See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/277814389

Frame Work of Condition Assessment for Sewer Pipelines

Article · July 2013

CITATIONS READS

2 112

3 authors, including:

Emad Elbeltagi Mahmoud Dawood

Mansoura University Mansoura University
76 PUBLICATIONS   1,952 CITATIONS    2 PUBLICATIONS   8 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Innovation in the Construction Industry View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Emad Elbeltagi on 07 June 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

Frame Work of Condition Assessment for Sewer Pipelines

Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi1, Emad E. Elbeltagi2, Mahmoud A. Dawood3
1
Expert Assistant – Experts Engineers Sector - Ministry of Justice
2
Professor - Structural Engineering Department - Mansoura University
3
Assistant Professor - Structural engineering Department - Mansoura University

Abstract
The civil infrastructure including sanitation problem, is committed to implement the
highways, bridges, and water/sewer systems, is National Program for Rural Sanitation in Egypt
crucial for economic growth and prosperity. through the Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban
Among the various infrastructure systems, sewer Development. The scale of the program is national,
pipelines networks represent a great challenge due and program interventions are expected to touch
to their diverse components that have different nearly every village and household in the Nile Valley
repair requirements. This paper introduces a and Delta. A well-conceived strategy based on an
comprehensive asset management framework to informed analysis of problems, participants,
support the efficient planning of maintenance and objectives, and alternatives is needed. This strategy is
repair programs for sewer pipelines. The required to ensure that the limited program resources,
advantages of the proposed framework stem from plus additional resources leveraged by the program
the following: 1) a simple approach to support the will achieve the program’s objective; as the hazards
assessment of the current condition of defects of this problem do not affect only environment and
associated with gravity sewer pipelines; 2) a public health, but also the objectives of water
Markov chain approach for prediction of future resources management strategy in Egypt (World
conditions along the planning horizon; and 3) a Bank 2005). In the last decade, infrastructure asset
GA-based optimization algorithm for determining management has emerged as a formal approach that
the least-cost strategy to repair pipeline combines engineering and economic principles to
deficiencies in each year of the planning horizon. cost effectively maintain and upgrade infrastructure
A case study of Shoha sewer network in Dakhlia, assets; for example, Wirahadikusumah et al. (2001)
Egypt is presented to demonstrate the capabilities introduced a Markov chain based deterioration model
of the developed frame work. The results showed for different group of sewer pipes. Data from large
the effectiveness of the proposed framework in diameter combined sewers in the City of Indianapolis
making appropriate decisions that ensure the are classified into 16 groups based on types of
sustainable operation of sewer pipelines networks. material, ground water table (GWT), backfill soil
type, and depth of cover. Transition probabilities are
I. Introduction estimated for each group of pipes using exponential
Civil infrastructure is the foundation for models. Due to limited availability of data, transition
economic growth, a large percentage of its assets are probabilities are derived only from one group of
rapidly deteriorated due to age, harsh environment, data.Chughtai and Zayed (2008) developed a
and insufficient capacity. Governments, condition prediction model using multiple regressions
municipalities and organizations, therefore, have technique using data collected from two
come under increasing pressure to develop new municipalities in Canada. A separate deterioration
strategies to manage public assets in a way that model is developed for each type of material, i.e.
ensures their long-term sustainability. With the huge concrete, asbestos, cement, and PVC pipes. The
shortage in expenditures, maintaining the operation models show 80 to 86% accuracy when they are
of infrastructure facilities becomes a challenge that applied to a validation dataset. This accuracy level is
requires various efforts related to facility condition considered very high. Because of the complexity of
assessment, resource planning and rehabilitation asset management operations, the targets of
techniques. This requires the search for innovative maintenance programs need to be tuned to reach near
and new developments that can achieve substantial optimal solution for cost savings and other important
benefits in terms of cost savings and least objectives like resources, time, and quality. As the
interruption to the public. space of the problem depends on fairly large amount
In Egypt, for example,Indicators show that of data and multiple variables, GAs can provide
85% of rural residential buildings in rural excellent support for handling such type of problems.
governorates had some type of sanitary facility in Performance indicators present the essential data for
2002. Nearly 10% of buildings were sewered, the commencement of optimization process (Wang et al.
other 75% had some type of on-site storage (Septic 2003). Final step for decision maker is to get near
tanks or house vaults) (MWRI - 2005). The optimal solutions that assist the selection of the
Government of Egypt, increasingly aware of the rural relevant budget with restricted fund. The current

1833 | P a g e
 Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

paper presents a comprehensive asset management sample of pipes was inspected for only once
framework for sewer pipelines networks. The (Kathula 2001).
proposed framework is composed of three main
modules: condition assessment to access the current 2- Inspection Techniques
conditions of pipes; Markov chain module to predict This basic step often associates with
the future conditions of pipes and an optimization reviewing as-built drawings and existing information
module to optimally identify the repair strategy. A in order to form the backbone of any management
real-life case study project is used to demonstrate the database. This task continues throughout service
applicability of the developed system. lifetime of the pipe systems whenever new
information such as pipe replacement or repair
II. Condition grading of Sewer Networks occurs.
The overall approach to condition There are several inspection techniques available for
assessment of sewer pipes can be broadly classified each level of assessment, there are no guidelines for
into structural condition and serviceability condition. selecting these techniques for a particular
Examples of common structural defects include application. In order to reduce time and effort in
fracture, crack, deformation, surface damage and sag. selecting the appropriate inspection technique, a
The serviceability deterioration is also a continuing number of researchers have provided comprehensive
process that reduces the discharge capacity of the reviews of inspection techniques that were applied in
pipe and can be observed through a reduction of many infrastructure facilities(Tran 2007).
cross-sectional area and an increase in pipe roughness
due to roots,debris,encrustation and infiltration(WRC 3- Grading of pipe condition
1994). The Water Research Center (WRC) in UK
In assessing the condition of a sewer pipeline, this devised the world first condition grading scheme that
task consists of three steps (Tran 2007) .As provided protocols and guidelines for assessing
following: current condition of individual pipes using the
(1) Selection of monitoring frequency, Closed Circuit Television(CCTV) inspection
(2) Selection of inspection techniques and technique (WRC 1983). Based on the original
(3) Grading of pipe conditions. scheme of WRC (1983), several condition grading
schemes were later developed in Canada (McDonald
1- Monitoring frequency and Zhao 2001) and Australia (WSAA 2002).
Bridges and pavements are subjected to a Although the structural and serviceability
regular (or repeated) inspection program to identify deterioration of pipes are a continuous, ordinal
structural defects during their lifetime. In particular, grading systems were used in these schemes for
every bridge is legally required to be inspected once mapping the pipe deterioration into pipe conditions
every two years (Madanat et al. 1995). at the time of inspection. For example: The Sewer
Unfortunately, sewers pipes were not subjected to Inspection Reporting Code (SIRC) by the Water
such regular inspection programs. Instead, their Service Association of Australia (WSAA 2002) was
inspection programs were of snapshot type, that is, a developed for assessing conditions of rigid sewers
(concrete and vitrified clay pipes) using CCTV
inspection data as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Description of condition states used in WSAA (2006)

Condition Structural condition Serviceability Condition
Grading
1 Insignificant deterioration of the sewer has No or insignificant loss of hydraulic
occurred. Appears to be in good condition performance has occurred. Appears to be in
good condition
2 Minor deterioration of the sewer has Minor defects are present causing minor
occurred. loss of hydraulic performance
3 Moderate deterioration has occurred but Developed defects are present causing
defects do not affect short term structural moderate loss of hydraulic performance
integrity
4 Serious deterioration of the sewer has Significant defects are present causing
occurred and affected structural integrity serious loss of hydraulic performance
5 Failure of the sewer has occurred or is Failure of the sewer has occurred or is
imminent imminent

1834 | P a g e
 Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

the grading process based on the SIRC for a pipe measures, namely, peak score and mean score. The
segment from CCTV data. A pipe segment is defined peak and mean score were then compared against
between two manholes or pits. As shown in Figure pre-defined thresholds for grading the pipe into
1, the CCTV robot was sent to the pipe of interest. either condition one, two or three. In general,
During its movement along the pipe, the CCTV- structural defects that receive high scores are surface
recoded images were sent to a monitor where the damage, breaking and deformation, while debris,
operator can recognize any structural or roots and obstruction get high scores for
serviceability defects. He or she then coded the serviceability defects. The peak score indicates the
defects with the aid of computer; each coded defect largest score from one defect or multiple defects in
was automatically or manually assigned a score one location (often within a meter length) in the pipe
according to the guidelines of weights. For example segment. The mean score is the sum of all defect
a structural defect like crack has a score of 5. All scores divided by the segment length (Tran 2007).
defect scores were aggregated for two condition

Fig. 1: Grading process for a pipe from CCTV data

Chugai and zayed(2008) expressed the physical

grade of the sewer pipeline by combining the effects
of structural and serviceability rates as shown in
Equation 1 , Table 2 and Table 3.

Pipe Condition Grade (Physical Condition) =

0.541+0.273 (Rstr.)2 +0.37 (Rser.)2 (1)

Table 2: Structural condition rating (ASCE 1994)

Score range Structural condition rating,Rstr

0 0
1-4 1
5-9 2
10-14 3
15-19 4
20 5

1835 | P a g e
 Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

Table 3: Serviceability condition rating (ASCE 1994)

Score range Serviceability condition
rating,Rser

0 0
1-2 1
3-4 2
5-6 3
7-8 4
9-10 5

III. Optimization Module the variables are the repair decisions for all the
In this model, a more global outlook on pipelines throughout the three-year planning horizon.
decision process is proposed. The model is modified A number one assigned for year one of pipeline one
to deal with dynamic policies of cost and condition. means that this line is selected for repair in the first
These modifications render the model to develop year (network-level decision) and that the selected
network – level condition assessment. In particular, repair strategy is type 1 (project-level decision). It is
theGenetic Algorithm is used to determine the noted that in this basic problem formulation, the
optimum time and cost. number of variables involved is N × T, and each
variable can take an integer value from 0 to 3,
IV. Genetic Algorithm Formulation corresponding to one of the repair options. The
The proposed representing of the Life Cycle solution structure for this representation is shown in
Cost Analysis (LCCA) variables in the optimization Figure 2.
module shown in Figure 2. Each pipeline is arranged The objective function is constructed by
in a separate row, and three columns are set to hold summing the present values of the annual cost of
the values for the problem variables in the three-year repairs for all pipelines (Equation 2). The objective
planning horizon. These values represent indices for function is to minimize the total life cycle cost (LCC)
one of the four repair options. In this representation, while maintaining an acceptable pipeline condition:

Fig. 2: Solution Representation

 Acceptable level of Improvement is good.

 Planning Horizon 3years.
 Once Repair option is applied through
(2) planning horizon for each pipeline.
Given a best repair scenario for a given pipeline, after
Where Cti = the repair cost of repair i at time asking consultants engineering the after-repair
t, r = the discount rate, T = the number of years, and condition index of this pipeline can be followed by
N = the number of pipelines. In addition to two assumptions as shown in Table 4:
constructing the objective function, the proposed
optimization module accounts for the following
constraints:

1836 | P a g e
 Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

Evaluating of the condition state of infrastructure

Table 4: Purpose of repair programs specifically in sewer pipelines is one of the most
Proposed Condition Grade integral pieces of information to the asset manager.
Option After Repair Assessing the condition state has tremendous
Replacement Excellent implications on operations, maintenance and renewal,
Major or Minor Good a reliable measure for condition state can be a
daunting task compared to surface infrastructure.
The years after the repair, the pipeline During interviews with engineers at the department
condition will still deteriorate. In this study, it is of technical support (DOTS) the direct inspection
assumed that after-repair deterioration will follow the tool is not available to the company but condition
same custom deterioration curve obtained from assessment decisions for network elements depends
Markov Chain for that instance that we will present on:
in case study.  The complaints from the hot line service: for
the case study of sewer Shoha network has
V. System Development and Case Study no sever complaint there only temporary
The data for the case study selected for blockage in winter due to misuse.
testing the proposed sewer Pipelines Management  The aging of material used in Vitrified Clay
System (SPMS) were collected from the department pipes (VC) according to manufacturing
of Geographical Information System abbreviated as specifications.
(DOGIS). The DOGIS has adopted the Shoha Water  Hydraulic calculation checks for pipelines
and Sewer System (SWSS). However, the SWSS is transition efficiency and capacity according
not fully utilized and is used only for data storage, to present population in 2013 (60000
not for tracking the performance of the network, or capita).
for inspection reports. The DOGIS owns and operates Finally the current condition estimated now Good
29000 km of sewer lines, data for 10 pipeline were Grade (2-3).
provided by the DOGIS as a case study for the SPMS The cost data were collected through interviews with
developed in this study. Some of the data were also the Department of construction (DOC) engineers, and
collected through interviews with engineers from the from previous DOC contracts and using of CAD
company. The data included general information drawings and contract documents for sample of
about the sewer network, such as the Pipeline ID, the pipes; it was possible to obtain unit prices for repair
pipeline Type, the manhole ID, the Manhole Levels activities for different pipelines. Table 5 shows a
for inlet and outlet pipes, the pipe material, the summary of the estimated repair/replacement costs.
Pipeline length (m), the Pipe diameter (mm).

Table 5: Cost Data for the Case Study

Element Repair option Unit Unit Price LE
Vitrified clay (VC) pipeline  Minor (Spot Grouting) m 140 (20% of replacement)
Diameter (175 mm)
Depth  Major (Partial Lining) m 420 (60% of replacement)
(2-2.5 m)
 Replacement m 700

The condition assessment module is

implemented on a spreadsheet program; Figure 3
shows the main screen of thecondition assessment
module. An example of a pipeline used for
determination of current grad and condition index.
The example consists of Structural defects, in
addition to Serviceability and a level of each defect is
required.
The user needs to follow two steps to use the
template and, or adapt it, to model a given pipe line.

1837 | P a g e
 Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

Fig. 3: Main screen of condition assessment of sewer pipelines

 Step 1: structural defects spread sheet will appear as shown

User starts by opening the main screen and clicking in Figure 4.
to the inspection button (first module), then the

Fig. 4: Spread sheet of structural defects

 Step 2:
Now user will select the real rate (None, Light,
Moderate or Severe) of each structural defect
(Fractures, cracks, deformation, joint displacement,
joint opening and sag) as shown in Figure 5.

Fig. 5: Selection of structural defects rates

1838 | P a g e
 Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

After a complete selection of each defect

rate the weights, peak score and structural condition
rate determined automatically. Then user can move
forward to serviceability defects spread sheet by
clicking on forward arrow, the spread sheet will
appear as shown in Figure 6.

Fig. 6: Spread sheet of structural defects

As previous, users will select the real rate serviceability condition rate determined
(None, Light, Moderate or Severe) of each automatically as shown in Figure 7.Finally user can
serviceability defect (Roots, Debris, Encrustation and get the current grade and condition index by clicking
infiltration). Then weights, peak score and on forward button as shown in Figure 8.

Fig. 7: Selection of serviceability defects rates

Fig. 8: Condition index and pipe grade

The next approach predicts the deterioration 2- Define the number of condition states (n)
of a component by accumulating its probability of that can describe the deterioration and
transition from one condition state to another over arrange the possible states [PS] in a column
discrete time intervals using Microsoft Excel. vector as shown in Figure 9. A five-state
A summary of the steps to predict the condition at vector (from 1 to 5) is used, as follows:
any time (t) is as follows: Excellent condition (1), Very Good
1- Open the module of (Markovian Prediction) Condition (2), Good Condition (3), Poor
in a main screen of condition assessment of Condition (4) and Fail Condition (5)
pipelines as shown in Figure3

1839 | P a g e
Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

Fig. 9: Spread sheet of Markovian Prediction

3- Define the initial probability row vector

[IPo], as shown in Figure 10 The initial
probability row vector (at time 0) shows a
condition of 100% being in state 1 and 0%
in the rest of states from 2 to 5.

Fig. 10: Transition probability matrix and probability row vector

4- Calculate the future probability row vector 5- Calculate a single value for the condition
at any time [FPt]. The condition after (t) (i.e., the future state value FSt). The final
years from a known condition (e.g., the IPo) step is to come up with one value to describe
can be calculated by multiplying the the condition. This is obtained by
condition vector at the known condition by multiplying the future probability row vector
the [TPM] raised to the power (t). [FPt] by the possible states column vector
[PS].

1840 | P a g e
 Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

Since the above process predicts the The DOGIS has no deterioration model for predicting
condition state at any time (t), it can be repeated with future element conditions. The process of deciding
various (t) values (1 to 5, for example) to draw a whether the pipeline requires a repair is based on
deterioration behavior for 5 years. As explained, all users' complaints. There is also no deterioration
calculations depend on matrix multiplication, which model for estimating the impact of a specific repair
suits spreadsheet platforms. Hence, a spreadsheet option on the element condition. Thus, the
model for Markov has been developed. deterioration and model used in the case study were
adopted as shown in Figure 11.

Fig. 11: Markov Chain Prediction Condition within 3 Years

Table 6: Population, Crossover, Mutaion and generations

Mutation =0.06 Mutation= 0.08
No. Crossover Pop. Gen./ Cycle No. Crossover Pop. Gen./Cycle
1 0.8 100 100 6 0.8 100 100
2 0.8 50 100 7 0.8 50 100
3 0.8 30 100 8 0.8 30 100
4 0.8 20 100 9 0.8 20 100
5 0.8 10 100 10 0.8 10 100
Mutation = 0.09 Mutation = 0.08
No. Crossover Pop. Gen./ Cycle No. Crossover Pop. Gen./ Cycle

1841 | P a g e
 Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

11 0.8 100 100 16 0.5 100 100

12 0.8 50 100 17 0.6 50 100
13 0.8 30 100 18 0.7 30 100
14 0.8 20 100 19 0.2 20 100
15 0.8 10 100 20 0.1 10 100
In all experimental solution, the system LCC) to certain limit, Population 20 to 50
stopped when the value of the objective function give better results.
(LCC) did not improve after three consecutive cycles.  Increasing Mutaion after 0.08 didn’t
The parameter settings used in the experiments are improve results.
shown in Table 6.  The Figure 12 Shows near optimum Cost
From previous 20 experiments to approach near and Condition Solution After applying
optimum solution we note the following: proposed repair program.(Mutation = 0.08,
 With increasing population size improves Crossover = 0.08, Pop. Size = 50)
the results (Better Condition and Lower

Fig. 12: Near Optimum Solution

VI. Framework Validation consultant engineers of sewerage systems in
Through interviews and asking to 10 of Mansoura to valid the results from presented model,
command, expert and decision taker persons in we discussed the following points:Access To
National-Authority for water and sewer in Dakahliya Interface, Interface Design, Interface Look, Range of
, water and sewer company in Dakahliya and

1842 | P a g e
 Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

variables, Reselection ability, Usefulness, Figure 5.13, the questionnaire results is 1.71 average
Applicability and Overall Performance. score and ranked as "very good" as shown in Table
According to Validation Grade we defined the 7.
following in each Questionnaire paper as shown in

Table 5.4: Result of Model Validation

Excellent <1

Very good 1-2

Good 2-3

Poor 3-4

Fail 4-5

Very Good

VII. Summary and Conclusion process. The following impediments may prevent the
Condition assessment facilitates the ongoing use of this system:
estimation and tracking of sewer asset condition. The 1- Difficulty in obtaining information of current
lack of reliable condition data is a tremendous condition and aging of sewer pipes .
impediment to any asset management program. 2- Public awareness and funds for sewer network
Condition assessment is costly and uncertain for environments.
sewer networks compared with other surface In spite of these limitations, the developed
infrastructures. Asset managers need to convince framework serves as a starting point for asset
political decision makers that investment in reliable managers to set their condition assessment policies
condition data is valuable to their asset management on the basis of a methodical process rather than a gut
programs. This paper has presented aframework feeling. Further work is currently underway to Test
methodology for rationalizing condition assessment the condition assessment module individually in an
policies across sewer networks. An illustrated actual assessment survey to determine its
example of theShoha village sewer network showed performance. Also, expanding the visual guidance
how the framework can be deployed. At the asset system with pictures of various deteriorating
level, results allow the asset manager to select the components and Using GIS and visualization
most suitable condition assessment strategy and techniques to present the system outputs such as
inspection interval for a particular pipe. At network condition indices, level of funding, backlog, and
level, results enable the proper allocation of a actual versus planned performances.
condition assessment cost through all pipes in
planning horizon. The developed framework References
integrated with the genetic algorithm optimization [1] ASCE, (1994), Existing Sewer Evaluation
and Rehabilitation, ASCE Manuals and
Reports on Engineering Practice No. 62.

1843 | P a g e
 Ibrahim A. Elbeltagi, Emad E. Elbeltagi, Mahmoud A. Dawood / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1833-1844

[2] Chughtai, F., and Zayed, T. (2008). [15] WSAA, (2006), Conduit Inspection
“Infrastructure condition prediction models Reporting Code of Australia, Water Service
for sustainable sewer pipelines.” Journal of Association of Australia (WSAA),
Performance of Constructed Facilities, Vol. Melbourne.
17, No. 3, pp. 130-135.
[3] Gorloo, A., and Tighe, S. (2009). "Use of
soft computing applications to model
pervious concrete pavement condition in
cold climates." J. Transp. Eng., Vol. 135,
No. 11, pp. 791-800.
[4] Kathula, V. S., (2001), Structural Distress
Condition Modeling for Sanitary Sewers,
PhD Thesis, Civil of Engineering, Louisiana
Tech University, pp.293.
[5] Madanat, S., Mishalani, R. & Ibrahim, W.
H. W., (1995), "Estimation of Infrastructure
Transition Probabilities from Condition
Rating Data", Journal of Infrastructure
Systems, ASCE, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 120-125.
[6] McDonald, S. E. & Zhao, J. Q., (2001),
"Condition Assessment and Rehabilitation
of Large Sewers", International Conference
on Undreground Infrastructure Research,
Waterloo, Canada, pp.361-369.
[7] MWRI, January (2005),"National Water
Resources Plan for
Egypt".http://ocid.nacse.org/rewab/docs/Nat
ional_Water_Resources_Plan_2017_en.pdf,
Accessed in Feb. 2013.
[8] Tran, D., H., (2007), "Investigation of
Deterioration Models for Sewer Pipe
systems", PhD. Thesis, Victoria University.
[9] Wirahadikusumah, R., Abraham, D., and
Iseley, T. (2001).“Challenging issues in
modeling deterioration of combined
sewers.” Journal of Infrastructure Systems,
Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 77-84.
[10] World Bank (2005).“Social Analysis
Guidelines in Natural Resource
Management",http://siteresources.worldbank
.org/INTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT
/Resources/FINAL_NRM_Guidance_Note_
web.pdf, Accessed in June. 2013.
[11] Wang, F., Zhang, z, and Machmehl, R.
(2003).“Decision Making Problem for
Managing and Rehabilitation Projects.”82nd
meeting of the Transportation Reasearch
Board.
[12] WRC, (1983), Sewerage Rehabilitation
Manual, Water Research Center, UK,
London.
[13] WRC.(1994) Sewerage Rehabilitation
Manual, Second Edition, Water Research
Centre, U.K.
[14] WSAA, (2002), Sewer Inspection Reporting
Code of Australia, Water Service
Association of Australia (WSAA),
Melbourne.

1844 | P a g e

View publication stats