Smart Grid 2019-20

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

The Smart Grid is a combination of hardware, management and reporting

software, built atop an intelligent communications infrastructure. In the
world of the Smart Grid, consumers and utility companies alike have tools
to manage, monitor and respond to energy issues.

The flow of electricity from utility to consumer becomes a two-way

conversation, saving consumers money, energy, delivering more
transparency in terms of end-user use, and reducing carbon emissions.

Modernization of the electricity delivery system so that it monitors,

protects and automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected
elements - from the central and distributed generator through the high-
voltage network and distribution system, to industrial users and building
automation systems, to energy storage installations and to end-use
consumers and their thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances and other
household devices.The Smart Grid in large, sits at the intersection of
Energy, IT and Telecommunication Technologies.

"Smart Grid"

There are many smart grid definitions, some functional, some technological,
and some benefits-oriented. The term smart grid to describe an electric
grid, has been in use since at least October 1997, when the article Grids get
smart protection and control, by Khoi Vu, Miroslav M. Begovic, and Damir
Novosel, was published in the journal "IEEE Computer Applications in
Power". A common element to most definitions is the application
of digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data
flow and information management central to the smart grid.

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Various capabilities result from the deeply integrated use of digital

technology with power grids, and integration of the new grid information
flows into utility processes and systems is one of the key issues in the
design of smart grids. Electric utilities now find themselves making
three classes of transformations: improvement of infrastructure, called
the strong grid in China; addition of the digital layer, which is the
essence of the smart grid; and business process transformation,
necessary to capitalize on the investments in smart technology. Much of
the modernization work that has been going on in electric grid
modernization, especially substation and distribution automation, is now
included in the general concept of the smart grid, but additional
capabilities are evolving as well.

Why is it important?

Smart Grid refers to an improved electricity supply chain that runs from a major power
plant all the way inside your home. In short, there are thousands of power plants
throughout the United States that generate electricity using wind energy, nuclear energy,
coal, hydro, natural gas, and a variety of other resources.These generating stations
produce electricity at a certain electrical voltage.This voltage is then “stepped-up”
(increased) to very high voltages, such as 500,000 volts, to increase the efficiency of
power transmission over long distances.

Once this electrical power gets near your town or city, the electrical voltage is “stepped-
down” (decreased) in a utility substation to a lower voltage for distribution around your
town or city. As this electrical power gets closer to your home, it is stepped-down by
another transformer to the voltage you use in your home. This power enters your home
through your electrical meter. The voltage in your home is typically 110-120 volts for
most appliances, but may also be 220-240 volts for an electric range, clothes dryer, or air
conditioner.

In many areas of the United States, the electricity delivery system described above is
getting old and worn out. In addition, population growth in some areas has caused the
entire transmission system to be over used and fragile. At the same time, you have
probably added more electronic devices to your home, such as computers, high-definition
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TV’s, microwave ovens, wireless telephones, and even electronic controls on
refrigerators, ovens, and dishwashers.

These new appliances are more sensitive to variations in electric voltage than old
appliances, motors, and incandescent light bulbs. Unfortunately, the entire electrical grid
is becoming more fragile at the same time the appliances in your home are getting more
sensitive to electrical variations. In short, the reliability of electrical power in the United
States will decline unless we do something about it now.

Adding new transmission lines will help the utilities get more power from the power
plants to your home. However, many communities don’t want new power lines in their
areas. In addition, adding new capacity, although needed, will not increase the reliability
of all the old electrical equipment reaching the end of its useful life. What is needed is a
new approach that significantly increases the efficiency of the entire electrical delivery
system. This approach will not only increase reliability, but will also reduce energy in the
delivery process and thereby reduce greenhouse house emissions. We call this new
approach Smart Grid.

The basic concept of Smart Grid is to add monitoring, analysis, control, and
communication capabilities to the national electrical delivery system to maximize the
throughput of the system while reducing the energy consumption. The Smart Grid will
allow utilities to move electricity around the system as efficiency and economically as
possible. It will also allow the homeowner and business to useelectricity as economically
as possible. You may want to keep your house set at 75 degrees F in the summer time
when prices are low, but you may be willing to increase your thermostat to 78 degrees F
if prices are high. Similarly, you may want to dry your clothes for 5 cents per kilowatt-
hour at 9:00 pm in stead of 15 cents per kilowatt-hour at 2:00 pm in the afternoon. You
will have the choice and flexibility to manage your electrical use while minimizing your
costs.

Smart Grid builds on many of the technologies already used by electric utilities but adds
communication and control capabilities that will optimize the operation of the entire
electrical grid. Smart Grid is also positioned to take advantage of new technologies, such
as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, various forms of distributed generation, solar energy,
smart metering, lighting management systems, distribution automation, and many more.
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Features of the Smart Grid:

Reliability: The smart grid will make use of technologies, such as state estimation, that
improve fault detection and allow self-healing of the network without the intervention of
technicians. This will ensure more reliable supply of electricity, and reduced vulnerability
to natural disasters or attack.

Although multiple routes are touted as a feature of the smart grid, the old grid also
featured multiple routes. Initial power lines in the grid were built using a radial model,
later connectivity was guaranteed via multiple routes, referred to as a network structure.
However, this created a new problem: if the current flow or related effects across the
network exceed the limits of any particular network element, it could fail, and the current
would be shunted to other network elements, which eventually may fail also, causing a
domino effect. See power outage. A technique to prevent this is load shedding by rolling
blackout or voltage reduction (brownout).

Flexibility in network topology: Next-generation transmission and distribution

infrastructure will be better able to handle possible bi-direction energy flows, allowing for
distributed generation such as from photo-voltaic panels on building roofs, but also the
use of fuel cells, charging to/from the batteries of electric cars, wind turbines, pumped
hydroelectric power, and other sources. Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of
electricity, but if a local sub-network generates more power than it is consuming, the
reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues. A smart grid aims to manage these
situations.

Efficiency: Numerous contributions to overall improvement of the efficiency of energy

infrastructure are anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technology, in particular
including demand-side management, for example turning off air conditioners during
short-term spikes in electricity price, reducing the voltage when possible on distribution
lines through Voltage/VAR Optimization (VVO), eliminating truck-rolls for meter
reading, and reducing truck-rolls by improved outage management using data from
Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems. The overall effect is less redundancy in
transmission and distribution lines, and greater utilization of generators, leading to lower
power prices.

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Load adjustment/Load balancing: The total load connected to the power grid can vary
significantly over time. Although the total load is the sum of many individual choices of
the clients, the overall load is not a stable, slow varying, increment of the load if a popular
television program starts and millions of televisions will draw current instantly.
Traditionally, to respond to a rapid increase in power consumption, faster than the start-
up time of a large generator, some spare generators are put on a dissipative standby
mode . A smart grid may warn all individual television sets, or another larger customer, to
reduce the load temporarily (to allow time to start up a larger generator) or continuously
(in the case of limited resources). Using mathematical prediction algorithms it is possible
to predict how many standby generators need to be used, to reach a certain failure rate. In
the traditional grid, the failure rate can only be reduced at the cost of more standby
generators. In a smart grid, the load reduction by even a small portion of the clients may
eliminate the problem.

Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricing :To reduce demand during the high cost
peak usage periods, communications and metering technologies inform smart devices in
the home and business when energy demand is high and track how much electricity is
used and when it is used. It also gives utility companies the ability to reduce consumption
by communicating to devices directly in order to prevent system overloads. Examples
would be a utility reducing the usage of a group of electric vehicle charging stations or
shifting temperature set points of air conditioners in a city.

Sustainability: The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of
highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even
without the addition of energy storage. Current network infrastructure is not built to allow
for many distributed feed-in points, and typically even if some feed-in is allowed at the
local (distribution) level, the transmission-level infrastructure cannot accommodate it.
Rapid fluctuations in distributed generation, such as due to cloudy or gusty weather,
present significant challenges to power engineers who need to ensure stable power levels
through varying the output of the more controllable generators such as gas turbines and
hydroelectric generators. Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large
amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.

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Market-enabling: The smart grid allows for systematic communication between suppliers
(their energy price) and consumers (their willingness-to-pay), and permits both the
suppliers and the consumers to be more flexible and sophisticated in their operational
strategies. Only the critical loads will need to pay the peak energy prices, and consumers
will be able to be more strategic in when they use energy. Generators with greater
flexibility will be able to sell energy strategically for maximum profit, whereas inflexible
generators such as base-load steam turbines and wind turbines will receive a varying tariff
based on the level of demand and the status of the other generators currently operating.
The overall effect is a signal that awards energy efficiency, and energy consumption that
is sensitive to the time-varying limitations of the supply. At the domestic level, appliances
with a degree of energy storage or thermal mass (such as refrigerators, heat banks, and
heat pumps) will be well placed to 'play' the market and seek to minimise energy cost by
adapting demand to the lower-cost energy support periods. This is an extension of the
dual-tariff energy pricing mentioned above.

Platform for advanced services: As with other industries, use of robust two-way
communications, advanced sensors, and distributed computing technology will improve
the efficiency, reliability and safety of power delivery and use. It also opens up the
potential for entirely new services or improvements on existing ones, such as fire
monitoring and alarms that can shut off power, make phone calls to emergency services,
etc.

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Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Jesus A.Cardenasa ,LeopoldoGemoetsa, Jose Ablanedo, Robert Sarfib

Journal of Cleaner Production
Volume 65, 15 February 2014, Pages 202-216

Many different technologies have been growing under the umbrella of Smart Grids,
which can be split into three major blocks: generation, transmission, and distribution.
Generation and transmission have been evolving and improving as they have been under
the control of utility companies, but distribution has been lagging behind on some of
these improvements, due to the number of stakeholders involved in the process. With the
integration of information and communication technology into the electricity distribution,
there has been a spike in research and other studies to prepare for the future. In this paper,
we analyzed all papers related to the topics of Smart Grids and Distribution. Because of
the novelty of the concept, the results validate the expectation of an empirical approach in
papers using case studies to simulate or conduct pilot runs of the technologies before their
massive implementations. Strategies are mostly driven by the USA, while other countries
are focusing on quality improvements of the already strategized initiatives with an
efficiency-related goal in mind. Consumer participation is going to play a key role in the
near future as it requires developing a new business model with the inclusion of self-
generation and selling-back of excess capacity to the utility company.

International Conference on Smart Electric Grid by Jyothilal Nayak

Bharothu, Meenakshi Sridhar, R. Srinivasa Rao dated 15th September 2014:

The Smart Grid can be known as an electric system that uses information, two-way,
cyber-secure communication technologies, and computational intelligence in an
integrated fashion across electricity generation, transmission, substations, distribution and
consumption to achieve a system that is clean, safe, secure, reliable, resilient, efficient,
and sustainable. In this paper, providing a literature survey report on concerned and
facilitating technologies for the Smart Grid. It presenting here with two major systems,
namely the smart infrastructure system and the smart management system. This paper
also proposes possible future guidelines in each system.

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IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials ( Volume: 16 , Issue: 4 , Fourthquarter

2015 ) by Rabab Hassan & Ghadir Radman
The electricity industry is now at the verge of a new era-an era that promises, through the
evolution of the existing electrical grids to smart grids, more efficient and effective power
management, better reliability, reduced production costs, and more environmentally
friendly energy generation. Numerous initiatives across the globe, led by both industry
and academia, reflect the mounting interest around not only the enormous benefits but
also the great risks introduced by this evolution. This paper focuses on issues related to
the security of the smart grid and the smart home, which we present as an integral part of
the smart grid. Based on several scenarios, we aim to present some of the most
representative threats to the smart home/smart grid environment. The threats detected are
categorized according to specific security goals set for the smart home/smart grid
environment, and their impact on the overall system security is evaluated. A review of
contemporary literature is then conducted with the aim of presenting promising security
countermeasures with respect to the identified specific security goals for each presented
scenario. An effort to shed light on open issues and future research directions concludes
this paper.

A survey on smart metering and smart grid communication by Yasin Kabalci

published on May 2016
The smart metering and communication methods used in smart grid are being extensively
studied owing to widespread applications of smart grid. Although the monitoring and
control processes are widely used in industrial systems, the energy management
requirements at both service supplier and consumer side for individuals promoted the
evolution of smart grid. In this paper, it is aimed to disclose in a clear and clean way that
what smart grid is and what kind of communication methods are used. All components of
a smart grid are introduced in a logical way to facilitate the understanding, and
communication methods are presented regarding to their improvements, advantages, and
lacking feature. The developing generation, transmission, distribution and customer
appliances are surveyed in terms of smart grid integration. 

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Chapter 3

PROPOSED SYSYTEM

3.1 Software Requirements

Keil compiler, Language: Embedded C or Assembly

3.2 Hardware Requirements

Pre programmed Micro controller (AT89C51/S52), Energy Meter, Max232,

Resistors, GSM module, LCD (16×2), LED, Crystal Oscillator, Capacitors, Diodes,
Transformer, Regulator, and Load.

3.3 Block Diagram

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Smart Energy Meter IoT-based Energy Meter

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Power Supply Block

This is basic block in every electrical and electronics projects circuit, which is used for
providing the required power to the microcontroller and other components in the circuit.
Generally, this power supply block consists of step-down transformer, bridge rectifier,
and IC 7805 voltage regulator. Thus, the required 5V DC power supply is given to the
microcontroller.

Microcontroller Block

The microcontroller block can be considered as the main block of the entire circuit, as it
is programmed to control all the components to perform the desired operation. Here,
in this project microcontroller of 8051 family is used and programmed using Keil
software. The energy meter is interfaced with the microcontroller using an interfacing
device or middle wire device namely Opto-isolator. Similarly, GMS modem is interfaced
with a microcontroller using an interfacing device called as MAX232 and DB9 connector.

The microcontroller takes this reading and displays it on an LCD duly interfaced to the
microcontroller. This reading of the energy meter is also sent to a GSM modem being fed
by the microcontroller via level shifter IC and RS232 link. A SIM used in the modem
being internet enabled transmits the data directly to a dedicated web page for display or to
the customer mobile phone, anywhere in the world in multi-level graphical format.

Relays and Loads Block

Relays are interfaced with microcontroller using relay driver. The loads are connected
between the relays and energy meter, such that loads are given a 230V AC power supply
for their operation. This 230V AC power supply is given to operate the loads until the
relays are switched by the user by sending SMS from the registered mobile number to the
GSM modem to turn off the loads. Primarily, we need to register the authorized person
mobile number with the wireless electricity consumption meter. This, registered mobile

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number can only have access or authority to regulate the loads and monitor the wireless
energy meter system.

The microcontroller is programmed to give control commands to the relay driver such
that to switch on or off the relays. By using registered mobile number, we can send
appropriate commands to the GSM modem as per requirement, which are further used to
switch on or off the loads using relays through relay driver. Thus, same information
regarding the status of the GSM modem communication with energy meter, the status of
the load whether it is on or off, the energy consumed by the loads, SMS sent to the GSM
modem, the mobile number registered with the GSM modem will be displayed on
the LCD display connected in the circuit.

In this wireless energy meter, GSM modem SIM sends message to the registered mobile
number (user mobile number has to be registered to get the electricity bill via SMS) for
every regular time interval. Thus, we can check electricity bill in our registered mobile
itself by staying anywhere (even though we are far away from residential areas).

The wireless electricity consumption meter reduces the manpower for electricity billing to
each and every home or office. This wireless meter system facilitates the user to check the
electricity bill over regular intervals based on the requirement. By using this
microcontroller based wireless energy meter we can check and pay our electricity bills
online from anywhere (even we can get reminded about electricity bills via SMS), so that
we can pay bills and avoid the electric power supply disconnections.

With the advancement in technology, most advanced types of electricity consumption

meters are being designed and used for various applications. These advanced types of
electricity consumption meters include prepaid energy meters which are almost similar to
prepaid mobile phones we use in our daily life. These prepaid meters are used for paying
the electricity bill in advance; based on the prepaid amount the electricity is supplied.
After the completion of the prepaid amount, the electricity supply is automatically
stopped until furthermore, money is paid for reactivating the power supply.

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Chapter 4

METHODOLOGY

SYSTEM CHARACTERSICS & DESCRPITION

Fig 4.1 Smart Grid System

A smart grid system is a self-sufficient electricity network system based on digital

automation technology for monitoring, control, and analysis within the supply chain. This
system can find the solution to the problems very quickly in an existed system that can
reduce the workforce and it will targets sustainable, reliable, safe and quality electricity to
all consumers.

4.1 Smart Grid Components

To achieve a modernized smart grid, a wide range of technologies should be developed
and must be implemented. These technologies generally grouped into following key
technology areas as discussed below.

4.1.1 Intelligent Appliances: Intelligent appliances have capable of deciding when to

consume energy based on customer pre-set preferences. This can lead to going away
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along toward reducing peak loads which have an impact on electricity generation costs.
For example, smart sensors, like temperature sensor which is used in thermal stations to
control the boiler temperature based on predefined temperature levels.

4.1.2 Smart Power Meters: The smart meters provide two-way communication between
power providers and the end user consumers to automate billing data collections, detect
device failures and dispatch repair crews to the exact location much faster.

Fig 4.2 Smart Power Meter

4.1.3 Smart Substations: substations are included monitoring and control non-critical

and critical operational data such as power status, power factor performance, breaker,
security, transformer status, etc. substations are used to transform voltage at several times
in many locations, that providing safe and reliable delivery of energy. Smart substations
are also necessary for splitting the path of electricity flow into many directions.
Substations require large and very expensive equipment to operate, including
transformers, switches, capacitor banks, circuit breakers, a network protected relays and
several others.

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Fig 4.3 Smart Substation

4.1.4 Super Conducting Cables: These are used to provide long distance power
transmission, and automated monitoring and analysis tools capable of detecting faults
itself or even predicting cable and failures based on real-time data weather, and the
outage history.

Fig 4.4 Super Conducting Cables

4.1.5 Integrated communications: The key to a smart grid technology is integrated

communications. It must be as fast as enough to real-time needs of the system. Depending
upon the need, Many different technologies are used in smart grid communication
like Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), wireless, cellular, SCADA (Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition), and BPL.Key Considerations for Integrated
Communication.

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Fig 4.5 Integrated Communication System

Key Considerations for Integrated Communication

 Ease of deployment
 Latency
 Standards
 Data carrying capacity
 Secure
 Network coverage capability

Table 4.1 :Key Considerations for Integrated Communication

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Phasor Measurement Units (PMU): This is used to measure the electrical waves on an

electricity grid using a common time source for synchronization. The time synchronizer
allows synchronized real-time measurements of multiple remote measurement points on
the grid.

Necessity of Smart Grid

Smart Grid refers to an improved electricity supply chain that runs from a major power
plant all the way inside your home. In short, there are thousands of power plants
throughout the United States that generate electricity using wind energy, nuclear energy,
coal, hydro, natural gas, and a variety of other resources.These generating stations
produce electricity at a certain electrical voltage.This voltage is then “stepped-up”
(increased) to very high voltages, such as 500,000 volts, to increase the efficiency of
power transmission over long distances.

Once this electrical power gets near your town or city, the electrical voltage is “stepped-
down” (decreased) in a utility substation to a lower voltage for distribution around your
town or city. As this electrical power gets closer to your home, it is stepped-down by
another transformer to the voltage you use in your home. This power enters your home
through your electrical meter. The voltage in your home is typically 110-120 volts for
most appliances, but may also be 220-240 volts for an electric range, clothes dryer, or air
conditioner.

In many areas of the United States, the electricity delivery system described above is
getting old and worn out. In addition, population growth in some areas has caused the
entire transmission system to be over used and fragile. At the same time, you have
probably added more electronic devices to your home, such as computers, high-definition
TV’s, microwave ovens, wireless telephones, and even electronic controls on
refrigerators, ovens, and dishwashers.

These new appliances are more sensitive to variations in electric voltage than old
appliances, motors, and incandescent light bulbs. Unfortunately, the entire electrical grid
is becoming more fragile at the same time the appliances in your home are getting more
sensitive to electrical variations. In short, the reliability of electrical power in the United
States will decline unless we do something about it now.

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Smart Grid 2019-20
Adding new transmission lines will help the utilities get more power from the power
plants to your home. However, many communities don’t want new power lines in their
areas. In addition, adding new capacity, although needed, will not increase the reliability
of all the old electrical equipment reaching the end of its useful life. What is needed is a
new approach that significantly increases the efficiency of the entire electrical delivery
system. This approach will not only increase reliability, but will also reduce energy in the
delivery process and thereby reduce greenhouse house emissions. We call this new
approach Smart Grid.

The basic concept of Smart Grid is to add monitoring, analysis, control, and
communication capabilities to the national electrical delivery system to maximize the
throughput of the system while reducing the energy consumption. The Smart Grid will
allow utilities to move electricity around the system as efficiency and economically as
possible. It will also allow the homeowner and business to useelectricity as economically
as possible. You may want to keep your house set at 75 degrees F in the summer time
when prices are low, but you may be willing to increase your thermostat to 78 degrees F
if prices are high. Similarly, you may want to dry your clothes for 5 cents per kilowatt-
hour at 9:00 pm in stead of 15 cents per kilowatt-hour at 2:00 pm in the afternoon. You
will have the choice and flexibility to manage your electrical use while minimizing your
costs.

Smart Grid builds on many of the technologies already used by electric utilities but adds
communication and control capabilities that will optimize the operation of the entire
electrical grid. Smart Grid is also positioned to take advantage of new technologies, such
as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, various forms of distributed generation, solar energy,
smart metering, lighting management systems, distribution automation, and many more.

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Chapter 5

APPLICALTIONS, ADVANTAGES &

DISADVANTAGES

5.1 APPICATIONS

Smart grid plays an important role in modern smart technologies. Following are the most
common applications of smart grid technology.

Future Applications and Services              Real Time Market

Business and customer care Application data flow to/ from end-user energy
management systems

Smart charging of PHEVs and V2G Application data flow for PHEVs

Distributed generation and storage Monitoring of distributed assets

Grid optimization Self-healing grid: fault protection, outage

  management, dynamic control of voltage,
weather data integration, centralized capacitor
bank control, distribution and substation
automation, advanced sensing, automated
feeder reconfiguration.

  Advanced demand maintenance and demand

Demand response response, load forecasting, and shifting.

AMI (Advanced metering infrastructure) Provides remote meter reading, theft detection,
customer prepay, mobile workforce
management

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5.2 ADVANTAGES

 Integrate isolated technologies: smart grid enables better energy management

 Protective management of electrical network during emergency situation
 Better demand, supply/ demand response
 Better power quality
 Reduce carbon emissions
 Increased demand for energy: Requires more complex and critical solutions
 Renewable Integration
 Economic Development : The manufacture, installation, operation and maintenance of
the smart grid and its components will create new jobs within the state.
 Innovation: Smart grid innovation will enable the growth of business while
 Lower Costs: Costs rise over time and energy is no exception, but the smart grid should
provide less costly energy than otherwise would be possible. As such, it will save
customers money which can be invested or consumed as they choose.
 Higher Customer Satisfaction: The combination of lower costs, improved reliability
and better customer control will raise satisfaction among all types of
customers.Improved Reliability: Smart grid will reduce and shorten outages and
improve the quality of power.
 Customer Energy/Cost Savings: As pricing becomes more transparent and is aligned
with the underlying economics of generation and distribution, customers’ decisions to
save money will benefit society as well.

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5.3 DISADVANTAGES

 Privacy Problems The biggest concern is Security in a smart grid system. Grid
system uses some smart meters, which are automated and provides communication
between power provider and customer. Here some type of the smart meters can be
easily hacked and they may control the power supply of a single building or an entire
neighborhood.

 Grid Volatility Smart Grid network has much intelligence at its edges; that is, at the
entry point and at the end user’s meter. But the grid has insufficient intelligence in
the middle, governing the switching functions. This lack of integrated development
makes the grid a volatile network. Engineering resources have been poured into
power generation and consumer energy consumption, which are the edges of the
network. However, if too many nodes are added to the network before developing the
software intelligence to control it, the conditions will lead to a volatile smart grid.

 Various technology components: - software, the power generators, system

integrators, etc.

 Expensive in terms of installation.

 Various technology components like hardware & software integration which is

complicated

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Chapter 6

CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION

Smart Grid is a concept designed to provide electricity in more efficient way by better
allocating electricity according to consumer’s wants. It integrated multiple energy sources
and avoid over-generation as well. In foreign countries, namely the UK and USA, started
to implement as they see it as a solution of energy and environment pressure in their own
country.

By analyzing arguments for and against Smart Grid deployment, we concluded that
Smart Grid is worth doing because of the benefits of energy saving, positive
environmental impact and long-term economic outcome. Yet, we also discovered the
drawbacks of huge expenses in short-term and the difficulties of lack of funding, public
support, problem of privacy and effectiveness. Hence, suggestion on
government,companies and citizen levels to settle the foreseeable problem to help the
successful implementation of Smart Grid.

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6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

If we do nothing, environmental studies show that U.S. carbon emissions are expected to
rise from 1700 million tons of carbon per year today to 2300 million tons of carbon by the
year 2030.21 If we commit to the Smart Grid, the same studies show that utilities, through
implementation of energy efficiency programs and use of renewable energy sources,
could not only displace that growth, but actually have the opportunity to reduce the
carbon output to below 1,000 million tons of carbon by 2030. If we do not bring together
stakeholders with leadership from policymakers, we are choosing to stay the course with
our current grid in a world of increasingly diminishing resources. If we enable consumers
to become part of the solution via Smart Grid two-way communication, they will be able
to take action to lessen strains on the grid, exercise their environmental stewardship, save
money – or all three. If we do nothing, renewable sources of energy like wind and solar
remain marginal at best. If we integrate them within the Smart Grid and reinforce them
with energy storage solutions, they can genuinely help our states reach their renewable-
portfolio standards goals. Finally, if we approach issues of reliability, affordability,
energy independence and grid security piecemeal, piecemeal solutions are all we will get.
Only the organizing principle of the Smart Grid enables us to approach this matrix of
complex issues all at once.

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Chapter 7

REFERENCES

[1] Sinha, A.; Neogi, S.; Lahiri, R.N.; Chowdhury, S.; Chowdhury, S.P.; Chakraborty, N.;
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[2] “The Green Grid: Energy Savings and Carbon Emission Reductions Enabled by a
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[3] V.S.K. Murthy Balijepalli, S.A. Kharparde, R.P. Gupta, Yemula Pradeep, “SmartGrid
Initiatives and Power Market in India” Proc. Of IEEE Power and Energy Society General
Meeting, pp.1-7, Jul. 2010.

[4] Bossart, S.J.; Bean, J.E.; , "Metrics and benefits analysis and challenges for Smart
Grid field projects," Energytech, 2011 IEEE , vol., no., pp.15, 25-26 May 2011.

[5] “Electricity Act ‘2003”, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 2003

[6] Central Electricity Authority, 2010. [Online] Available :

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[7] Ministry of Power, Government of India Website. [Online] Available :

http://powermin.nic.in, Nov. 2009

[8] Pradeep, Y.; Thomas, J.; Sabari, C.L.; Balijepalli, V.S.K.M.; Narasimhan, S.R.;
Khaparde, S.A.; , "Towards usage of CIM in Indian Power Sector," IEEE Power and
Energy Society General Meeting, 2011 , vol., no., pp.1-7, 24-29 July 2011.

[9] Central Electricity Authority, 2010. [Online] Available:

http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/energy_generation_10_11.pdf.

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Smart Grid 2019-20
[10] Raoot, M.G.; Pentayya, P.; Khaparde, S.A.; Usha, S.; , "Complexities in integrating
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[11] Central Electricity Authority, 2010. [Online] Available:

http://www.cea.nic.in/power sec reports/executive summary/2010 08/index.htm.

[12] Power Grid Corporation of Indian Limited, “Unified Load Despatch &
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[13] Y. Pradeep, S. A. Khaparde, and Reji Kumar, “Intelligent Grid Initiatives in India”,
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[14] J. P. Conti, “Let the grid do the thinking,” IET Power Engineer, pp. 34– 37,
April/May 2006.

[15] Balijepalli, V.S.K.M.; Khaparde, S.A.; Gupta, R.P.; , "Towards Indian Smart
Grids" , Proc. Of TENCON 2009 - 2009 IEEE Region 10 Conference , vol., no., pp.1-7,
23-26 Jan. 2009.

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