simplify
be paired so that |z1 – z2| = z2 – z'2 = |z3 – z'3 | (cos 9  i cos 9 )4
.
= 3. (cos 9  i sin 9 )5
11. Write down or obtain the non-real cube roots of
7  4i
unity, w1 and w2, in the form a + ib, where a and (ii) Express z1 = in the form p + qi, where
b are real. A regular hexagon is drawn in an 3  2i
Argand diagram such that two adjacent vertices p and q are real. Sketch in an Argand
represent w1 and w2, respectively and centre of diagram the locus of the points representing
the circumscribing circle of the hexagon is the complex numbers z such that |z – z1| = 5 .
point (1, 0). Determine in the form a + ib, the Find the greatest value of z subject to this
complex numbers represented by the other four condition.
vertices of the hexagon and find the product of 18. (i) Given that z = 1 – i, find the values of r(>0)
these four complex numbers. and θ, -π < θ < π, such that z = r(cos θ + i sin
12. A complex number w is such that w3 = 1 and w θ). Hence or otherwise find 1/z and z6,
≠ 1. Show that: expressing your answers in the form p + iq,
(i) w2 + w + 1 = 0 where q, r ϵ ℝ.
(ii) (x + a + b)(x + wa + w2b)(x + w2a + wb) (ii) Sketch on an Argand diagram the set of points
is real for real x, a and b, and simplify this corresponding to the set A, where A = {z:z ϵ ℂ,
product. Hence or otherwise find the three roots arg (z – i) = π/4}. Show that the set of points
of the equation x3 – 6x + 6 = 0, giving your corresponding to the set B, where B = {z:z ϵ ℂ,
answers in terms of w and cube roots of integers. |z + 7i| = 2|z – 1|}, forms a circle in the Argand
13. (i) Find, without the use of tables, the two diagram. If the centre of this circle represents
square roots of 5 – 12i in the form x + iy, where the numbers z1, show that z1 ϵ A.
x and y are real. 19. Use De Moivre’s theorem to show that
(ii) Represent on an Argand diagram the loci |z – cos 7θ = 64cos7θ – 112cos5θ + 56cos3θ – 7cosθ
2| = 2 and |z – 4| = 7. Calculate the complex 20. (i) If (1 + 3i)z1 = 5(1 + i), express z1 and z12 in
numbers corresponding to the points of the form x + iy, where x and y are real.
intersection of these loci. Sketch in an Argand diagram the circle |z –
14. (i) Given that (1 + 5i)p – 2q = 7i, find p and q z1| = |z1| giving the coordinates of its centre.
when (a) p and q are real (b) p and q are (ii) If z = cos θ + i sinθ, show that:
conjugate complex numbers. 1 1
(ii) Shade on the Argand diagram the region for z  2i sin  zn   2i sin n
z zn
which 3π/4 < arg z < π and 0 < |z| < 1. Hence or otherwise, show that
Choose a point in the region and label it A. If 16sin5θ = sin 5θ – 5sin 3θ + 10sin θ
A represents the complex number z, label 21. .
clearly the points B, C, D and E which 22. (i) Given that x and y are real, find the values of
represent –z, iz, z + 1 and z2 respectively. x and y which make satisfy the equation
15. (i) Show that z = 1 + i is a root of the equation z4 2 y  4i y
+ 3z2 – 6z + 10 = 0. Find the other roots of the  0
2x  y x  i
equation.

164
 (ii) Given that z = x + iy, where x and y are real, 1 3
10.(b) -1,  i, (c) -1 – 3i,
 zi  2 2
(a) Show that Im    0 , the point (x, y)
 z2 1
(1  3 3)  12 (3  3)i
2
lies on a straight line (b) Show that, when
3 3
 z i  11.  12  i; 1  i 3; , 5
 i ; 28
Re    0 , the point (x, y) lies on a circle 2 2
2
 z2
12. (ii) x3 – 3abx + a3 + b3; 3
2  3 4 ,  3 2  2 3 4 ,
with centre (-1, -½) and radius 12 5
2 3 2   3 4
23. (i) Find |z| and arg z for which the complex
13. (i) ±(3 – 2i), (ii) 3 ± i 3 .
1  2i
numbers z given by (a) 12 – 5i, (b) , 14. (i) (a) 7/5, -4/5; (b) 2 ± i
2i
giving the argument in degrees (to the 15. (i) 1 – i, -1 ± 2i, (ii) 12 (3  i 3) ; π/6, 2π/3
nearest degree) such that -180° < arg z ≤ 16. (i) 2, 32, π/3, -π/3; 16 3 , (ii) 2 + 3i
180°. 17. (i) -1, (ii) 1 + 2i, 2 5
(ii) By expressing 3 − i in modulus-argument 18. (i) 2 , -π/4; 12  12 i , 8i.
form, or otherwise, find the least positive
20. (i) 2 – i, 3 – 4i; (2, -1)
integer n such that ( 3 − i)n is real and
21. (ii) 3x2 + 3y2 + 10x + 3 = 0.
positive.
22. (i) x = 1, y = 2 or x = -1, y = -2
(iii) The point P in the Argand diagram lies
23. (i) a) 13, -23°, (b) 1, 90°; (ii) 12;
outside or on the circle of radius 4 with
(iii) |z + 1 + i| ≥ 4
centre at (-1, -1). Write down in modulus
form the condition satisfied by the complex 24. 2sin  ; 12 cosec ,   ; y   12 . 25. 2 2  2 .
number z represented by point P.
24. Sketch the circle C with Cartesian equation x2 + (y
– 1)2 = 1. The point P representing the non-zero
complex number z lies on C. Express |z| in terms of
𝜃, the argument of z. Given that z' = 1/z, find the
modulus and argument of z' in terms of 𝜃. Show
that, whatever the position of P on the circle C, the
point P' representing z' lies on a certain line, the
equation of which is to be determined.
25. (a) The sum of the infinite series 1 + z + z2 + z3
+ … for values of z such that |z| < 1 is 1/(1 – z).
By substituting z = ½(cos θ + isin θ) in this
result and using De Moivre’s theorem, or
otherwise, prove that
1 1 1 2sin 
sin   2 sin 2  n sin n  ... 
2 2 2 5  4 cos 

Answers
3. 1 + 2i; 5 2 ; -2, -1
4. (i) ±(1 – 3i), (ii) 2 – 2i, 1 + i
5. sum of squares of a parallelogram = sum of squares of
sides
6. ±1, ±i, 
1 (1 – i), 1 (1 + i)
2 2
7. (i) -1 + i 3 , 2, 2π/3; 3 + 1
2
i, 1, π/6
2
(ii) 1 ±2i; (a) p2 = q – 4, (b) 2p = q + 5
8. (a) 3 3  5i; 2 13, 2.38 rad, (b) 5, 20 .
9. (i) -1 – i, 3π/4, (ii) 2 – i, 2; -10.

165