Phonetics Part A Summary

English School UNIVERSIDAD DE PANAMÁ April 19, 2020
PHONETICS
English language | Phonetics | Laboratory
Phonological rules
Whether written or spoken,

they control how sounds
change during vocal
communication (Mingher,
2015). They can explain how a
language sounds and thus, let
us be able to produce its
characteristic sounds.
Remember, not all languages
share all the same sounds, and
even the same language could
be spoken differently,
depending on the culture. A
good example is Spanish from
America and Spain, which
accents are different.
In order to represent the different sounds in a language,
These rules tell us how phonetic symbols play an important role. Even if you don’t
phonemes are produced and know the meaning of a word, if you know how to read these
show us the organs of speech symbols, you are able to pronounce it. The International
involved in such sounds.
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is the set of symbols that most
modern dictionaries use. Those symbols represent (using as a
What is phonetics?
base the Latin and Greek alphabets) phonemes and other
According to Encyclopedia features of the spoken language, such as length, stress, and
Britannica, it is “the study of intonation, among many other.
speech sounds and their
Phonologists have been working for decades in rules to
physiological production and
acoustic qualities”. This describe the possibilities in the production of sounds, in order
definition includes not only the to make more precise predictions of use. This Generative
study of the speech sounds, Theory, is meant to work as sets of formulas to explain how
but how are they produced spoken languages processes work, which - at the same time -
and their quality. Sounds are are formed from the ‘underlying representations’ speakers
usually represented by mentally have of sounds.
phonetic symbols.
Professor Lucy Chau Mingher, Iman. “Phonological Rules”. University of Babylon, 2015. 1
English School UNIVERSIDAD DE PANAMÁ April 19, 2020
Describing criteria for Consonant sounds

Consonant sounds One of the two groups of sounds in the English language is
Consonant sounds. They diﬀerentiate from vocal sounds in the
Voicing air constriction. While vowel sounds will flow air without any
constriction, in these sounds the air will be dosed by the lips (1)
It refers to the vocal cords (3), teeth (5) (6), nose(4) or the tongue (2).
function in the sound. When
the air passes through open
vocal folds, it is a voiceless
sound, but when they vibrate,
it is a voiced sound. You can
feel the vibration if you put
your fingers on your Adam’s
apple.
Place of articulation
Where the constriction of Image from the book Pronunciation Pairs

airfl ow happens. For bilabial
sounds, both lips; for
labiodental sounds, the upper
In order to describe consonant sounds, linguists usually refer to
teeth and the lower lip; them using the voicing, place and manner of articulation criteria.
interdental sounds, with the Which one is a voiceless, bilabial stop? Yes, it is /p/.
tongue between the teeth;
alveolar sounds right behind
the upper front teeth; palatal Articulatory phonetics
sounds, at the roof of the It is a subfield of phonetics that explains how the organs of
mouth or hard palate; velar
speech work together so speech could be produced by human
sounds happen at the soft
beings. It involves the airflow, the movement of some active
palate; and glottal sounds at
the glottis. organs (lips or tongue) and their interaction with rigid ones.
Articulatory phonetics have been a clue to understand this
Manner of amazing instrumental system we have to produce speech.
articulation
It describes how the airflow is

Talking mechanics
constricted in the vocal track.
We h a v e s t o p, f r i c a t i v e , When talking, we use all those muscles and parts of our
affricate, nasal, liquid, glide, face, but the brain will register them as a learning when you
and tap sounds, a rapid
practice sounds. When you learn a sound, the brain helps
movement of the tongue,
you to imitate many features, such as the tone, the length of
which mostly happen in North
American English. Each a sound, articulation and other. As a person learns how to
manner has an explanation in speak in a new language, the brain will work fast, until you
articulatory phonetics. don’t notice all the movements you do to speak.
Professor Lucy Chau 2

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English School UNIVERSIDAD DE PANAMÁ April 19, 2020

Whether written or spoken,

Describing criteria for Consonant sounds

Where the constriction of Image from the book Pronunciation Pairs

It describes how the airflow is

Professor Lucy Chau 2

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