Management Information

System in Construction Project

Semester Genap 2017/2018

(Project) MIS Definition
is an integrated, user-machine system for
providing information to support operations,
management, and decision-making function in
an organization or project
The system utilizes computer hardware and
software, manual procedures; model for analysis,
planning, control and decision making; and
database
…(keywords)
2
(Project) MIS Definition - Keywords
…providing information
Computer hardware and software
Manual procedures
Model for analysis, planning, control, and DM
A database

Roy - 2012 3
 Systems Development
Systems development: the activity of creating or
modifying existing business systems
A systems development project can be:
Done by people within the company
Outsourced
To improve results of a systems development
project, it is divided into several steps

4
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition
Initiating Systems Development
Problem with existing
system

Desire to exploit new

opportunity

Increasing competition

Perception of a problem System

Desire to make more or potential benefit by
effective use of information individual capable of
development
initiating change process initiated

Organizational growth

Change in market or
external environment

New laws or regulations 5

 SYSTEM INVESTIGATION
Systems (Understand problem)

Development
(continued) SYSTEM ANALYSIS
(Understand solutions )

SYSTEM DESIGN
(Select & plan best solution)

SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION
(Place solution into effect)

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
& REVIEW
(Evaluate results of
solutions)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth 6
Edition
Systems
Development
(continued)
Relationship
between Timing of
Errors and Costs

7
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition
 Systems Investigation & Analysis

Systems investigation: gain a clear

understanding the problem of existing system
(deficiencies) to be solved and opportunities to
are identified
“What is the problem, and is it worth solving?”
Feasibility Study
(Tech., Economic, Legal, Operational, Schedule,)

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Systems Investigation & Analysis

Systems analysis: defines the problems and
opportunities of the existing system
“What must the information system do to solve the
problem?”
(in-depth study of end user information needs that
produces functional requirements)

Functional Requirements
(the information system capabilities)

9
Introduction To Information Systems , 2010
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Systems Design & Implementation

Systems design: how the new system will work
to meet the business needs (functional
requirements) defined during systems analysis

System Specifications

the hardware,
software, people, network, and data
resources, and the information products
that will satisfy the functional
requirements 10
Introduction To Information Systems , 2010
 Systems Design & Implementation

Systems implementation: creating or acquiring

the various system components defined in the
design step, assembling them, and putting the
new system into operation

Operational System
(an installed, operational information system that
meets the business needs for which it was developed
- conversion of data resources, a variety of
conversion alternatives, train the users)
11
Introduction To Information Systems , 2010
 Systems Design & Implementation
Systems implementation…
The four major forms of conversion to a new
system.

12

Introduction To Information Systems , 2010

Systems Maintenance and Review
Systems maintenance and review: check and modify
the system so that it continues to meet changing
business needs
Improved System
(the monitoring,
evaluating and modifying of operational information
system to make desirable or necessary
improvements)

13
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Investi
gation

Mainte
Analysis
nance

SDLC

Implemen
Design
tation
14
 ITERATION 1
SDLC with Prototyping
Determine ITERATION 2
requirements ITERATION 3
Determine (FINAL)
requirements
Determine
Analyze alternatives
requirements

Analyze alternatives

Specify design Analyze alternatives

Specify design

Implement design Specify design

Implement design

User Implement design

Review
User
Review
for projects for which end-user Change-
requirements are hard to define over
15

Introduction To Information Systems , 2010

 Others SD Approaches
1. Rapid application development
2. Agile Software Development Methodology
3. Dynamic System Development Model Methodology
4. Spiral Model
5. Extreme Programing Methodology
6. Feature Driven Development
7. Joint Application Development Methodology
8. Lean Development Methodology
9. Rational Unified Process Methodology
10. Scrum Development Methodology
11. The End-User Systems Development
12. Outsourcing and On-Demand Computing 16

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 Information Specialist

System Analyst Specialist work with users to

develop new system or improve existing systems

Database Administrator Specialist who

responsible for planning, implemented,
operation, and security of data/information

Webmaster responsible for the content and

presentation of the firm’s website, as well as
track people who come to the firm’s webpages
and security of the web system. 17

McLeod, 2007
 Information Specialist
Network specialist responsible for
establishing the data communications network –
combine expertise from the fields of computing
and telecommunications.

Programmers responsible to code computer

program that transform data into information

Operators run the large-scale computing

equipment & monitor the consoles.
18

McLeod, 2007
 Database Systems
Why Learn About Database Systems?

Database: an organized collection of data

Database systems process and organize large
amounts of data
Database is also the foundation of most systems
development projects
Examples:
Project manager can access material data
Director can access past projects and suppliers
performance
19

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 Database Systems
Why Learn About Database Systems?

Database management system (DBMS): group of

programs to manage database
Manipulates database
Provides an interface between database and the user of
the database and other application programs

Without data and the ability to process it, an

organization could not successfully complete most
business activities

To transform data into useful information, it must

first be organized in a meaningful way
20

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 Popular Database Management Systems
Popular DBMSs for end users include Microsoft’s
Access and FileMaker Pro
Complete database management software market
includes:
Software for professional programmers
Databases for midrange, mainframe, and supercomputers
Examples of open-source database systems:
PostgreSQL and MySQL

Many traditional database programs are now

available on open-source operating systems
21

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 Database Applications

Today’s database applications manipulate the

content of a database to produce useful
information

Common manipulations are searching, filtering,

synthesizing, and assimilating the data contained
in a database using a number of database
applications

22
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition
The Hierarchy of Data
Bit (a binary digit): represents a circuit that is either on
or off ( 0 or 1)
Byte: typically made up of eight bits (01000001)
Character: a byte represents a character; the basic
building block of information
Can be an uppercase letter, lowercase letter, numeric digit, or
special symbol

01000001 = A

Field: typically a name, number, or combination of

characters that describes an aspect of a business object
or activity
23
The Hierarchy of Data
Bit and Character Example

24
 The Hierarchy of Data (continued)

Record: collection of related data fields

File: collection of related records
Database: collection of integrated and related
files

Hierarchy of data
Bits, bytes = characters, fields, records, files, and
databases
Roy - 2012 25

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

The Hierarchy of Data (continued)

Some database
software refers to
files as tables

Figure 5.1: The Hierarchy of Data

26
 Spreadsheet as a simple database

Bits, bytes = characters, fields, records,

files/tables, and databases 27
 Overview of Database Types

Flat file
Simple database program whose records have no
relationship to one another
Single user
Only one person can use the database at a time
Examples: Access, FileMaker, and InfoPath
Multiple user
Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access the
same database system at the same time
Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM
28

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys
E,A and K are important database concepts.
Entity: generalized class of people, places, or
things (objects) for which data is collected,
stored, and maintained
Materi
als
..a thing with
distinct and Work
independent Etc. packa
existence ges
Entities
(Oxford
Dict.)

Labo
Tools
rs 29

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys

E,A and K are important database concepts.

Attribute: characteristic of an entity
Data item: specific value of an attribute

Key: field or set of fields in a record that is used

to identify the record
Primary key: field or set of fields that uniquely
identifies the record

30

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys
(continued)

Figure 5.2: Keys and Attributes

31

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 The Database Dev. Approach

Traditional approach to data management:

separate data files are created and stored for
each application program

Database approach to data management: a pool

of related data is shared by multiple application
programs
Offers significant advantages over the traditional file-
based approach
32

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 The Database Approach (continued)

33
Figure 5.3: The Database Approach to Data Management
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition
 The Database Approach (Advantages)
Advantages Explanation
Improved strategic use Accurate, complete, up-to-date data can be made available
of corporate data to decision makers where, when, and in the form
they need it.
Reduced data Data is organized by the DBMS and stored in only one
redundancy location. This results in more efficient use of system
storage space.
Improved data integrity With the traditional approach, some changes to data were
not reflected in all copies of the data kept in
separate files.
Easier modification and The DBMS coordinates data modifications and updates.
updating Programmers and users do not have to know where
the data is physically stored. Data is stored and modified
once. Modification and updating is also easier
because the data is commonly stored in only one location.
Data and program The DBMS organizes the data independently of the
independence application program, so the application program is not
affected by the location or type of data. Introduction of new
data types not relevant to a particular application
does not require rewriting that application to maintain
compatibility with the data file. 34

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 The Database Approach (Advantages)
Advantages Explanation
Better access to data Most DBMSs have software that makes it easy to access
and information and retrieve data from a database. In most cases,
users give simple commands to get important information.
Standardization of data A standardized, uniform approach to database access
access means that all application programs use the same
overall procedures to retrieve data and information.
A framework for Standardized database access procedures can mean more
program development standardization of program development.
Because programs go through the DBMS to gain access to
data in the database, standardized database
access can provide a consistent framework for program
development.
Better overall Accessing and using centrally located data is easier to
protection of the data monitor and control. Security codes and passwords
can ensure that only authorized people have access to
particular data and information in the database, thus
ensuring privacy.
Shared data and The cost of hardware, software, and personnel can be
information resources spread over many applications and users. This is a
primary feature of a DBMS. 35

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 The Database Approach (Disadvantages)
Disadvantages Explanation
More complexity DBMSs can be difficult to set up and
operate. Many decisions must be
made correctly for the DBMS to work
effectively. In addition, users have
to learn new procedures to take full
advantage of a DBMS.
More difficult to With the traditional approach to file
recover from a failure management, a failure of a file
affects only a single program. With a
DBMS, a failure can shut down
the entire database.
More expensive DBMSs can be more expensive to
purchase and operate. The expense
includes the cost of the database and
specialized personnel, such as
a database administrator, who is
needed to design and operate the
database. Additional hardware might
also be required. 36

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 Data Modeling and
the Relational Database Model

When building a database, an organization must

consider:
Content: What data should be collected and at what
cost?
Access: What data should be provided to which users
and when?
Logical structure: How should data be arranged so
that it makes sense to a given user?
Physical organization: Where should data be
physically located?
37

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 Data Modeling
Data modeling is the formalization and
documentation of existing processes and events
that occur during application software design and
development.
Data modeling techniques and tools capture and
translate complex system designs into easily
understood representations of the data flows and
processes, creating a blueprint for construction
and/or re-engineering.
A data model can be thought of as a diagram or
flowchart that illustrates the relationships between
data. 38

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Data Modeling
A data model is a diagram of entities and their
relationships
Data modeling usually involves understanding a
specific business problem and analyzing the data
and information needed to deliver a solution
An entity-relationship diagram is an example of
such a data model

Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams use basic graphical

symbols to show the organization of and
relationships between data
39
 The Relational Database Model

A Simplified ER
Diagram Showing
the Relationship
Between the
Manager,
Department, and
Project Tables

40

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

 Data Modeling (continued)

An Entity-Relationship
(ER) Diagram for a
Customer Order
Database

41
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition
Type of Relationships
(a.k.a. Cardinality relationship)

One-to-one relationship: relates a single record

to a single record in a different table

One-to-many relationship: relates a single record

to multiple records in a different table

Many-to-many relationship: relates multiple

records in a table to multiple records in a
different table
42
 Type of Relationships
One to one
Relationship An Employee
uses a
Employee maximum of
one Workstation
1
Uses

1. People-Passports (Each person has only one passport

1
from a particular country and each passport is intended
for only one person.)

Workstation 2. Country-Flag (Each country has only one flag and each
flag belongs to only one country.)

3. Spousal Relationships (Each person has only one

spouse.)

43

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 Type of Relationships
One to Many
Relationship One Project Manager associated
with each Project, and that each
Project Project Manager may be
Manager
associated with more than one
1 Project
Manages

1. People-Addresses (Each person can live at one

M
address, but each address can house one or more
people.)
Project
2. Owners-Pets (Each pet has one owner, but each
owner can have one or more pets.)

3. Farmer-Equipment (Each piece of farming equipment

is owned by one farmer, but each farmer can own many
pieces of equipment.) 44

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 Type of Relationships
Each book may
Many to Many have one or more
Relationship authors, and each
author may have
Books
written multiple
books
M
1. Doctors-Patients (Each doctor sees many
write patients and each patient sees many doctors)
M
2. Employees-Tasks (Each employee works on
Authors many tasks at a time while each task is being
worked on by one or more employees.)

3. Customers-Products (Each customer can

purchase many products, and each of those
products can be purchased by many different
45
customers.)
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 Type of Relationships
However, in some situations, you also need to be able to
express and store other information about that relationship.
relationship In
these cases, you’ll need to create a third table,
table called a junction
(or join) table
Many to Many
Relationship

Students Two One to Many

Relationships

M Students Classes

take
1 1

M take taken by
Student/
Classes
Classes Junction
M Table M
46

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 Type of Relationships
However, in some situations, you also need to be able to
express and store other information about that relationship.
relationship In
these cases, you’ll need to create a third table,
table called a junction
(or join) table
Many to Many
Relationship Two One to Many
Relationships

Applicants
Applicants Interviewers

M
1 1
talk

M Interviews
junction
Interviewers M table M

47

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 Type of Relationships
However, in some situations, you also need to be able to
express and store other information about that relationship.
relationship In
these cases, you’ll need to create a third table,
table called a junction
(or join) table
Many to Many
Relationship Two One to Many
Relationships

Project
Employee Project

M
1 1
Staffed
Receives Requests
by
M

Assignment
Employee
M M
48

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 The Relational Database Model

The relational model describes data using a standard

tabular format
All data elements are placed in two-dimensional
tables, called relations, that are the logical
equivalent of files.
Organize data in row and columns
Each row of a table represents a data entity
Columns of the table represent attributes/field
Domain: allowable values for data attributes
49

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Manipulating Data in
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Relational Database
After entering data into a relational database, users
can make inquiries and analyze the data.
Basic data manipulations include selecting,
projecting, and joining.
Selecting involves eliminating rows according to certain
criteria.
Projecting involves eliminating columns in a table
Joining involves combining two or more tables.

They must be linked (share at least one common

data attribute) to provide useful information and
50
reports
The Relational Database Model (continued)

51
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition
The Relational Database Model (continued)
Find the name
and hire date
of the manager
working on the
1 sales manual
2 project.

5 52

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition Figure 5.7: Linking Data Tables to Answer an Inquiry