UNIT 6 DIFFERENTIATION Diffrenciation

Structure
6.1 Introduction
Objectives
6.2 Definition of Derivative, its Meaning and Geometrical Interpretation
6.3 Derivative at a Point
6.4 Derivative by First Principle
6.5 Chain Rule
6.6 Derivatives of Exponential, Logarithmic, Parametric and Implicit
Functions
6.7 Derivatives of Higher Orders
6.8 Concept of Maxima and Minima
6.9 Summary
6.10 Solutions/Answers

6.1 INTRODUCTION
In the preceding unit, we have discussed concept of limit and continuity. In
fact, the definition of derivative involves these concepts. So, learner must go
through the previous unit before starting this unit. Derivatives have large
number of applications in the fields of mathematics, statistics, economics,
insurance, industrial, health sector, etc.
In this unit, we will present this concept from a very simple and elementary
point of view, keeping in mind that learner knows nothing about derivatives.
In this unit, we have discussed some examples basically based on the
formulae for derivatives of a constant, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic,
parametric and implicit functions. Product rule, quotient rule, chain rule have
also been discussed. Finally, we close this unit by giving a touch to higher
order derivatives and maxima and minima of functions.

Objectives
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
 find derivative of a function at a particular point and at a general point;
 find derivative by first principle;
 find derivative of some commonly used functions;
 apply the chain rule;
 find derivative of exponential, logarithmic, parametric and implicit
functions;
 find higher order derivatives; and
 find maxima and minima of a function.

29
Fundamentals of
Mathematics-II
6.2 DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVE, ITS
MEANING AND GEOMETRICAL
INTERPRETATION
Definition
Let f : D  R be a function, where D  R,
i.e. f is a real valued function defined on D.
Let a  D then derivative of f at x = a is denoted by f ' ( a ) and is defined as
f (a  h )  f (a )
f ' (a )  lim , provided limit exists … (1)
h 0 h
From definition (1), we see that f ' (a ) measures the rate at which the function
f(x) changes at x = a. This is clear from the figure 6.1 given below.

Geometrical Interpretation

Fig. 6.1

Let PT be the tangent at point P of the curve of the function y = f(x).

Draw PL  OX, QM  OX, PR  QM
Let OL = a, OM = a + h
 PR  LM  OM  OL  a  h  a  h
and RQ  MQ  MR  MQ  LP  f (a  h )  f ( a )
 (1) 
f (a  h )  f (a ) RQ
f ' ( a )  lim  lim
h0 h h  0 PR

 perpendicu lar RQ 
 lim tan 
h0  in  PQR , tan   Base

PR 

Now as h  0, chord PQ tends to coincide with the tangent at point P,
i.e. as h  0    
 f ' (a )  lim tan   tan 
h 0
i.e. f ' ( a )  tan 
i.e. (derivative at point x = a) = (tangent of the angle which the tangent line
at x = a makes with +ve direction of x-axis)
In fact, if a line makes an angle  with position direction of x-axis, then value Diffrenciation
of tan  is known as slope of the line.
Thus in mathematical language we can say
( Derivative at a po int) x a is the slope of the tan gent at that po int . … (2)
i.e. we can say that derivative measures the rate at which the tangent to the
curve at point x = a is changing
Meaning
Rewriting (1)
f ( a  h )  f (a )
f ' (a )  lim … (3)
h 0 h
From the knowledge of previous unit, we know that limit in R.H.S. of (1) or
(3) exists if
f (a  h )  f ( a ) f (a  h )  f ( a )
lim and lim both exist and are equal.
h 0 h h0 h
In view of (2), we have, limit in (1) exists if
 Slope of the tan gent to the left   Slope of the tan gent to the right 
    
 of the po int x  a   of the po int x  a 
i.e. limit in (1) exists if x = a is not a corner point.
i.e. f ' (a ) does not exists at corner points. … (4)
For example, consider the function
f ( x)  x
See the graph of this function in Fig. 6.2 .We observe that x = 0 is a corner
point in its graph.

Fig . 6.2

So f ( x )  x is not differentiable at x = 0. but there is no other corner point in

its graph, so it is differentiable at all points of the domain except x = 0.
Remark1:
(i) The last paragraph is very useful to understand the concept of derivative
for those learners, who do not have mathematical background.
(ii) However, the units have been written keeping in mind that the learner
has no mathematical background after 10th standard.
(iii) In the definition of derivative of a function at a point given by (1), we
see that in order to find the derivative at the said point, we have to
evaluate the limit in R.H.S. But sometimes functions may have different
values for h  0  and h  0  . In such cases like modulus function or
where there is break for function in order to evaluate the limit we have to
Fundamentals of find out the L.H.L. and R.H.L. as we have done in the previous unit. But
Mathematics-II in the definition of derivative these L.H.L. and R.H.L. are known as left
hand derivative (L.H.D.) and right hand derivative (R.H.D.) respectively.
A function is said to have derivative at a point if L.H.D. and R.H.D. both exist
and are equal at that point, i.e. L.H.D. = R.H.D.
We denote L.H.D. of the function f ( x ) at x  a by L (f ' (a )) and R.H.D. of the
function f (x) at x  a by R(f '(a)). See Example 2 of this unit for more clarity.

6.3 DERIVATIVE AT A POINT

Here, we give some examples which will illustrate the idea as to how we
calculate derivative of a function at a point.
Example 1: Find the derivative of the following functions at the indicated
points:
(i) f (x)  a, at x  5, where a is a real constant
(ii) f (x)  ax  b, at x  2 , a  0
(iii) f ( x )  ax 2  bx  c, at x  3, a  0
1
(iv) f ( x )  , at x  1
x
Solution:
(i) f ( x)  a, where a is real constant
By definition
f (5  h )  f (5) aa 0
f ' (5)  lim  lim  lim  lim 0  0
h 0 h h  0 h h  0 h h0
(ii) f ( x )  ax  b, a0
By definition
f (2  h )  f ( 2)
f ' ( 2)  lim
h 0 h
a ( 2  h )  b  ( 2a  b ) ah
 lim  lim  lim a  a
h 0 h h0 h h 0

(iii) f ( x )  ax 2  bx  c, a  0
By definition
f (3  h )  f (3) a (3  h ) 2  b (3  h )  c  (9a  3b  c)
f ' (3)  lim  lim
h 0 h h0 h
2
ah  6ah  bh
 lim  lim (ah  6a  b)  6a  b
h 0 h h 0

1
(iv) f ( x ) 
x
By definition
1 1

f (1  h )  f (1)
f ' (1)  lim  lim 1  h 1
h 0 h h 0 h
1  (1  h ) h 1 1
 lim  lim   lim   1
h 0 h (1  h ) h  0 h (1  h ) h0 1  h 1 0
Here are some exercises for you. Diffrenciation

E 1) Find the derivative of the following functions at the indicated points

(i) f ( x )  x 3  x  1, at x  1
(ii) f (x)  2  3x 2 , at x  1/ 2
E 2) Find the value of a, if f ' ( 2)  3, where f ( x )  2 x 2  3ax  5

Example 2: Find the derivative (if exists) of the following functions at the
indicated points.
(i) f (x )  x at x  0
5  2 x , x 1
(ii) f ( x )   at x = 1
9  2 x , x 1
Solution:
(i) By definition
f (0  h )  f ( 0) 0h  0 h 0 h
f ' (0)  lim  lim  lim  lim
h0 h h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h

We note that to deal with h we must know the sign of h in advance. So

We must have to calculate L.H.D. and R.H.D. separately.
h
L.H.D.  lim
h0 h

Putting h = 0 – k as h  0   k  0 
0k k 1  k k
L.H.D.  lim  lim  lim  lim
k 0 0  k k 0  k k 0 k k 0  k
 lim (1)  1 … (1)
k 0

h h
R.H.D. = lim  lim
 lim (1)  1 … (2)
h 0 h h 0 h h0
From (1) and (2), we have
L.H.D.  R.H.D.
 f ' (0) does not exists.
(ii) By definition
f (1  h )  f (1) f (1  h )  (5  2  1) f (1  h )  7
f ' (1)  lim  lim  lim
h0 h h  0 h h  0 h
We note that function have different values for x<1 and x >1, so we must
have to calculate L.H.D. and R.H.D. separately.
f (1  h )  f (1) 9  2(1  h )  7
L (f ' (1))  L.H.D.  lim  lim
h0 h h 0 h
 2h
 lim  lim (2)  2 … (1)
h 0 h h0
f (1  h )  f (1) 5  2(1  h )  7
R (f ' (1))  R.H.D.  lim  lim
h0 h h 0 h
2h
 lim  lim ( 2)  2 … (2)
h 0 h h 0
From (1) and (2)
L(f ' (1))  R (f ' (1))
 f ' (1) does not exists.
Fundamentals of Remark 2: In part (i) x =0 is a corner point (see Fig. 6.2) that is why its
Mathematics-II derivative did not exist at this point, which was indicated in equation (4) in Sec.
6.2. Same is the case in part (ii).

6.4 DERIVATIVE BY FIRST PRINCIPLE

In section 6.3 of this unit, we have discussed as to how we calculate the
derivative of a function at a given point x = a (say). Suppose we want to
calculate the derivative at 10 points, then using the definition 10 times is a
very time consuming and lengthy procedure. To get rid of this difficulty, we
will introduce a procedure in this section which will provide us the derivative
of the function at a general point. After calculating the derivative at the
general point we can replace this point by any number of points very quickly
(provided derivative at the required point exists). Let us first describe the
procedure as to how we calculate the derivative at a general point. After this
we shall give some results to get a good understanding of the procedure. This
process of finding derivative is known as derivative by first principle or by
definition or by delta method or ab-intio.
Let us explain the procedure of first principle for the function
y = f(x) … (1)
in the following steps.
Step I Let x be the small increment (+ve or –ve) in the value of x and
y be the corresponding increment in the value of y.
 (1) becomes
y  y  f ( x  x ) … (2)
Step II (2) – (1) gives
y  f ( x  x )  f ( x ) … (3)
Step III First we simplify the expression in the R.H.S. of (3). After
simplifying the expression, we divide both sides by x and get
y f ( x  x )  f ( x )

x x
Step IV Proceeding limit as x  0 on both sides
y f ( x  x )  f ( x )
lim  lim … (4)
x 0 x x 0 x
dy
Step V The term in L.H.S. of (4) is denoted by and limit in R.H.S. of (4)
dx
is evaluated using suitable formula discussed in the previous unit
dy f ( x  x )  f ( x )
i.e.  lim … (5)
dx  x  0 x
The expression obtained after simplification of the R.H.S. of (5), is derivative
of y w.r.t. x at a general point x.
If we want the derivative of the function y = f(x) at a particular point x = a
(say), then replace x by a in the result.
Some Results
Result 1: Find the derivative of the constant function given by
f (x) = k, where k is a real constant
by using first principle.
Solution: Let y = f(x) = k … (1)
Step I Let x be the small increment in the value of x and y be the Diffrenciation
corresponding increment in the value of y.
 (1) becomes
y + y = k … (2)
Step II (2) – (1) gives
y  y  y  k  k
Or y  0 … (3)
Step III Dividing on both sides of (3) by x
y 0 y
 0 0
x x x
Step IV Proceeding limit as x  0, we get
y
lim  lim 0
x 0 x x 0

dy
Step V 0
dx
d
i.e. (k )  0 .
dx

So, derivative of a constant function is zero.

Result 2: Find the derivatives of the functions given by
(i) f ( x )  x 2 (ii) f ( x )  x 3
by using first principle.
Solution: (i) Let y  f ( x )  x 2 … (1)
Step I Let x be the small increment in the value of x and y be the
corresponding increment in the value of y.
 (1) becomes
2
y  y  ( x  x ) 2 = x 2  x   2x  x … (2)
Step II (2) – (1) gives
2 2
y  x 2  x   2 x  x  x 2 = x   2 x  x
Step III Dividing on both sides by x , we get
2
y x   2 x  x
  x  2 x
x x
Step IV Proceeding limit as x  0, we get
y
lim  lim x  2x 
x 0 x x 0

dy
Step V  lim x + lim 2x = 0 + 2x = 2x
dx x 0 x 0
d 2
i.e. ( x )  2 x  2 x 21
dx
Second Method
Let y  f ( x )  x 2 … (1)
Step I Let x be the small increment in the value of x and y be the
corresponding increment in the value of y.
35
Fundamentals of  (1) becomes
Mathematics-II
y  y  ( x  x ) 2 … (2)
Step II (2) – (1) gives
y  ( x  x ) 2  x 2
Step III Dividing on both sides by x , we get
y ( x  x ) 2  x 2 ( x  x ) 2  x 2
 
x x (x  x )  x
Step IV Proceeding limit as x  0, we get
y ( x  x ) 2  x 2
lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 ( x  x )  x

dy (x  x ) 2  x 2
Step V  lim as x  0  x  x  x
dx x  x x ( x  x )  x
d 2  xn  an 
i.e.  
x  2 x 21 = 2x  xlim  na n 1 
dx  a x  a 
(ii) Let y  f ( x )  x 3 … (1)
Step I Let x be the small increment in the value of x and y be the
corresponding increment in the value of y.
 (1) becomes
2 3
y  y  ( x  x ) 3 = x 3  3x 2  x  3x  x   x  … (2)
Step II (2) – (1) gives
2 3
y = x 3  3x 2  x  3x  x   x   x 3
= 3x 2  x  3x  x 2  x 3
Step III Dividing on both sides by x , we get
2 3
y 3x 2  x  3x  x   x 
 = 3x 2  3x  x  x 2
x x
Step IV Proceeding limit as x  0, we get
y
lim
x  0 x

 lim 3x 2  3x  x  x 
x  0
2

dy 2
Step V  lim 3x 2 + lim 3x  x  lim x  = 3x 2  0  0 = 3x 2
dx x 0 x  0 x  0
d 3
i.e. ( x )  3x 2  3x 31
dx
Second Method
Let y  f ( x )  x 3 … (1)
Step I Let x be the small increment in the value of x and y be the
corresponding increment in the value of y.
 (1) becomes
y  y  ( x  x ) 3 … (2)
Step II (2) – (1) gives
y  ( x  x ) 3  x 3

36
Step III Dividing on both sides by x, we get Diffrenciation
3 3 3 3
y ( x  x )  x (x  x )  x
 
x x ( x  x )  x
Step IV Proceeding limit as x  0, we get
y ( x  x ) 3  x 3
lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 ( x  x )  x

dy (x  x ) 3  x 3
Step V  lim as x  0  x  x  x
dx x  x x ( x  x )  x
d 3  xn  an 
i.e. ( x )  3x 31  xlim  na n 1 
dx  a x  a 

d
Similarly, ( x n )  nx n 1
dx

Result 3: Find the derivative of the function given by

f ( x)  ax  b 2 , where a, b are real constants and a  0
by using first principle.
Solution: Let us use second method here.
Let y  f ( x )  (ax  b) 2 … (1)
Step I Let x be the small increment in the value of x and y be the
corresponding increment in the value of y.
 (1) becomes
y  y  [a ( x  x )  b] 2  (ax  ax  b) 2 … (2)
Step II (2) – (1) gives
y  (ax  ax  b ) 2  (ax  b) 2
Step III Dividing on both sides by x , we get
y (ax  ax  b) 2  ( ax  b) 2  (ax  ax  b) 2  (ax  b) 2 
  a 
x x  ax 
2 2
 (ax  ax  b)  (ax  b) 
 a 
 (ax  ax  b)  (ax  b) 
Step IV Proceeding limit as x  0, we get
y  (ax  ax  b) 2  (ax  b) 2 
lim  a lim  
x 0 x x 0
 (ax  ax  b)  (ax  b) 
 (ax  ax  b) 2  ( ax  b) 2 
 a lim   as x  0  ax  0
ax  0
 ( ax  ax  b)  ( ax  b) 
dy  (ax  ax  b) 2  (ax  b ) 2 
Step V a lim  
dx ax ax  b ax  b
 (ax  ax  b )  (ax  b ) 
 xn  an 
 a  2(ax  b) 2 1  lim
 x a  na n 1 
 xa 

37
Fundamentals of d
Mathematics-II i.e. ax  b 2  2a (ax  b) 21
dx

Similarly, we can easily obtain

d
(ax  b) n  na(ax  b) n 1
dx
Result 4: Find the derivative of the exponential function f ( x )  e ax
by using first principle.
Solution: Let y  f ( x )  e ax … (1)
Step I Let x be the small increment in the value of x and y be the
corresponding increment in the value of y.
 (1) becomes
y  y  e a ( x x )  e ax ax … (2)
Step II (2) – (1) gives
y  eax  ax  eax  e ax e ax  e ax [ a m n  a m a n ]

= e ax e ax  1 
Step III Dividing on both sides by x , we get
y ( e ax  1)  e ax  1 
 e ax  ae ax  

x x  ax 
Step IV Proceeding limit as x  0, we get
y  e ax  1 
lim  lim ae ax  

x 0 x x 0
 ax 
dy e ax  1
Step V  ae ax lim as x  0  ax  0
dx ax  0 ax
 ex 1 
 ae ax (1)  lim  1
 x 0 x 
d ax
i.e. (e )  ae ax
dx
Result 5: Find the derivative of the logarithm function f ( x )  log a x
by using first principle.
Solution: Let y  f ( x )  log a x … (1)
Step I Let x be the small increment in the values of x
and y be the corresponding increment in the value of y
 (1) becomes
y  y  log a ( x  x ) … (2)
Step II (2) – (1) gives
 x  x   m
y  log a ( x  x )  log a x  log a    log m  log n  log n 
 x   
 x 
 log a 1  
 x 

38
Step III Dividing on both sides by x , we get Diffrenciation
 x 
log a 1  
y  x  1 x  x 
  log a 1  
x x x x  x) 
x
1  x  x
 log a 1   [ n log m  log m n ]
x  x 
Step IV Proceeding limit as x  0, we get
x
y 1  x  x
lim  lim log a 1  
x 0 x x  0 x  x 
x
dy 1  x  x x If a function is continuous
Step V  lim log a 1   as x  0  0 then it respects limit i.e. if a
dx x x 0  x  x function f is continuous and a
x
x
is point of its domain, then
 
1   x  x  log arithm is a continuous  lim f (x)  f (lim x)  f (a)
 log a lim 1     function on its domain 
x a x a
x  x 0 x     i.e. limit can be taken inside
 x  the function.
1 i.e. Role of limit and function
 log a e  lim 1  x 1 / x  e can be interchanged.
x  x 0 

d 1
i.e. (log a x )  log a e
dx x

In particular, if base of the logarithmic is e in place of a, then

d
log e x   1 log e e  1 as log e e  1
dx x x
Remark 3: Keep all these formulae put in the rectangular boxes always in mind,
as we will use these formulae later on as standard results.
Some more Formulae of Finding Derivatives:
If u and v are functions of x, then
d
(i) cu   c du , where c is a real constant
dx dx
d
(ii) u  v  du  dv
dx dx dx
d
(iii) u.v   u dv  v du (Known as Product Rule)
dx dx dx
du dv
v u
d u dx dx
(iv)   (Known as Quotient Rule)
dx  v  v2
Remark 4: Aim of this unit from learners point of view is not to focus on the
derivations of the formulae. But main aim of this unit is able to make the
learners user friendly as to how these results can be used whenever we
encounter a situation where derivative is involved. That is why we will not
provide the derivations of more formulae.

39
Fundamentals of Various formulae which are used in many practical situations are listed
Mathematics-II below:

S. Function Derivative of the function

No
1 k (constant) d
(k )  0
dx
2 xn d
( x n )  nx n 1
dx
3 ( ax  b ) n d
( ax  b) n  na (ax  b) n 1
dx
4 Exponential function d bx
(i) (a )  ba bx log a
(i) a bx dx
(ii) e bx d bx
(ii) (e )  be bx
dx
5 Logarithmic function d 1
(i) (log a x )  log a e
(i) log a x dx x
(ii) log e x d 1
(ii) (log e x ) 
dx x
6 cu, where d d
c is constant and ( cu )  c u 
dx dx
u is a function of x
7 (i) u  v d du dv
(i) ( u  v)  
(ii) uv dx dx dx
u d dv du
(iii) (ii) (uv)  u v (Pr oduct Rule)
v dx dx dx
where, u, v are functions du dv
of x. v u
d u dx dx (Quotient Rule)
(iii)  
dx  v  v2
8 d
f ( x)n , n is +ve or –ve f ( x)n  nf (x )n 1 d (f ( x))
real number dx dx
9 1 d  1  d
f (x)
   f ( x )1   1 2 d (f (x ))
dx  f ( x )  dx f (x ) dx
10 y = f(u) dy dy du dw
 (Chain Rule)
u = g(w) dx du dw dx
w = h(x)
11 Parametric functions dy dy dx
x = f(t) 
dx dt dt
y = g(t)
12 Polynomial function d
( f ( x ))  na 0 x n 1  ( n  1)a 1 x n 2  ...  a n 1
f ( x )  a 0 x n  a 1x n 1  ... dx
 a n 1 x  a n

Now we take some examples. We will write “Diff. w.r.t x” in place of

“differentiating with respect to x”.

40
Example 3: Find derivative of the following functions: Diffrenciation
1 
(i) 5 (ii)    (iii) (iv) (v) x 11
11 17
1 1 1
(vi) x 5/ 2 (vii) 3
(viii) 7
(ix) (x) x
x x x
4/9
 3 
(xi) ( 2 x  5) 3 (xii) ( 4  3x ) 8 (xiii)  5  x  (xiv) 2  3x
 2 
2 100
5 2 x3  x 2 1  1   1
(xv) x  x  1 (xvi) (xvii)  x 2  2  (xviii)  x  
x  x   x
(xix) ( x 2  1)( x  1) (xx) x 3 (1  x 2  x 5  x 8 )
(xxi) ( x 2  1)( x 3  x 2  1) (xxii) ( 4 x  1) 3 (7 x  1) 4
(xxiii) ( x  2) 2 ( x  3) 4 ( x  1) 5
Solution:
(i) Let y = 5
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  5 is a constant and derivative 
0 of a constant function is zero. 
dx  
(ii) Let y =   
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy   and  both are constants     is constant 
0 and derivative of a constant function is zero. 
dx  
1
(iii) Let y =
11
Diff. w.r.t. x
 1 
dy
0   is a cons tan t and derivative 
dx  
of a constant function is zero. 

(iv) Let y =
17
Diff. w.r.t. x
  
dy
0  17 is a cons tan t and derivative 
dx  
of a constant function is zero. 
(v) Let y = x 11
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  d n n 1 
 11 x 111  11x 10  dx ( x )  nx 
dx  
(vi) Let y = x 5 / 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
5 3
dy 5 2 1 5 2  d n n 1 
 x
dx 2
 x
2  dx ( x )  nx 
 
41
Fundamentals of 1 1
Mathematics-II (vii) Let y  3
 1/ 3
 x 1/ 3
x x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 1  d n n 1 
  x 4 / 3  dx (x )  nx 
dx 3  
1
(viii) Let y = 7
 x 7
x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 7  d n n 1 
  7 x 8 =  8  dx (x )  nx 
dx x  
1
(ix ) Let y   x 1
x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 1  d n n 1 
  1x 2   2  dx ( x )  nx 
dx x  
(x) Let y  x  x 1 / 2
Diff. w.r.t.x
dy 1 1 / 2 1  d n n 1 
 x
dx 2

2 x  dx (x )  nx 
 
(xi) Let y  ( 2 x  5) 3
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  d n 1 
dx
 3( 2 x  5) 2 ( 2) = 6( 2 x  5) 2  n

 dx (ax  b)  n (ax  b ) a 
 
(xii) Let y  ( 4  3x ) 8
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  d n 1 
dx
 8( 4  3x ) 7 ( 3)  24( 4  3x ) 7  n

 dx (ax  b)  n (ax  b ) a 
 
4/9
 3 
(xiii) Let y =  5  x 
 2 
Diff. w.r.t. x
5 / 9
dy 4  3   3  d n 1 
 5  x 
dx 9  2 
   n

 dx (ax  b)  n (ax  b ) a 
 2  
5 / 9
2 3 
=  5  x 
3 2 
(xiv) Let y  2  3x  ( 2  3x )1 / 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 1  d n 1 
 ( 2  3x ) 1 / 2 (3)
dx 2
 n

 dx (ax  b)  n (ax  b ) a 
 
3

2 2  3x
(xv) Let y  x 5  x 2  1
Diff. w.r.t. x

42
 dy  Using formula written at serial  Diffrenciation
 5 x 4  2 x  0  5x 4  2 x
dx  number12of the table of formulae 

x3  x2 1 x3 x2 1 1
(xvi) Let y      x2  x 
x x x x x
1
y  x2  x 
x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy d 2 d d 1 1  d n n 1 

dx dx
(x ) 
dx
(x)     2x  1  2
dx  x  x  dx ( x )  nx 
 
2
 1 
(xvii) Let y   x 2  2 
 x 
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  1  d  1   d d 
dx
 2 x 2  2   x 2  2  
dx dx
 
( f ( x )) n  n ( f ( x )) n 1
dx
(f ( x ))
 x   x   
 1  2   1 1 1   1 
 2 x 2  2  2 x  3   4 x 3    5   4 x 3  5 
 x  x   x x x   x 
100
 1
(xviii) Let y   x  
 x
Diff. w.r.t. x
99
dy  1 d  1
 100 x    x   [Same reason as given in (xvii)]
dx  x dx  x
99
 1  1 
 100 x   1  2 
 x  x 
(xix) Let y  ( x 2  1)( x  1)  x 3  x 2  x 1
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  Using formula written at serial 
 3x 2  2 x  1  0  number12 of the table of formulae.
dx  
 3x 2  2x  1
Alternatively: Using Product Rule
dy d d
 ( x 2  1) ( x  1)  ( x  1) ( x 2  1)
dx dx dx
2
 ( x  1)(1  0)  ( x  1)( 2 x  0)
 x 2  1  2 x 2  2 x  3x 2  2x  1
(xx) Let y  x 3 (1  x 2  x 5  x 8 )
y  x 3  x 1  x 2  x 5
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  d n n 1 
 3x 4  1x 2  2 x  5 x 4  dx ( x )  nx 
dx  
 3x 4  x 2  2x  5x 4
(xxi) Let y  ( x 2  1)( x 3  x 2  1)
Diff. w.r.t. x [Using Product Rule]

43
Fundamentals of dy d d
Mathematics-II  ( x 2  1) ( x 3  x 2  1)  ( x 3  x 2  1) ( x 2  1)
dx dx dx
2 2 3 2
 ( x  1)(3x  2 x )  ( x  x  1)( 2 x )
 3x 4  2x 3  3x 2  2x  2x 4  2x 3  2x
 5x 4  4 x 3  3x 2  4 x
(xxii) Let y  ( 4 x  1) 3 (7 x  1) 4
Diff. w.r.t. x [Using Product rule]
dy d d
 ( 4x  1) 3 (7 x  1) 4  (7 x  1) 4 ( 4 x  1) 3
dx dx dx
 (4 x  1) 3 4(7 x  1) 3 7  (7 x  1) 4 3( 4 x  1) 2 4
 4( 4x  1) 2 )(7 x  1) 3 7( 4 x  1)  3( 7 x  1) 
 4( 4 x  1) 2 (7 x  1) 3 ( 49 x  10)
(xxiii) Let y  ( x  2) 2 ( x  3) 4 ( x  1) 5
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy d d
 ( x  2) 2 ( x  3) 4 ( x  1) 5  ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 5 ( x  3) 4
dx dx dx
d
 ( x  3) 4 ( x  1) 5 ( x  2) 2
dx
 if u, v, w, are functions of x, then 
d 
 (uvw)  uv d (w)  uw d (v)  vw d (u) 
 dx dx dx dx 
2 4 4 2 5 3
 ( x  2) ( x  3) 5( x  1)  ( x  2) ( x  1) 4( x  3)
 ( x  3) 4 ( x  1) 5 2( x  2)
 ( x  2)( x  3) 3 ( x  1) 4 5( x  2)( x  3)  4( x  2)( x  1)  2( x  3)( x  1) 
 ( x  2)( x  3) 3 ( x  1) 4 [5( x 2  5 x  6)  4( x 2  3x  2)  2( x 2  4 x  3)]
 ( x  2)( x  3) 2 ( x  1) 4 (11x 2  45x  44)
Example 4: Find the derivative of the following functions:
x 1 8x  3 a2 x2 1
(i) (ii) (iii) 2 (iv)
x 1 6  5x x  a2 x 1
Solution:
x 1
(i) Let y =
x 1
Diff. w.r.t. x
d d
( x  1) ( x  1)  ( x  1) ( x  1)
dy dx dx
 [Using Quotient Rule]
dx ( x  1) 2
( x  1).1  ( x  1).1 x  1  x 1 2
 2
 2

( x  1) (x  1) (x  1) 2
8x  3
(ii) Let y =
6  5x
Diff. w.r.t. x

44
 d d Diffrenciation
(6  5 x ) (8x  3)  (8 x  3) (6  5 x )
dy dx dx
 2
[Using Quotient Rule]
dx (6  5 x )
(6  5x ).8  (8x  3)(5) 63
 2

(6  5 x ) (6  5x) 2
a2
(iii) Let y =  a 2 ( x 2  a 2 ) 1
x2  a2
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy d
 a 2 ( 1)( x 2  a 2 )  2 (x 2  a 2 )
dx dx
Don ' t use quoient rule here because 
 there is no function of x in numerator.
 
a2  2a 2 x
 .2 x 
(x 2  a 2 ) 2 (x 2  a 2 ) 2

x2 1
(iv) Let y =
x 1
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 1 d  x 2  1  d n 1 d 
dx

2 dx

 x 1 
  n

 dx ( f ( x ))  n ( f ( x )) dx (f ( x ))
x 1    
2
x 1
 d d 
 ( x  1) ( x 2  1)  ( x 2  1) ( x  1) 
1 x 1 dx dx
= 2   [Using Quotient Rule]
2 x 1  ( x  1) 2 
 
( x  1)(2 x  1)  ( x 2  1)(1) 2x 2  2x  x 2  1
 
2 x 2  1( x  1) 3 / 2 2 x 2  1 ( x  1) 3 / 2
x 2  2x  1 ( x  1) 2
 
2( x  1) 3 / 2  x 2  1 2( x  1) 3 / 2 x 2  1

Here, are some exercises for you.

E 3) Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x
2
1  1 
(i) e (ii) 7 (iii) x (iv) ( 4  3x ) (v)  x 3  3  8
x  x 
E 4) Find the derivative of the following functions:
 1  1   3 1  1 x2 x2  x
(i)  x    x   (ii)  x   x   (iii) (iv)
 x  x  x3  x x3  1 a

6.5 CHAIN RULE

Sometimes variables y and x are connected by the relations of the form
y = f(u) , u = g(w), w = h(x)
and we want to differentiate y w.r.t. x. then chain rule is used, which gives

45
Fundamentals of dy dy du dw
Mathematics-II 
dx du dw dx
Following example will illustrate the rule more clearly.
dy
Example 5: Find in the following cases.
dx
(i) y  3u, u  v 2 , v  4x 2  5
x
(ii) y  u 2 , u  3v, v 
x 1
Solution:
(i) y  3u , u  v2 , v  4x 2  5
Diff. w.r.t. u Diff. w.r.t. v Diff. w.r.t. x
dy du dv
3  2v  8x
du dv dx
 by chain rule
dy dy du dv
  3( 2 v)(8x )
dx du dv dx
 48 xv  48 x ( 4 x 2  5) [Replacing the value of v in terms of x]
x
(ii) y  u 2 , u  3v, v
x 1
Diff. w.r.t. u Diff. w.r.t. v Diff. w.r.t. x
dy du dv x  1.1  x.(1) 1
 2u 3  2
=
du dv dx ( x  1) ( x  1) 2
 by chain rule
dy dy du dv  1 
  2u (3) 2


dx du dv dx  (1  x ) 
6u 6(3v) 18v 18x
 2
 2
 
(1  x ) (1  x ) (1  x ) 2 (1  x ) 3

6.6 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL,

LOGRITHMIC, PARAMETRIC AND
IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
Let us first take up some examples on derivatives of exponential and logarithmic
functions as given in example 12.
Example 6: Find the derivative of the following functions:
2
(i) 2 x (ii) 5ax (iii) e 3x (iv) e 9 x (v) log(1  x 2 )
1
(vi) log x x 2 (vii) log 2 x (viii) log x 2 (ix)
log(1  x )
Solution:
(i) Let y  2 x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  d x x 
 2 x log 2  dx (a )  a log a 
dx  
(ii) Let y  5 ax
Diff. w.r.t. x
46
 dy d  d bx bx  Diffrenciation
 5 ax log 5 (ax )  dx (a )  ba log a 
dx dx  
 5 ax a log 5
(iii) Let y  e 3x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  d ax ax 
 e 3 x (3)  3e 3x  dx (e )  ae 
dx  
2
(iv) Let y  e 9 x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 2 d 2  d f ( x) d 
 e9x (9 x 2 )  e 9 x (18x )  Using (e )  ef (x ) (f (x)) 
dx dx  dx dx 
2
 18x e 9 x
(v) Let y  log(1  x 2 )
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 1 d 2x  d 1 d 
 2
(1  x 2 )  2 
 (log f (x ))  (f ( x ))
dx 1  x dx 1  x  dx f (x ) dx 
log x 2
(vi) Let y  log x x 2  [Using base change formula]
log x
2 log x
 2  log m n  n log m 
log x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy
0
dx
(vii) Let y = log 2 x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 1  d 1 
 log 2 e
dx x  dx log a x   x log a e
 
log 2
(viii) Let y  log x 2  [Using base change formula]
log x
y  (log 2)(log x ) 1
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy d (log 2) 1 log 2
  (log 2)(log x )  2 (log x )   2
 
dx dx (log x ) x x (log x ) 2
1
(ix) Let y  y  log(1  x )1
log(1  x )
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 2 d
 1log(1  x )  (log(1  x ))
dx dx
1 1 1
  
log(1  x) 1  x (1  x)log(1  x)2
2

47
Fundamentals of Here is an exercise for you.
Mathematics-II
E 5) Find the derivative of the following functions:
x 2
(i) a log a 2 (ii) 3log 3 x

Following is an example on derivatives of parametric functions.

dy
Example 7: Find for the following parametric functions:
dx
1  3t 2 1 t2
(i) x  1  t , y  2  t 2 (ii) x  , y
1 t 1 t
Solution:
(i) x  1  t , y  2  t2
Diff. w.r.t. t Diff. w.r.t. t
dx dy
1 ,  2t
dy dt
dy dy dx 2 t
    2t
dx dt dt 1
1  3t 2
(ii) x 
1 t
Diff. w.r.t. t
d d
(1  t ) (1  3t 2 )  (1  3t 2 ) (1  t )
dx dt dt
 2
dt (1  t )
(1  t )(6t )  (1  3t 2 )( 1) 6t  6 t 2  1  3t 2 1  6 t  3t 2
  
(1  6 2 (1  t ) 2 (1  t ) 2
1 t2
Now, y 
1 t
Diff. w.r.t. t
d d
(1  t ) (1  t 2 )  (1  t 2 ) (1  t )
dy dt dt (1  t )(2 t )  (1  t 2 )(1)
 
dt (1  t ) 2 (1  t ) 2
2t  2t 2  1  t 2 1  2t  t 2
 
(1  t ) 2 (1  t ) 2
dy dy dx 1  2t  t 2
  
dx dt dt 1  6t  3t 2

Now, you can try the following the exercise.

dy
E 6) Find if x  2  4 t 2 , y  9 t 2  3t  1 .
dx

Implicit Function
A function defined by y = f(x) is known as explicit function. But sometimes y
cannot be easily expressed in terms of x. A function of the form
f ( x , y)  c, where c is a constant
is known as implicit function.
48
Procedure Diffrenciation

In case of implicit function, differentiate the given relation w.r.t. x and collect
dy
all the terms of to the left hand side and finally dividing both sides by a
dx
dy dy
term attached with , we get the value of .
dx dx

Following example will explain the procedure more clearly:

dy
Example 8: Find in the following cases:
dx
(i) x 2  y 2  c 2 (ii) ( x  a ) 2  ( y  b ) 2  r 2 (iii) x 3  y 3  xy  5
Solution:
(i) x 2  y 2  c 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy dy x
2x  2y 0  
dx dx y
(ii) ( x  a ) 2  ( y  b ) 2  r 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy dy x a
2( x  a )  2( y  b) 0 
dx dx yb
(iii) x 3  y 3  xy  5
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy dy
3x 2  3y 2 x  y.1  0 [Using Product Rule in the term xy]
dx dx
dy
 (3y 2  x)   (y  3x 2 )
dx
dy 3x 2  y
 
dx x  3y 2
Now, you can try the following exercise.
dy
E 7) Find , if xy 3  xe x  xe  y  3
dx

6.7 DERIVATIVE OF HIGHER ORDERS

Sometimes we are to differentiate the function more than once.
d2 y
Derivative of y w.r.t x twice is denoted by ,
dx 2
d3 y
Derivative of y w.r.t x thrice is denoted by 3 ,
dx
…
…
…
dn y
n times differentiation of y w.r.t x is denoted by .
dx n
49
Fundamentals of Following example illustrate the idea of higher order derivatives.
Mathematics-II
Example 9: Find the indicated derivatives for the following functions:
d4 y 1 d3y
(i) 4
for y  (ii) 3
for y  e ax
dx x dx
d3y d 2 y d3y d 4 y
(iii) 3
for y  (ax  b) 7 (iv) 2
, 3 , 4 for y  x 2  x  1
dx dx dx dx
Solution:
1
(i) y
x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  1

dx x 2
Again diff. w.r.t. x
d 2 y (1)(2) 2
2
 3
 3
dx x x
Again diff. w.r.t. x
d 3 y 2(3) 6
3
 4
 4
dx x x
Again diff. w.r.t. x
d 4 y  6(4) 24
  5
dx 4 x5 x
(ii) y  e ax
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy d  d f (x) f (x) d 
 e ax (ax )  dx (e )  e (f ( x )) 
dx dx  dx 
= e ax (a )  ae ax
Again diff. w.r.t. x
d2y
2
 a 2 e ax
dx
Again diff. w.r.t. x
d3y
3
 a 3 e ax
dx
(iii) y  (ax  b) 7
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  d n 1 
dx
 7(ax  b) 6 a  n

 dx (ax  b)  n (ax  b ) a 
 
Again diff. w.r.t .x
d2y
2
 42(ax  b) 5 a 2
dx
Again diff. w.r.t. x
d3y
3
 210(ax  b) 4 a 3
dx
(iv) y  x 2  x  1
50
 Diff. w.r.t. x Diffrenciation
dy  Using formula written at serial 
 2x  1  number12 of the table of formulae 
dx  
Again diff. w.r.t. x
d2y
2
dx 2
Again diff. w.r.t. x
d3y
0
dx 3
Again diff. w.r.t. x
d4y
0
dx 4

6.8 CONCEPT OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Differentiation has a large number of applications in different fields such as
mathematics, statistics, economics, actuarial science, etc. Concept of
differentiation is also useful to obtain maxima or minima point(s) and their
corresponding value(s) of a given function. Actually sometimes we are
interested only to find maximum or minimum value(s) of a function. The aim
of this section is to meet this interest. Without going into theoretical details, let
us discuss the concept geometrically.

Fig. 6.3

In equation (2) of Sec. 6.2 of this unit we have seen that

Fundamentals of (Derivative at a po int) x  a is the slope of the tangent at that po int . … (1)
Mathematics-II
In Fig 6.3 a we see that x 1 is a point where the function y = f(x) takes
maximum value (local) compare to all points which are very close to x1
i.e. f (x1 )  f (x) … (2)
for all points x which are very close to x1

The point x1 is known as local maxima point of the function y = f(x) (local
maxima means that it satisfy the equation (2) as given above, i.e. there may be
points in the domain of the function where value of the function f is greater
than f ( x 1 ))
Similarly, points x 3 and x 5 in the same figure are points of maxima (local). On
the other hand in the same figure x 2 is a point where the function y = f(x)
takes minimum value (local) compare to all points which are very close to x 2
i.e. f (x 2 )  f (x)

for all points x which are very close to x 2

The point x 2 is known as local minima point of the function y = f(x).

Similarly x 4 and x 6 are points of local minima.
But one interesting point to be noted here is that tangent lines at all the points
whether it is point of maxima or minima is parallel to x-axis.
i.e. slope of the tangent at point of maxima or minima = tan0 = 0 … (3)
 if a line makes an angle  with  ve direction of 
 x  axis then slope of the line is defined as tan , in 
 
 this case   0 as tangent line is parallel to x  axis. 

In view of equation (1) and (3), we have

Derivative of the function at a point of maxima or minima = 0 … (4)
, provided that derivative at that point exists
Also note that converse of (4) does not hold.
For example, take graph of the function y  f (x)   x 3 shown in Fig. 6.3 c.
we see that
dy  dy 
 f '  0   3(0)2  0   f '(x)  3x 2 
dx x 0  dx 
But x = 0 is neither point of maxima nor minima.
Now consider the function y  f (x )  x , whose graph is shown in Fig. 6.3 b.
We see that x = 0 is a point of minima, in fact absolute minima or global
minima (absolute minima or global minima means that function assumes
smallest value at x = 0 in whole domain of the function not only at those
points which are very close to x = 0)
But we have seen in part (i) of Example 2 of this unit that derivative of the
function y  f (x )  x does not exists at x = 0.

52
Equation (4) implies points obtained by putting first derivative equal to zero Diffrenciation
may be points of maxima or minima. Second derivative test differentiate
between points of maxima and minima which is stated below:
Second Derivative Test: It states that if the function f is twice differentiable
at a point ‘c’, where c is point of the domain of the function f, then
(i) c is point of local minima if f '  c   0 and f ''  c   0.

(ii) c is point of local maxima if f '  c   0 and f ''  c   0.

(iii) test fails if f ''  c   0. In this case we use first order derivative test, which
can be concluded as:
 if f '  c  changes its sign from positive to negative as we cross the point
x = c, then x = c is point of maxima (see Fig. 6.3 a at point x 3 )

 if f '  c  changes its sign from negative to positive as we cross the point
x = c, then x = c is point of minima. This can be noted at points
x 2 , x 4 , x 6 ) in Fig. 6.3 a.

 if f '  c  does not change its sign as we cross the point x = c, then x = c
is neither point of minima nor maxima. See Fig. 6.3 c in which x = 0 is
such a point. Point of this nature is called point of inflection. Normal
curve has two such points at x     and x     . You can observe
it by differentiating normal density twice and putting double derivative
equal to zero. Normal distribution is discussed in Unit 13 and Unit 14
of MST-003.
With the following two examples followed by an exercise, let us close this
Sec.
Example 10: Find local maximum and minimum values of the function
f (x)  2x 3  15x 2  36x  9.
Solution: Given function is
f ( x )  2 x 3  15x 2  36x  9
Dif. w.r.t.x
f ' ( x )  6 x 2  30 x  36 … (1)
For maxima or minima
f ' ( x)  0
 6x 2  30x  36  0
 x 2  5x  6  0
 ( x  2)( x  3)  0
 x  2, 3
Diff. (1) w.r.t. x
f ' ' ( x )  12 x  30
At x = 2, f ' ' ( 2)  24  30  6  0
 by second order derivative test, x = 2 is point of maxima and maximum
value is given by
f ( 2)  2( 2) 3  15(2) 2  36( 2)  9  16  60  72  9  27
At x = 3, f ' ' (3)  36  30  6  0

53
Fundamentals of  by second order derivative test, x = 3 is point of minima and minimum
Mathematics-II value of the function is given by
f (3)  2(3) 3  15(3) 2  36(3)  9  54  135  108  9  36
Example 11: Find local maximum and minimum values of the function
x 4 x3
f (x)    2x 2  4x  5.
4 3
Solution: Given function is
x 4 x3
f ( x)    2x 2  4x  5
4 3
Diff. w.r.t. x
4x 3 3x 2
f 'x    4x  4  x 3  x 2  4x  4 … (1)
4 3
For maxima or minima
f ' x   0
 x 3  x 2  4x  4  0 … (2)
By inspection x = –1 is a root of equation (2)
 ( x  1) is a factor of x 3  x 2  4 x  4
 (2) can be written as
( x  1)( x 2  4)  0
 x  1( x  2)(x  2)  0
 x = –1, 2, –2
Diff. (1) w.r.t. x
f ' ' x   3x 2  2 x  4
At x = –1, f ' ' ( 1)  3( 1) 2  2( 1)  4  3  2  4  3  0
At x = 2, f ''(2)  3(2) 2  2(2)  4  12  0 and
At x = –2, f ' '  2   3( 2) 2  2( 2)  4  4  0
 by second order derivative test x = 2, –2 are points of minima and x = –1 is
point of maxima.
(2) 4 (2)3 13
Local minimum value at x = 2 is f(2) =   2(2)2  4(2)  5   and
4 3 3
Local minimum value at x = –2 is given by
(2)4 (2)3 19
f(–2) =   2(2)2  4(2)  5 
4 3 3
Local maximum value at x = – 1 is given by

( 1) 4 (1)3 83
f ( 1)    2(1)2  4(1)  5 
4 3 12
Now, you can try the following exercise.
E 8) Find local maximum and minimum values of the function
f (x)  4x 3  21x 2  18x  9.

54
6.9 SUMMARY Diffrenciation

Let us summarise the topics that we have covered in this unit:

1) Derivative at a point.
2) Derivatives of constant, polynomials and some others commonly used
functions such as x n , (ax  b ) n , etc. Product Rule and Quotient Rule.
3) Chain rule.
4) Derivatives of exponential, logarithmic, parametric and implicit functions.
5) Derivatives of higher orders.
6) Concept of maxima and minima.

6.10 SOLUTIONS/ANSWERS
E 1) (i) f ( x )  x 3  x  1, at x  1
By definition
f ( 1  h )  f ( 1)
f ' ( 1)  lim
h 0 h
(1  h ) 3  (1  h )  1  [(1) 3  (1)  1]
 lim
h 0 h
3 2
 1  h  3h  3h  1  h  1  ( 1  1  1)
 lim
h 0 h
3 2
h  3h  4h
 lim  lim (h 2  3h  4)  0  0  4  4
h 0 h h 0

(ii) By definition
1  1
f  h f 
1 2  2
f '    lim 
 2  h 0 h
2 2
1   1 
2  3  h    2  3  
2    2  
 lim
h0 h
1   3
2  3  h  h 2    2  
 lim 4   4
h 0 h
2
 3h  3h
 lim  lim (3  3h )  3  0  3
h0 h h 0

E 2) f ( x )  2 x 2  3ax  5
By definition
f ( 2  h )  f ( 2)
f ' ( 2)  lim
h 0 h
2(2  h ) 2  3a (2  h )  5  [2(2) 2  3a (2)  5]
 lim
h 0 h
2
2( 4  h  4h )  6a  3ah  5  (8  6a  5)
 lim
h0 h

55
Fundamentals of 2h 2  8h  3ah
Mathematics-II  lim  lim (2h  8  3a )  8  3a
h 0 h h
But according to problem
11
f ' ( 2)  3  8  3a  3  3a  11  a  
3
E 3) (i) Let y = e
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy   and e both are constant  eis a constant 
0 and derivative of a constant function is zero. 
dx  
1
(ii) Let y = 7
 x 7
x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 7  d n n 1 
  7 x 8 =  8  dx ( x )  nx 
dx x  
(iii) Let y  x  x 1 / 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 1 1/ 2 1  d n n 1 
 x
dx 2

2 x  dx ( x )  nx 
 
(iv) Let y  ( 4  3x ) 8
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  d n 1 
dx
 8( 4  3x ) 7 ( 3)  n

 dx (ax  b)  n (ax  b ) a 
 
 24( 4  3x ) 7
2
 1 
(v) Let y   x 3  3 
 x 
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  1  d  1 
 2 x 3  3   x 3  3 
dx  dx
x   x 
 d n 1 d 
 n

 dx (f (x ))  n (f ( x )) dx (f ( x )) 
 
 1  3 
 2 x 3  3  3x 2  4 
 x  x 
 1 1 1   1 
 6 x 5    7   4 x 5  7 
 x x x   x 
 1  1  1 1
E 4) (i) y   x    x    x 3 / 2  x1 / 2  1/ 2  3 / 2
 x  x x x

y  x 3 / 2  x 1 / 2  x  1 / 2  x 3 / 2
Diff. w.r.t. x

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 dy 3 1 / 2 1 1 / 2 1 3 / 2 3 5 / 2 Diffrenciation
 x  x  x  x
dx 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 3
 x  3/ 2  5 / 2
2 2 x 2x 2x
 1  1 1 1
(ii) Let y   x 3  3  x    x 4  x 2  2  4
 x  x x x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 2 4
 4x 3  2x  3  5
dx x x
x2
(iii) Let y 
x3 1
Diff. w.r.t. x
d 2 d 3
( x 3  1) (x )  x 2 ( x  1)
dy dx dx
 [Using Quotient Rule]
dx ( x 3  1) 2
( x 3  1)( 2 x )  x 2 (3x 2 )

( x 3  1) 2
2 x 4  2 x  3x 4 2x  x 4 x(2  x 3 )
  
( x 3  1) 2 ( x 3  1) 2 ( x 3  1) 2
x2  x 1 2
(iv) Let y   (x  x)
a a
Diff. w.r.t. x
 Do not use quoient rule 
dy 1 d 1
 ( x  x )  ( 2 x  1)  because in the denominator 
2 
dx a dx a
 there is no function of x. 
x
E5) (i) Let y = a log a 2 y  2 x [ a log a f ( x )  f ( x ) ]
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  d x 
dx
 2 x log 2  
x
 dx a  a log a 
 
2
(ii) Let y  3log3 x  x 2 [ a log a f ( x )  f ( x ) ]
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy  d n n 1 
dx
 2x  
 dx x  nx 
 
E 6) x  2  4t 2 , y  9 t 2  3t  1
Diff. w.r.t. t Diff. w.r.t. t
dx dy
 8t  18t  3
dt dt
dy dy dx 18 t  3
  
dx dt dt 8t

57
Fundamentals of E 7) xy 3  xe x  xe  y  3
Mathematics-II
Diff. w.r.t. x
 dy   y  dy  y
x  3y 2 3 x x
  (1) y  xe  (1)e  xe     (1)e  0
 dx   dx 
dy

 3xy 2  xe  y  dx  y 3
 xe x  e x  e  y

dy y 3  xe x  e x   e  y y 3  xe x  e x  e  y
  
dx 3xy 2  xe  y xe  y  3xy 2
E 8) Given function is
f ( x )  4 x 3  21x 2  18 x  9
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ' ( x )  12 x 2  42 x  18 … (1)
For maxima or manima
f’(x) = 0
 12x 2  42x  18  0
 2x 2  7 x  3  0
 2x 2  6x  x  3  0
 2 x ( x  3)  1( x  3)  0
 ( x  3)(2 x  1)  0
 x  3, 1 / 2
Diff. (1) w.r.t. x
f ' ' ( x )  24x  42
At x = 3, f ' ' 3  24  3  42  72  42  30  0
1
At x  1 / 2, f ' ' (1 / 2)  24   42  12  42  30  0
2
 by second order derivative test x = 3 is point of minima and x = 1/2is
point of maxima.
Local minimum value at x = 3 is given by
f (3)  433  21(3) 2  18(3)  9  108  189  54  9  18
Local maximum value at x  1 / 2 is given by
3 2
1 1 1 1
f    4   21   18   9
 2 2 2 2
1 21 21  21  72 53
  99  
2 4 4 4

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