Limit State Design of

Reinforced Concrete Beam

Limit State in Flexure: Brittle & Ductile Failure

Fracture

Fracture
stress

strain
Limit State in Flexure: Brittle & Ductile Failure

 Balanced Section
Concrete and steel reach their respective limit
state simultaneously.
Concrete and steel fail at the same time.

 Under-reinforced Section
Steel reach its limit state first. Ductile failure.

 Over-reinforced Section
Concrete reach its limit state first. Brittle failure.
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA (lever arm)
T
0.87 f y
 0.002
Ast Es
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA (lever arm)
T
0.87 f y
 0.002
Ast Es

0.002 xu 4
x2   xu
0.0035 7
3
x1  xu  x2  xu
7
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA (lever arm)
T
0.87 f y
 0.002
Ast Es
3 xu
0.002 xu 4 C1  0.446 f ck  b   0.191 f ck bxu
x2   xu 7
0.0035 7
3 4 xu 2
x1  xu  x2  xu C2  0.446 f ck  b    0.170 f ck bxu
7 7 3
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA (lever arm)
T
0.87 f y
 0.002
Ast Es
3 xu
0.002 xu 4 C1  0.446 f ck  b   0.191 f ck bxu
x2   xu 7
0.0035 7
3 4 xu 2
x1  xu  x2  xu C2  0.446 f ck  b    0.170 f ck bxu
7 7 3

Total Compression C  C1  C2  0.36 f ck bxu a  0.416 xu

Total Tension T  (0.87 f y )  Ast

Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
D NA d–a
T Lever arm
0.87 f y
 0.002
Ast Es
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
D NA d–a
T
0.87 f y
 0.002
Ast Es

Compatibility Equation
xu 0.0035

d  xu 0.002  0.87 f y / Es
fy (E = 200GPa) xu /d
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
D NA d–a
T
0.87 f y
 0.002
Ast Es

Compatibility Equation Equilibrium Condition: T = C

xu 0.0035 0.87 f y Ast  0.36 f ck xu b

d  xu 0.002  0.87 f y / Es
A 0.36 f ck xu Ast
 st  pt  100
fy (E = 200GPa) xu /d bd 0.87 f y d bd
250 0.53
415 0.48  fy  xu
 pt    41.38
500 0.46  f ck  d
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA

T
0.87 f y
 0.002
Ast Es

C  0.36 f ck xu b

T  (0.87 f y ) Ast

 fy  xu
pt    41.38
 f ck  d

a  0.416 xu
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA

T
0.87 f y
 0.002
Ast Es Moment of Resistance
M u  C  d  a   T  d  a 
C  0.36 f ck xu b
Mu xu xu
 0.36 f ck (1  0.416 )
T  (0.87 f y ) Ast bd 2 d d
Fy xu /d Mu
 fy  xu
pt    41.38 250 0.53 0.149fckbd2
 f ck  d
415 0.48 0.138fckbd2
a  0.416 xu 500 0.46 0.133fckbd2
Balance, Under-reinforced & Over-reinforced
0.0035
fy xu,lim /d
250 0.53
xu,max xu
415 0.48
500 0.46
s = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002

Over reinforced
s < 0 Balance
Under reinforced

s = 0

s > 0
Limit State in Flexure: Balanced Section
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA

T
0.87 f y
 0.002
Ast Es Moment of Resistance
M u  C  d  a   T  d  a 
C  0.36 f ck xu b
Mu xu xu
 0.36 f ck (1  0.416 )
T  (0.87 f y ) Ast bd 2 d d
Fy Xu,lim /d Mu,lim
 fy  xu
pt    41.38 250 0.53 0.149fckbd2
 f ck  d
415 0.48 0.138fckbd2
a  0.416 xu 500 0.46 0.133fckbd2
Limit State in Flexure: Under-reinforced
b 0.446fck
0.0035
x1 x1 a
0.002 C=C1+C2
xu
d x2 x2
d–a
D NA

T
0.87 f y
 0.002
Ast Es Moment of Resistance
M u  C  d  a   T  d  a 
C  0.36 f ck xu b
Mu xu xu
 0.36 f ck (1  0.416 )
T  (0.87 f y ) Ast bd 2 d d

 fy  xu 1/ 2
pt    41.38 xu  6.68 M u 
 1.2  1.2  
2
 f ck  d
d f bd 2 
 ck 
a  0.416 xu
Limit State in Flexure: Example
(i) Check whether the following sections are under-
reinforced or over-reinforced. (ii) Determine the moment of
resistances. Use M25, Fe415 and effective cover 50mm.

2-12T
2-12T
Holder
2L-8T @ Holder 2L-8T @
bar 400
150c/c bar 300 150c/c
3-20T+2-16T
3-16T

250 300
Design for Shear
Beam in Shear: Diagonal Cracking

Diagonal compression Diagonal tension

Beam in Shear: Dowel Action

Longitudinal reinforcement
enhances shear resistance
Limit State in Shear: Design Shear Strength
Limit State in Shear
Vu
Nominal shear stress v 
d Clause 40.1,
bd
Vu IS456: 2000  c ,max
b Table 20,
IS456: 2000

c
v c No shear reinforcement required
(Minimum to be provided as per Clause 26.5.1.6 IS 456:2000)

v c Shear reinforcement to be designed for ( v   c )

Beam in Shear: Typical Shear Reinforcement
sv sv

(45O)
d

sv sv
d
Number of stirrups cut by a 45O crack line given by, N  d
Sv
Limit State in Shear: Maximum Shear Strength

2 Legged Stirrups (2L) 4 Legged Stirrups (4L)

( v   c )bd  N  (0.87 f y Asv ) 

Asv  2   2 for 2L
4
d 0.87 f y Asv 
N Sv  Asv  4   2 for 4L
Sv b( v   c ) 4
Limit State in Shear
Limit State in Shear: Example
Calculate shear reinforcement (vertical stirrups) needed for a
factored shear force (i) Vu = 200 kN (ii) Vu = 75 kN. Use
M25, Fe415 and effective cover 50mm.

2-12T
Holder
bar 500
3-25T

300