SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

LAB SHEET

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS II

SEE2053/ SEE2113

EXPERIMENT 1 : Logic Gates and their

Applications
(page 1-10)

EXPERIMENT 2 : Flipflops and their Applications

(page 11-17)
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EXPERIMENT : Logic Gates and Their Applications

Objective
The objective of this experiment is to give students handson experience on how to use digital ICs,
and to demonstrate the principles of logic gates and their applications.

There are three different parts in this experiment. You are required to complete all of them:

1. Logic gates
2. Half adder design
3. 2bit full adder design

Preparation
Before starting the experiment, make sure that you have the following equipment and
components.

Equipment
1. DC power supply x1

Components
1. Breadboard x1
2. IC 7408 (quad AND gates) x 1
3. IC 7432 (quad OR gates) x 1
4. IC 7486 (quad XOR gates) x 1
5. 4way DIP switch x1
6. Resistor 1.2 KΩ x4
7. LED x4
8. Resistor 4.7 KΩ x4

Experiment 1A: Logic gates (30 minutes)

This part of the experiment will examine the truth table properties of basic logic gates, e.g. AND
and XOR gates. The symbols and the truth tables of these logic gates are as shown in Fig. 1 and
Table 1, respectively.

Fig. 1 AND and XOR gates

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Table 1: Truth tables

AND Gate XOR Gate

A B Y A B Y
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0

Experiment Procedures
You can find these logic gates in readymade commercial integrated circuits (ICs). They are also
known as chips. Different ICs contain different types of logical functions.

1. TTL IC 7408 contains quad 2input AND gates and

2. TTL IC 7486 contains quad 2input XOR gates

The pin layouts of these two ICs are given in the appendix of this experiment.

Input control
We shall use a 4way DIP switch to control gate inputs.

ON (closed circuit) logic 0

OFF (open circuit) logic 1

Note
Open inputs of TTL ICs behave as logical 1.

Output observation
We shall use LEDs to observe circuit outputs. The actual experimental circuit is shown in Figure
1.2.

Fig. 1.2 Testing basic logic gates

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Construct the circuit using the following steps.

1. Connect two jumper wires from the DC power supply's +5V and GND (ground) points to
two different points on your breadboard. Make sure that the power supply is turned off.
2. Insert ICs 7486 and 7408 on the breadboard.
3. Connect pin no. 7 of both ICs to GND point.
4. Connect pin no. 14 of both ICs to +5V point.
5. Insert a 4way DIP switch on the breadboard.
6. Connect the OFF end of DIP switches to GND point on the board.
7. Connect pin no. 1 of 7486 to switch no. 1.
8. Connect pin no. 2 of 7486 to switch no. 2.
9. Connect pin no. 3 of 7486 to one 1.2 KΩ resistor.
10. Connect pin no. 1 of 7408 to switch no. 3.
11. Connect pin no. 2 of 7408 to switch no. 4.
12. Connect pin no. 3 of 7408 to another 1.2 KΩ resistor.
13. Connect two LEDs with these resistors as shown in Figure 1.2 (the longer leg of the LED is
anode (A) and the shorter one is cathode (K)).
14. Cathodes of both LEDs should be connected to GND point.
15. Verify your connection again. Request your tutor to confirm it.

Now you are ready for the experiment. Turn on the power supply.

Observation
Turn DIP switches ON and OFF following the switching combinations as given in
Table 2. Observe the output LEDs. Verify whether they follow the truth tables or not.

Table 2: Logic gate input/output status observation table

XOR gate input XOR gate AND gate input AND gate
switch status output switch status output
SW1 SW2 LED SW3 SW4 LED
status status
ON(0) ON(0) OFF ON(0) ON(0) OFF
ON(0) OFF(1) ON ON(0) OFF(1) OFF
OFF(1) ON(0) ON OFF(1) ON(0) OFF
OFF(1) OFF(1) OFF OFF(1) OFF(1) ON

This is the end of part A of the experiment.

1. Switch off the power supply
2. Do not open any connection now. Read instructions for experiment 1B.

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Experiment 1B: Application of Logic Gates - Binary Adder

One simple application of logic gates is a binary adder. Its function is to add two binary numbers.
In this experiment, we shall design a 2bit binary adder in the following stages:

1. Design a half adder (Fig. 1.3a)

2. Design a 1bit full adder (Fig. 1.3b)
3. Design 2bit adder by combining the half adder and the 1bit full adder (Fig. 1.3c)

Fig. 1.3 Block diagrams of adders.

1B.1 Design of Half Adder (30 minutes)

A half adder adds two 1bit binary numbers. It has no carry input. The truth table of a half adder is
given in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3: Truth table of half adder
Inputs Outputs

X0 Y0 Carry Sum
C0 S0
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0

Boolean equations of Sum and Carry outputs are as follows:

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Function S0 can be easily implemented using an XOR logic gate and the function C0 can be
implemented using a 2input AND gate. The logic circuit for the half adder is shown in Fig. 1.4.

Fig. 1.4 Half adder logic circuit

Experiment Procedures
The actual circuit for this experiment is shown in Figure 1.5. It is a continuation of the
previous experiment. Proceed with the following steps.
1. Open connection of pin no. 1 of 7408 from switch no. 3. Connect it to switch no. 1
(Consider it as input X 0 ).
2. Open connection of pin no. 2 of 7408 from switch no. 4. Connect it to switch no. 2.
(Consider it as input Y 0 ).
3. Verify your connections. Request your tutor to confirm it.
4. Now you are ready for the experiment. Turn on the power supply.

Your next job is to verify the half adder truth table. Record your observation results in the
attached Table R1.1.

Figure 1.5 1bit half adder

This is the end of part 1 of the experiment 1B.

1. Switch off the power supply
2. Do not open any connection now.

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1B.2 Design of 2bit binary adder (1 hour)

The first step of this part of the experiment is to construct a 1bit full adder. A 1bit full adder has 3
inputs, X, Y and a carry input. Truth table of the 1bit full adder is as shown in Table 1.4.

Table 1.4 Truth table of a 1bit full adder

Inputs Outputs
X1 Y1 C0 Carry Sum
C1 S1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1

Boolean equations of the full adder output functions are as follows:

The 2bit binary adder is constructed by connecting the carry output of the half adder (C0) to the
carry input of this 1bit full adder. The circuit for the 1bit full adder is shown in Fig. 1.6.

Fig. 1.6 1bit full adder.

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Experiment Procedures
Proceed with the following steps:
1. Insert IC 7432 on the breadboard
2. Connect pin 7 of 7432 to GND
3. Connect pin 14 of 7432 to +5v
4. Connect pin 4 of 7486 IC to switch 3
5. Connect pin 5 of 7486 IC to switch 4
6. Connect pin 6 of 7486 IC to its pin 9
7. Connect pin 8 of 7486 IC to a 1.2 KΩ resistor (this is labeled as output S 1 )
8. Connect pin 3 of 7408 IC to pin 10 of 7486 IC
9. Connect pins 5 and 9 of 7408 to pin 5 of 7486
10. Connect pins 3, 10 and 12 of 7408 together
11. Connect pins 4 and 13 of 7408 to pin 4 of 7486
12. Connect pin 6 of 7408 to pin 1 of 7432
13. Connect pin 8 of 7408 to pin 2 of 7432
14. Connect pin 11 of 7408 to pin 5 of 7432
15. Connect pin 3 of 7432 to pin its pin 4
16. Connect pin 6 of 7432 to a resistor and LED pair (this is labeled as output C 1 )

Verify your circuit connections. Consult your tutor for confirmation.

Your complete experiment setup is now a 2bit adder. In this part of the experiment, you will
verify the truth table of the 2bit binary adder.
1. Turn on the power supply.
2. Record your observation results in Table R1.2.

At the end of your experiment,

1. Switch off the DC power supply.
2. Open all the connections
3. Return components to the store and get your form signed.

Summary
In this experiment, you have learned how logic gates function, how to make use of ICs and how a
binary adder functions.

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APPENDIX – Pin layouts

TTL IC 7408 – AND TTL IC 7432 – OR

TTL IC 7486 - XOR

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EXPERIMENT DL1

RESULT SHEET

Detach this page and submit it to your Tutor/Lecturerincharge.

Date: _________________________ Group: _________________________

1. Name: ______________________ Stud. Id.: ________________________
2. Name: ______________________ Stud. Id.: ________________________

Record your experiment results in the following table.

Table R1.1 Result table for the half adder experiment (1B.1)

Input switches Output LED Output LED

C0 S0
SW1 SW2 OFF ON OFF ON
ON(0) ON(0)
ON(0) OFF(1)
OFF(1) ON(0)
OFF(1) OFF(1)

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Table R1.2 Result table for the 2bit full adder experiment (1B.2)

Answer the following Questions:

What are the results of the following binary additions? Verify them with your experimental.
results.

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EXPERIMENT 2: Flipflops and Their Applications

Objective
The objective of this experiment is to introduce students to flipflops and to their applications.

There are three parts in this experiment. You are required to complete all:

1. JK flipflop
2. Ripple binary counter using JK Flipflop
3. Synchronous binary counter using JK Flipflop

Preparation
Before starting the experiment, make sure that you have the following equipment and
components.

Equipment
1. DC power supply x 1
2. Function Generator x 1
3. Oscilloscope x1

Components
1. Breadboard x1
2. IC 7408 (quad AND gates) x1
3. IC 7473 (dual JK flipflops) x2
4. Resistors 1.2 KΩ x4
5. LED x4
6. Push button reset switch x1
7. 4way DIP switch x1
8. Function generator probe x1
9. Resistor 4.7 KΩ x4

Experiment 2A: JK flipflop (30 minutes)

The next outputs of a sequential circuit depend on its inputs as well as

its present state. It has a storage capacity. Flipflops are the basic
building blocks of sequential circuits. Common flipflop types are SR,
D, JK and T. The JK flipflop is regarded as the most versatile one.
Normally, it functions as SR flipflop (J refers to set, K refers to reset).
It can be used to design both D and T flipflops. The Characteristic
table of the JK flipflop is given in Table 2.1.

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Table 2.1 JK flipflop characteristic table

Experiment Procedures
This part of the experiment will examine the functional behavior of JK flipflop. The experiment
setup is shown in Fig 2.2.

1-10Hz

Fig 2.2 JK flipflop test setup

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By now you should be familiar with digital logic experiment procedures. The following
description will be brief.
1. Connect two jumper wires from the DC power supply's +5V (VCC) and GND (ground)
points to two different points on your breadboard. Make sure that the power supply and the
function generator are turned off.
2. Insert one 74S73 IC on the breadboard.
3. Connect pin 4 of 7473 IC to VCC.
4. Connect pin 11 of 7473 IC to GND.
5. Complete the circuit connections as shown in Fig 2.2.
6. Set the function generator to square pulse generation mode.
7. Set the function generator's frequency between 1 and 10 Hz.
8. Connect the function generator probe.
9. Connect the positive line of the probe to pin 1 of IC 7473A.
10. Connect the ground lead (long end) of the probe to the common GND point.
11. Connect oscilloscope channels 1 and 2 as indicated in Fig 2.2.
12. Verify your connections. Request your tutor to confirm it.
13. Now you are ready for the experiment. Turn on the DC power supply.
14. Push the reset button to reset the flipflop. It will turn off the LED.
15. Turn on the function generator and the oscilloscope.

Observation
1. Change the DIP switch settings as indicated in Table 2.2. Verify the output LED status and
compare your observation with Table 2.2. Your observation result should be the same as
indicated in the table. Don't forget to reset before you start.

Table 2.2 Observation result

2. (a) Keep SW1 and SW2 in the OFF(1) state. (b) Connect the clock input and the flipflop
output to oscilloscope channels 1 and 2. (c) Increase the clock frequency to 1KHz. Observe
these two waveforms. Note that the period of the flipflop output is twice the clock input
period. For the report: Draw the waveforms of the clock signal and the output of the flip-flop
in the toggling-mode.

This is the end of this part of the experiment.

1. Switch off the power supply, the function generator and the oscilloscope.
2. Remove the DIP switch from the breadboard.

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Experiment 2B: Application of FlipFlop -- Binary counter (45 minutes)

A binary counter is a kind of sequential circuit. It counts the input pulses appearing at its input.
Counters can be designed in many different ways. Two basic types that will be covered in this
experiment are:

1. Ripple binary counter and

2. Synchronous binary counter

2B.1: Ripple binary counter using JK Flipflop

In a ripple counter, the change of state of each stage occurs after the state change in its previous
stage. Such counters are easy to design. Its main disadvantage is that is a slow counter. Toggle
(T) flipflops are used to design the counter circuit. T flipflops can be easily designed using JK
flipflops by tying its JK inputs together to VCC. Figure 2.3 shows a T flipflop constructed from
JK flipflop.

Fig 2.3 (a) Toggle flipflop and (b) output waveform.

Your experiment will be to construct a 3-bit ripple binary counter. 3-bit counter requires 3T flip-
flops. IC 7473 contains 2 JK flipflop. Therefore, you need two 7473 IC. The circuit for the

Vcc

1-10Hz

experiment is shown in Fig 2.4.

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Fig 2.4 3-bit ripple binary counter

Experiment Procedures
By now you should be familiar with digital logic experiment procedures. The following
description will be brief.
1. Connect two jumper wires from the DC power supply's +5V and GND (ground) points to
two different points on your breadboard. Make sure that the power supply and the function
generator are turned off.
2. Insert two 74S73 ICs (say one of them is A and the other is B) on the bread board.
3. Connect pin 4 of both 7473 ICs to VCC point.
4. Connect pin 11 of both 7473 ICs to GND point.
5. Complete the circuit connections as shown in Fig 2.4.
6. Set the function generator to square pulse generation mode.
7. Set the function generator's frequency between 5 and 8 Hz.
8. Connect the function generator probe.
9. Connect the positive line of the probe to pin 1 of IC 7473A.
10. Connect the ground lead (long end) of the probe to the common GND point.
11. Verify your connection again. Request your tutor to confirm it.
12. Now you are ready for the experiment. Turn on the DC power supply.
13. Push the reset button to reset all the flipflops. It will turn off all the LEDs.
14. Turn on the function generator.

Observation
You should see all the 3 LEDs turning on and off in a binary counting sequence (i.e. 000, 001,
010, ....., 111)

For your report: Draw the waveforms of the clock signal and the outputs of the 3 flip-flops.

This is the end of this part of the experiment.

1. Turn off the power supply unit and the function generator.
2. Do not open any connection.

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2B.2: Synchronous Binary Counter using JK flipflop (1 hour)

A synchronous binary counter's states change synchronously with the clock edge. This counter is
faster than ripple binary counters. All the flipflops in a synchronous binary counter share a
common clock. A 3bit synchronous binary counter circuit is shown in Fig 2.5.

Vcc

Fig 2.5 3bit synchronous binary counter

Experiment Procedures
1. Make sure that the power supply and the function generator are turned off.
2. Insert two 7473 ICs (say one of them is A and the other is B) and one 7408 IC on the bread
board.
3. Connect pin 4 of both 7473 ICs and pin 14 of IC 7408 to VCC point.
4. Connect pin 11 of both 7473 ICs and pin 7 of IC 7408 to GND point.
5. Complete the circuit connections as shown in Fig 2.5.
6. Set the function generator to square pulse generation mode.
7. Set the function generator's frequency between 5 and 8 Hz.
8. Connect the positive line of the probe to pin 1 of IC 7473A.
9. Connect the ground lead (long end) of the probe to the common GND point.
10. Verify your connections. Request your tutor to confirm it.
11. Now you are ready for the experiment. Turn on the DC power supply unit.
12. Push the reset button to reset all the flipflops. It will turn off all the LEDs.
13. Turn on the function generator.

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Observation
You should see all the 3 LEDs turning on and off in a binary counting sequence (i.e. 000, 001,
010, ....., 111)

For your report: Draw the waveforms of the clock signal and the outputs of the 3 flip-flops.

At the end of this experiment,

1. Switch off all the equipment.
2. Open all the connections
3. Return the components to the store and get your form signed.

Summary
In this experiment, you have learned how to design a binary counter, how they work
and how to use a function generator.

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