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Introduction To Structural Design

This document provides an introduction to structural design. It discusses how modern structures are designed based on mechanical concepts, aesthetics, and sustainability. Engineers must consider these factors as well as energy efficiency when analyzing structural mechanics. The preliminary design of high-rise buildings can be simplified as cantilever beams, followed by more detailed stress analysis and material selection. Structural and architectural design are interrelated, considering both the strength and aesthetics of the final building model. The structural design process involves schematic, preliminary, and detailed design phases.

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Kashif Afridi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
258 views

Introduction To Structural Design

This document provides an introduction to structural design. It discusses how modern structures are designed based on mechanical concepts, aesthetics, and sustainability. Engineers must consider these factors as well as energy efficiency when analyzing structural mechanics. The preliminary design of high-rise buildings can be simplified as cantilever beams, followed by more detailed stress analysis and material selection. Structural and architectural design are interrelated, considering both the strength and aesthetics of the final building model. The structural design process involves schematic, preliminary, and detailed design phases.

Uploaded by

Kashif Afridi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Structural Design

Assignment 1

Modern Structures are built on the design criteria which include


mechanical concepts, aesthetics and sustainable development and they
are interrelated and at the same time, independent of one another.
Modern high-rise buildings should be environmentally friendly and
meet energy conservation requirements. Therefore, Engineers need to
take into account these things while doing the analysis of the
mechanics of the structure to present an all-round sustainable model.
It is challenging for the engineers to cope with the growing demand of
skyscrapers but if fundamental mechanical properties are followed,
optimum design can be selected from the preliminary ones. When
structural engineers design high rise buildings, it could be simplified as
cantilever beam in the preliminary design. After that, stress analysis
and other estimations can be done based on cost etc. and decision can
be taken as to which material can be used for construction such as
steel, concrete etc.

The process of structural design


In structural engineering, mechanics and aesthetics of the building go
hand in hand so apart from the strength and stability of the structure,
art and design play a key role in the final model. Most of the material
properties in structural design are estimated so approximate analysis is
done.

The Process of Architectural Design


Schematic design: For winning the bid, construction feasibility, costs
are considered. Approval from local administration is required .

Preliminary design: Dimensions of sub structural systems, major


components etc.

Detailed design: Selection of specific materials and


determination of construction technology, and detailed design for
construction

The Application of Structural Concepts


in Architectural Design

Structures are required to provided services such as which should


support horizontal transportation, vertical transportation etc. one such
example for the elevator shafts is the tube in tube structure. The outer
tube is external wall framework comprised of columns and horizontal
beams. The inner tube is the concrete shear wall elevator shaft. Inner
tube is connected to the outer tube through slab on each floor. This has
high strength and stiffness to resist horizontal loads. For power and gas
supply systems, they are integrated in horizontal and vertical pipes.
The Structural Behavior and Design Principles

The structure should not fail under combination of all external loads.
If the structural displacement concerning total potential energy is
assumed as virtual displacement, and the internal strain of structure is
virtual strain the extreme value of total potential energy could be
calculated, and the equilibrium equation of the structure could be
attained.

Dynamic equilibrium of structure and the principle of minimum total


potential energy

When deformation occurs in a structure before even the elastic limit is


reached, instability or local buckling takes place.

Overall Stability of Structure and Stability in Its


Geometric Composition
Overall stability of structure
Structures need to have an effective support from foundation

Stability in geometric composition of the structure geometrically


unstable structures have no resistance in at least one direction which
enables the structure to move without restraint in that specific
direction. If looking at the matrix of overall stiffness matrix of a
geometrically unstable structure, at least one zero elements would
exist among all diagonal elements.

The goals of plastic limit analysis of structure are:


To determine the ultimate bearing capacity of structure
To determine the stress distribution that meets the requirements of
boundary conditions in the limit state of structure
To find out the most probable failure mode.
For determining the ultimate bearing capacity of a structure, lower
bound theorem is used because it provides conditions which prevents
the failure of a structure. Basically, providing a factor of safety.
Another theorem which is the upper bound theorem is avoided
because it proposes sufficient condition for failure which indicates that
the structure will surely fail once such load is imposed
upon the structure.

Instability and Structural Dynamics

Fundamental frequency is usually needed in early schematic design. In


earthquake prone areas the buildings safety is highly unlikely, so strong
resistant systems are used in the buildings such as shear walls and mass
dampers.

Under complex combination of loads, light-weight and thin-walled


structures
(especially spatial structures) are especially prone to local buckling and
overall
instability issues, such as local buckling and overall stability of thin-
walled component
in compressed areas. As for long-span structures, overall buckling is
more
likely to happen. Since the slender components are prone to buckling
failure,
sometimes reinforcement is needed to provide sufficient stiffness,
which keeps the
slenderness ration within a reasonable range and avoid local buckling

Fundamental Principles of Structural Design

The utilization of ductility of structures (it should withstand plastic


deformation under extreme loading conditions)
Joints should be carefully designed to avoid premature failure. Great
care should be taken of joints because they are at important positions
and are crucial for overall structure.

Building more redundancy through static indetermination.

The Loadings Analyses

Vertical dead load


Vertical live load
Vertical snow load

Wind load: Windward side of the building directly bears the wind
pressure while other sides might have wind pressure or wind suction to
bear.
Wind tunnel testing: The shape factor for some structures is not
calculated by design code building so for that wind tunnel testing is
used.
Seismic Load: This load is dynamic, and its magnitude depends on
distance from the epicenter, site conditions, natural vibration period of
the structure and some other factors.

Other Loads and Effects


Temperature effect: Due to changes in temperature, expansion and
contraction of material can occur especially in concrete when cracks
develop. Expansion joints and construction seams can reduce the
temperature induced internal stress.

Differential settlement

The Acting Loads and the Structural Deformation


Response.
Wind load or seismic load shall not be combined with 100 % vertical live
load but with 50 % vertical live load in general. Lateral displacement
induced by
wind or seismic load is much greater than that generated by dead load
and live load. Because of these two loads, large lateral displacements
occur due to which stresses are generated in a structure and that
causes the failure of the structure.

Kashif Afridi
115205075

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