27. 1. 1.

 Functions

A function is similar to a procedure except that a function must return a value.

You create a function using the CREATE FUNCTION statement.
The simplified syntax for the CREATE FUNCTION statement is as follows:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name
[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
RETURN type
{IS | AS}
BEGIN
  function_body
END function_name;

Where
1. OR REPLACE specifies the function that is to replace an existing function if present.
2. type specifies the PL/SQL type of the parameter.
3. The body of a function must return a value of the PL/SQL type specified in the RETURN clause.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

27. 1. 2. Describe a user-defined function

SQL>
SQL> create table employees(
  2    empno      NUMBER(4)
  3  , ename      VARCHAR2(8)
  4  , init       VARCHAR2(5)
  5  , job        VARCHAR2(8)
  6  , mgr        NUMBER(4)
  7  , bdate      DATE
  8  , msal       NUMBER(6,2)
  9  , comm       NUMBER(6,2)
 10  , deptno     NUMBER(2) ) ;

Table created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> insert into employees values(1,'Jason',  'N',  'TRAINER', 2,   date '1965-12-18',  800 , NULL, 

1 row created.

SQL> insert into employees values(2,'Jerry',  'J',  'SALESREP',3,   date '1966-11-19',  1600, 300,  

1 row created.

SQL> insert into employees values(3,'Jord',   'T' , 'SALESREP',4,   date '1967-10-21',  1700, 500,  

1 row created.

SQL> insert into employees values(4,'Mary',   'J',  'MANAGER', 5,   date '1968-09-22',  1800, NULL, 

1 row created.

SQL> insert into employees values(5,'Joe',    'P',  'SALESREP',6,   date '1969-08-23',  1900, 1400, 

1 row created.

SQL> insert into employees values(6,'Black',  'R',  'MANAGER', 7,   date '1970-07-24',  2000, NULL, 

1 row created.

SQL> insert into employees values(7,'Red',    'A',  'MANAGER', 8,   date '1971-06-25',  2100, NULL, 

1 row created.

SQL> insert into employees values(8,'White',  'S',  'TRAINER', 9,   date '1972-05-26',  2200, NULL, 

1 row created.

SQL> insert into employees values(9,'Yellow', 'C',  'DIRECTOR',10,  date '1973-04-27',  2300, NULL, 

1 row created.

SQL> insert into employees values(10,'Pink',  'J',  'SALESREP',null,date '1974-03-28',  2400, 0,    
1 row created.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> create or replace function emp_count(p_deptno in number)
  2  return number is
  3         cnt number(2) := 0;
  4  begin
  5         select count(*)  into cnt
  6         from   employees e
  7         where  e.deptno = p_deptno;
  8         return (cnt);
  9  end;
 10  /

Function created.

SQL>
SQL> describe emp_count;
FUNCTION emp_count RETURNS NUMBER
 Argument Name                  Type                    In/Out Default?
 ------------------------------ ----------------------- ------ --------
 P_DEPTNO                       NUMBER                  IN

SQL>
SQL> drop table employees;

Table dropped.

27. 1. 3. create or replace FUNCTION iifn(boolean_expression in BOOLEAN,true_number IN

NUMBER,false_number IN NUMBER)

RETURN NUMBER IS
BEGIN
  IF boolean_expression THEN
    RETURN true_number;
  ELSIF NOT boolean_expression THEN
    RETURN false_number;
   ELSE
     RETURN NULL;
   END IF;
 END;
/

27. 1. 4. Storing PL/SQL function in the Database

create [or replace]
function function name (parameters)
return ...
is
 ...
begin
 ...
end;

SQL> create or replace
  2  function getArea (i_rad NUMBER)
  3     return NUMBER
  4  is
  5      v_pi NUMBER:=3.14;
  6  begin
  7     return v_pi * (i_rad ** 2);
  8  end;
  9  /

Function created.

SQL>

27. 1. 6. Creating a Function to deal with business rules

SQL>
7. 1. 8. Calling a Function

You call your own functions as you would call any of the built-in database functions.
SQL>
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION circle_area (p_radius IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER AS
  2    v_pi NUMBER := 3.14;
  3    v_area NUMBER;
  4  BEGIN
  5    v_area := v_pi * POWER(p_radius, 2);
  6    RETURN v_area;
  7  END circle_area;
  8  /

Function created.

SQL>
SQL> select circle_area(12) from dual;

CIRCLE_AREA(12)
---------------
         452.16

27. 1. 9. Calling a Function for a table

SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
  2    ID                 VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)         NOT NULL,
  3    First_Name         VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  4    Last_Name          VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  5    Start_Date         DATE,
  6    End_Date           DATE,
  7    Salary             Number(8,2),
  8    City               VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  9    Description        VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
 10  )
 11  /

Table created.

SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2               values ('01','Jason',    'Martin',  to_date('19960725','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('20060725','YYYYMMDD'), 12
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('02','Alison',   'Mathews', to_date('19760321','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19860221','YYYYMMDD'), 66
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('03','James',    'Smith',   to_date('19781212','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19900315','YYYYMMDD'), 65
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('04','Celia',    'Rice',    to_date('19821024','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19990421','YYYYMMDD'), 23
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('05','Robert',   'Black',   to_date('19840115','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19980808','YYYYMMDD'), 23
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('06','Linda',    'Green',   to_date('19870730','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19960104','YYYYMMDD'), 43
  3  /
1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('07','David',    'Larry',   to_date('19901231','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19980212','YYYYMMDD'), 78
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('08','James',    'Cat',     to_date('19960917','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('20020415','YYYYMMDD'), 12
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
  2  /

ID   FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME  START_DAT END_DATE      SALARY CITY       DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01   Jason      Martin     25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06    1234.56 Toronto    Programmer
02   Alison     Mathews    21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86    6661.78 Vancouver  Tester
03   James      Smith      12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90    6544.78 Vancouver  Tester
04   Celia      Rice       24-OCT-82 21-APR-99    2344.78 Vancouver  Manager
05   Robert     Black      15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98    2334.78 Vancouver  Tester
06   Linda      Green      30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96    4322.78 New York   Tester
07   David      Larry      31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98    7897.78 New York   Manager
08   James      Cat        17-SEP-96 15-APR-02    1232.78 Vancouver  Tester

8 rows selected.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION average_salary RETURN NUMBER AS
  2    v_average_salary NUMBER;
  3  BEGIN
  4    SELECT AVG(salary)
  5    INTO v_average_salary
  6    FROM employee;
  7    RETURN v_average_salary;
  8  END average_salary;
  9  /

Function created.

SQL>
SQL> select average_salary from dual;

AVERAGE_SALARY
--------------
     4071.7525

SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
  2  /

Table dropped.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>

27. 1. 10. Function without parameters

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
  2    ID                 VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)         NOT NULL,
  3    First_Name         VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  4    Last_Name          VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  5    Start_Date         DATE,
  6    End_Date           DATE,
  7    Salary             Number(8,2),
  8    City               VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  9    Description        VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
 10  )
 11  /

Table created.

SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2               values ('01','Jason',    'Martin',  to_date('19960725','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('20060725','YYYYMMDD'), 12
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('02','Alison',   'Mathews', to_date('19760321','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19860221','YYYYMMDD'), 66
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('03','James',    'Smith',   to_date('19781212','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19900315','YYYYMMDD'), 65
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('04','Celia',    'Rice',    to_date('19821024','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19990421','YYYYMMDD'), 23
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('05','Robert',   'Black',   to_date('19840115','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19980808','YYYYMMDD'), 23
  3  /

1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('06','Linda',    'Green',   to_date('19870730','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19960104','YYYYMMDD'), 43
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('07','David',    'Larry',   to_date('19901231','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19980212','YYYYMMDD'), 78
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('08','James',    'Cat',     to_date('19960917','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('20020415','YYYYMMDD'), 12
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
  2  /

ID   FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME  START_DAT END_DATE      SALARY CITY       DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01   Jason      Martin     25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06    1234.56 Toronto    Programmer
02   Alison     Mathews    21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86    6661.78 Vancouver  Tester
03   James      Smith      12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90    6544.78 Vancouver  Tester
04   Celia      Rice       24-OCT-82 21-APR-99    2344.78 Vancouver  Manager
05   Robert     Black      15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98    2334.78 Vancouver  Tester
06   Linda      Green      30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96    4322.78 New York   Tester
07   David      Larry      31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98    7897.78 New York   Manager
08   James      Cat        17-SEP-96 15-APR-02    1232.78 Vancouver  Tester

8 rows selected.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION average_salary RETURN NUMBER AS
  2    v_average_salary NUMBER;
  3  BEGIN
  4    SELECT AVG(salary)
  5    INTO v_average_salary
  6    FROM employee;
  7    RETURN v_average_salary;
  8  END average_salary;
  9  /

Function created.

SQL>
SQL> select average_salary from dual;

AVERAGE_SALARY
--------------
     4071.7525

SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
  2  /

Table dropped.

SQL> --Dropping a Function
SQL>
SQL> --You drop a function using DROP FUNCTION.
SQL>
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION circle_area (
  2    p_radius IN NUMBER
  3  ) RETURN NUMBER AS
  4    v_pi NUMBER := 3.14;
  5    v_area NUMBER;
  6  BEGIN
  7    v_area := v_pi * POWER(p_radius, 2);
  8    RETURN v_area;
  9  END circle_area;
 10  /
Function created.

SQL>
SQL> select circle_area(12) from dual;

CIRCLE_AREA(12)
---------------
         452.16

SQL>
SQL> DROP FUNCTION circle_area;

Function dropped.

SQL>

27. 1. 11. Exit a function

SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> set echo on
SQL>
SQL>    CREATE OR REPLACE function exitfunc(myString VARCHAR2)
  2          RETURN NUMBER IS
  3               v_current_position INTEGER := 1;
  4               v_counter NUMBER := 0;
  5     BEGIN
  6          WHILE v_current_position <= LENGTH(myString) LOOP
  7               IF SUBSTR(myString,v_current_position,1) != ' ' THEN
  8                    v_counter := v_counter + 1;
  9               ELSE
 10                   NULL;
 11              END IF;
 12              v_current_position := v_current_position + 1;
 13              EXIT WHEN SUBSTR(myString,v_current_position,1) = ' ';
 14         END LOOP;
 15         RETURN v_counter ;
 16    END exitfunc;
 17    /

Function created.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>   DECLARE
  2         v_MYTEXT VARCHAR2(20) := 'THIS IS A TEST';
  3    BEGIN
  4         DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total count is ' || exitfunc(v_MYTEXT));
  5    END;
  6    /
Total count is 4

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL>

27. 1. 13. Local Subprograms

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
  2    ID                 VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)         NOT NULL,
  3    First_Name         VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  4    Last_Name          VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  5    Start_Date         DATE,
  6    End_Date           DATE,
  7    Salary             Number(8,2),
  8    City               VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  9    Description        VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
 10  )
 11  /

Table created.

SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2               values ('01','Jason',    'Martin',  to_date('19960725','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('20060725','YYYYMMDD'), 12
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('02','Alison',   'Mathews', to_date('19760321','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19860221','YYYYMMDD'), 66
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('03','James',    'Smith',   to_date('19781212','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19900315','YYYYMMDD'), 65
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('04','Celia',    'Rice',    to_date('19821024','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19990421','YYYYMMDD'), 23
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('05','Robert',   'Black',   to_date('19840115','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19980808','YYYYMMDD'), 23
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('06','Linda',    'Green',   to_date('19870730','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19960104','YYYYMMDD'), 43
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('07','David',    'Larry',   to_date('19901231','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19980212','YYYYMMDD'), 78
  3  /
1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('08','James',    'Cat',     to_date('19960917','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('20020415','YYYYMMDD'), 12
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
  2  /

ID   FIRST_NAME           LAST_NAME            START_DAT END_DATE      SALARY CITY       DESCRIPTION
---- -------------------- -------------------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01   Jason                Martin               25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06    1234.56 Toronto    Programmer
02   Alison               Mathews              21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86    6661.78 Vancouver  Tester
03   James                Smith                12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90    6544.78 Vancouver  Tester
04   Celia                Rice                 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99    2344.78 Vancouver  Manager
05   Robert               Black                15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98    2334.78 Vancouver  Tester
06   Linda                Green                30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96    4322.78 New York   Tester
07   David                Larry                31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98    7897.78 New York   Manager
08   James                Cat                  17-SEP-96 15-APR-02    1232.78 Vancouver  Tester

8 rows selected.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> DECLARE
  2    CURSOR c_AllEmployees IS
  3      SELECT first_name, last_name
  4        FROM employee;
  5
  6    v_FormattedName VARCHAR2(50);
  7
  8    /* Function which will return the first and last name
  9       concatenated together, separated by a space. */
 10    FUNCTION FormatName(p_FirstName IN VARCHAR2,
 11                        p_LastName IN VARCHAR2)
 12      RETURN VARCHAR2 IS
 13    BEGIN
 14      RETURN p_FirstName || ' ' || p_LastName;
 15    END FormatName;
 16
 17  -- Begin main block.
 18  BEGIN
 19    FOR v_EmployeeRecord IN c_AllEmployees LOOP
 20      v_FormattedName :=
 21        FormatName(v_EmployeeRecord.first_name,
 22                   v_EmployeeRecord.last_name);
 23      DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(v_FormattedName);
 24    END LOOP;
 25
 26    COMMIT;
 27  END;
 28  /
Jason Martin
Alison Mathews
James Smith
Celia Rice
Robert Black
Linda Green
David Larry
James Cat

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
  2  /

Table dropped.
SQL>

7. 1. 14. Dependency Example

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
  2    ID                 VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)         NOT NULL,
  3    First_Name         VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  4    Last_Name          VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  5    Start_Date         DATE,
  6    End_Date           DATE,
  7    Salary             Number(8,2),
  8    City               VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  9    Description        VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
 10  )
 11  /

Table created.

SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2               values ('01','Jason',    'Martin',  to_date('19960725','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('20060725','YYYYMMDD'), 12
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('02','Alison',   'Mathews', to_date('19760321','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19860221','YYYYMMDD'), 66
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('03','James',    'Smith',   to_date('19781212','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19900315','YYYYMMDD'), 65
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('04','Celia',    'Rice',    to_date('19821024','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19990421','YYYYMMDD'), 23
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('05','Robert',   'Black',   to_date('19840115','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19980808','YYYYMMDD'), 23
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('06','Linda',    'Green',   to_date('19870730','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19960104','YYYYMMDD'), 43
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('07','David',    'Larry',   to_date('19901231','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19980212','YYYYMMDD'), 78
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('08','James',    'Cat',     to_date('19960917','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('20020415','YYYYMMDD'), 12
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
  2  /
ID   FIRST_NAME           LAST_NAME            START_DAT END_DATE      SALARY CITY       DESCRIPTION
---- -------------------- -------------------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01   Jason                Martin               25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06    1234.56 Toronto    Programmer
02   Alison               Mathews              21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86    6661.78 Vancouver  Tester
03   James                Smith                12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90    6544.78 Vancouver  Tester
04   Celia                Rice                 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99    2344.78 Vancouver  Manager
05   Robert               Black                15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98    2334.78 Vancouver  Tester
06   Linda                Green                30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96    4322.78 New York   Tester
07   David                Larry                31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98    7897.78 New York   Manager
08   James                Cat                  17-SEP-96 15-APR-02    1232.78 Vancouver  Tester

8 rows selected.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION AlmostFull (
  2    p_first_name employee.first_name%TYPE,
  3    p_last_name  employee.last_name%TYPE)
  4    RETURN BOOLEAN IS
  5
  6    v_CurrentEmployees NUMBER;
  7    v_MaxEmployees     NUMBER;
  8    v_ReturnValue     BOOLEAN;
  9    v_FullPercent     CONSTANT NUMBER := 90;
 10  BEGIN
 11    SELECT salary
 12      INTO v_CurrentEmployees
 13      FROM employee
 14      WHERE first_name = p_first_name
 15      AND last_name = p_last_name;
 16
 17    SELECT max(salary)
 18      INTO v_MaxEmployees
 19      FROM employee;
 20
 21
 22    IF (v_CurrentEmployees / v_MaxEmployees * 100) > v_FullPercent THEN
 23      v_ReturnValue := TRUE;
 24    ELSE
 25      v_ReturnValue := FALSE;
 26    END IF;
 27
 28    RETURN v_ReturnValue;
 29  END AlmostFull;
 30  /

SP2-0806: Function created with compilation warnings

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE RecordFullClasses AS
  2    CURSOR c_employee IS
  3      SELECT first_name, last_name
  4        FROM employee;
  5  BEGIN
  6    FOR v_employee IN c_employee LOOP
  7      IF AlmostFull(v_employee.first_name, v_employee.last_name) THEN
  8        DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(v_employee.first_name || ' ' || v_employee.last_name || ' is almost full!');
  9      END IF;
 10    END LOOP;
 11  END RecordFullClasses;
 12  /

Procedure created.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> call RecordFullClasses();
David Larry is almost full!

Call completed.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
  2  /

Table dropped.

7. 1. 15. The FullName Function

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
  2    ID                 VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)         NOT NULL,
  3    First_Name         VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  4    Last_Name          VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  5    Start_Date         DATE,
  6    End_Date           DATE,
  7    Salary             Number(8,2),
  8    City               VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  9    Description        VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
 10  )
 11  /

Table created.

SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2               values ('01','Jason',    'Martin',  to_date('19960725','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('20060725','YYYYMMDD'), 12
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('02','Alison',   'Mathews', to_date('19760321','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19860221','YYYYMMDD'), 66
  3  /

1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('03','James',    'Smith',   to_date('19781212','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19900315','YYYYMMDD'), 65
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('04','Celia',    'Rice',    to_date('19821024','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19990421','YYYYMMDD'), 23
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('05','Robert',   'Black',   to_date('19840115','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19980808','YYYYMMDD'), 23
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('06','Linda',    'Green',   to_date('19870730','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19960104','YYYYMMDD'), 43
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('07','David',    'Larry',   to_date('19901231','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('19980212','YYYYMMDD'), 78
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Sa
  2                values('08','James',    'Cat',     to_date('19960917','YYYYMMDD'), to_date('20020415','YYYYMMDD'), 12
  3  /

1 row created.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
  2  /

ID   FIRST_NAME           LAST_NAME            START_DAT END_DATE      SALARY CITY       DESCRIPTION
---- -------------------- -------------------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01   Jason                Martin               25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06    1234.56 Toronto    Programmer
02   Alison               Mathews              21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86    6661.78 Vancouver  Tester
03   James                Smith                12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90    6544.78 Vancouver  Tester
04   Celia                Rice                 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99    2344.78 Vancouver  Manager
05   Robert               Black                15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98    2334.78 Vancouver  Tester
06   Linda                Green                30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96    4322.78 New York   Tester
07   David                Larry                31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98    7897.78 New York   Manager
08   James                Cat                  17-SEP-96 15-APR-02    1232.78 Vancouver  Tester

8 rows selected.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FullName (
  2    p_ID  employee.ID%TYPE)
  3    RETURN VARCHAR2 IS
  4
  5    v_Result  VARCHAR2(100);
  6  BEGIN
  7    SELECT first_name || ' ' || last_name
  8      INTO v_Result
  9      FROM employee
 10      WHERE ID = p_ID;
 11
 12    RETURN v_Result;
 13  END FullName;
 14  /

Function created.

SQL>
SQL> select FULLName(id) from employee;

FULLNAME(ID)
-----------------------------
Jason Martin
Alison Mathews
James Smith
Celia Rice
Robert Black
Linda Green
David Larry
James Cat

8 rows selected.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
  2  /

Table dropped.

SQL>