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Electromagnetic Induction

The document discusses Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It begins with an introduction that explains how Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic field can generate an electric current. It then provides the apparatus used, which includes a copper wire, iron rod, magnet and LED. The theory section defines magnetic flux and explains Faraday's law, which states that the induced electromotive force in a closed circuit is equal to the negative rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. It concludes that Faraday's law has many applications and profoundly impacts our daily lives.

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ANURAG SINGH
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128 views16 pages

Electromagnetic Induction

The document discusses Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It begins with an introduction that explains how Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic field can generate an electric current. It then provides the apparatus used, which includes a copper wire, iron rod, magnet and LED. The theory section defines magnetic flux and explains Faraday's law, which states that the induced electromotive force in a closed circuit is equal to the negative rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. It concludes that Faraday's law has many applications and profoundly impacts our daily lives.

Uploaded by

ANURAG SINGH
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

INDEX:
Aim
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Apparatus
Introduction
Theory
Conclusion
Bibliography
AIM:

To determine the
faraday’s law of
electromagnetic
induction using a copper
wire wound over an iron
rod and a strong magnet
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled
‘ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION’ has been
successfully completed by Anurag Singh of Class XII-A in
partial fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the award
of annual examination of the year 2015-2016.

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express
my gratitude towards our Physics
teacher Mr Pradeep Sharma for his
guidance, support and encouragement
throughout the duration of the
project. Without her motivation and
help the successful completion of this
project would not have been possible.
APPARATUS

1. Insulated copper wire


2. A iron rod
3. A strong magnet and
4. A light emitting diode
(LED)
INTRODUCTION:
F
araday's law of induction is a basic law
of electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic field will
interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive
force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle
of transformers, inductors, and many types
of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently


by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday
was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday
explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines
of force. These equations for electromagnetics are extremely
important since they provide a means to precisely describe how
many natural physical phenomena in our universe arise and behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only
allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also
makes possible a host of technological innovations that define
modern society. Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life
function because of the principles behind Faraday’s Law. From
natural phenomena such as the light we receive from the sun, to
technologies that improve our quality of life such as electric power
generation, Faraday’s Law has a great impact on many aspects of
our lives.

Faraday’s Law is the result of the experiments of the English


chemist and physicist Michael Faraday . The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually discovered simultaneously in
1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph Henry, an American scientist
working in New York , but Faraday is credited for the law since he
published his work first . An important aspect of the equation that
quantifies Faraday’s Law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a
Russian physicist who made his contribution to Faraday’s Law, now
known as Lenz’s Law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an


electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic field.
Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to develop
an understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the related
concept of potentials.

 Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic


induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite
sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a
modern toroidal transformer) to induce current
Figure 1 Faraday's First Experiment

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single


equation describing two different phenomena: the motional
EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire (see Lorentz
force), and the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due
to a changing magnetic field (due to the Maxwell–Faraday
equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his
1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force. In the latter half of part II of
that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical explanation for each
of the two phenomena. A reference to these two aspects of
electromagnetic induction is made in some modern textbooks.
THEORY:
Magnetic flux:

The magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB) through a surface is the


component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and
the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with
a fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that
evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate
the magnetic flux.

 If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through
a surface of vector area S is

where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux


density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the
surface, and θ is the angle between the magnetic field lines and
the normal (perpendicular) to S.

 For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux


through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider
the field to be constant
:
From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and
the fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be
defined as:

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S,


which is denoted ∂S.

LAW:
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:
The induced electromotive force in any closed
circuit is equal to the negative of the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the Maxwell–
Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all circumstances.

When the flux changes—because B changes, or because the wire


loop is moved or deformed, or both—Faraday's law of induction says
that the wire loop acquires an EMF  , defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop (the
unit of EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be
measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit, and
attaching a voltmeter to the leads.

According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

the EMF on a wire loop is:

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic


flux density, magnetic induction), dℓ is an infinitesimal arc
length along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the
wire (along the curve the conincident with the shape of the wire).

The Maxwell–Faraday equation states that a time-varying magnetic


field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-
conservative electric field, and vice-versa. The Maxwell–Faraday
equation is

 where   is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is the electric


field and B(r, t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and time t.

The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell–Faraday


equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything inclassical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with these
equations.  Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point and
used to "prove" the Maxwell–Faraday equation and/or other laws.)
CONCLUSION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is
not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric potential or voltage
to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the shining of
the sun, to the convenience of mobile communications, to electricity
to power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact
Faraday’s Law has on us.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 WIKIPEDIA
 HOW STUFF WORKS
 SCIENCE FOR ALL
EXPERIMENT PHOTOs

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