SVEUČILIŠTE/UNIVERZITET „VITEZ“ VITEZ

FAKULTET INFORMACIONIH TEHNOLOGIJA

STUDIJ I CIKLUSA; GODINA STUDIJA: I CIKLUS: I GODINA
SMIJER: INFORMACIONE TEHNOLOGIJE

PHOTOGRAPHY
SEMINAR WORK
SVEUČILIŠTE/UNIVERZITET „VITEZ“ VITEZ
FAKULTET INFORMACIONIH TEHNOLOGIJA
STUDIJ I CIKLUSA; GODINA STUDIJA: I CIKLUS: I GODINA
SMIJER: INFORMACIONE TEHNOLOGIJE

PHOTOGRAPHY

SEMINAR WORK

STATEMENT: I, Dinno Bobić student of University „Vitez“ Vitez, with index

number: 135-19/RIIT, responsibly and with moral and acedemic responsibility I
declare that i wrote this seminar by myself with a help of using quote text from
literature and with a help of a professor that is, assistent.

Student signiture:_____________________

STUDENT: Dinno Bobić

SUBJECT: English
PROFESSOR: Prof. Vesna Biljaka
ASSISTENT: Dragana Vučinić

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CONTENT

1.0. Introduction.............................................................................................................................1

2.0. DIGITAL CAMERAS.............................................................................................................1

2.1. PRINCIPLE OF DIGITAL CAMERA OPERATION.....................................................3

2.2. CCD CHIP...........................................................................................................................4
2.3. CMOS CHIP........................................................................................................................5
3.0. LENS........................................................................................................................................6

4.0. FLASH......................................................................................................................................7

5.0. USE OF DIGITAL PHOTOS.................................................................................................7

6.0. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................8

7.0. LITERATURE.........................................................................................................................9
1.0. Introduction

Over time, photography is an almost neccessary neccessity for the daily life of a cult
man. It takes great pleasure in people as a document of life. Thousands of people purchase
cameras every day and post photo amateurs, professional photos and the like.
They used to use cameras that worked on mainstream filmmaking, ie. Photo-sensitive film
proton strips. The first cameras they produces at their company Kodak had a movie build in,
and after using the movie rolls – the whole camera would go back to Kodak, they would
develop the movie, make positives, and bring back the owner's camera along with
photography and new romance films.
Today, it is much easier and more simple because we have digital cameras. Digital
photography, unlike classical photography, does not use the fil but the “see” image through
an electronic sensor as a set of binary data. In addition to taking photos, digital cameras often
allow video and audio to be recorded.

Izvor: https://www.amazon.com/Screen-15-Inch-POS-TouchScreen-Monitor/dp/B007948V24
(14.02.2012)

2.0. DIGITAL CAMERAS

The 21st century brings digital technology into the world of photo and cinema. Instead of
a photosensitive film, the digital camera captures the image on the so-called. A CCD chip
made up of a large number of photosensitive cells that digitize elemental images, ie. light
sizes are converted into a set of work data, color shades and degrees of illumination of
individual microscopic surfaces that make up an image (so-called "pixels", so that they
receive digital data "written" on magnetic media in different image or movie formats (file
type). memory, thus a storage medium, cameras use memory cards.

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 Izvor: Vlasitit izvor

ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL PHOTO APPLIANCES:

• do not consume film,
• appliances with standard batteries can usually also use rechargeable batteries, and
special batteries are always rechargeable,
• the recording is immediately visible (not necessary for development) and can be
repeated if necessary,
• there is no risk of scratching or interrupting dust points,
• hundreds, not dozens, can be recorded on a memory card,
• the memory card is saved to the computer after storage or the optical drive is erased
and reused,
• the price of the digital recording is negligible, record the mass of the recording and
choose the most successful,
• can be viewed in large format (on PC or TV) without providing photos,
• Recording can be retouched, modified, mounted, etc. on a PC far more efficient than
conventional technology,
• with the release of a photo printer, we print the photos and papers ourselves (true at
about the same price as a photographer),
• digital devices and cameras may have the capabilities of classified none available,
such as: "serial" recording in several (1-3 and more) shots per second, recording end
videos, camera, several types of "blending" from frame to frame code camcorders,
etc., recording in complete darkness without visible lighting, etc.
• As a rule, low-cost digital cameras also have a change in light output ("zoom").
"telescoping" of the object is possible,
• digital devices automatically register and disseminate time information and upload
recordings,
• digital recordings can be copied indefinitely without any loss of quality, enabling a
regular up-to-date guarantee of longer news of digital recordings from the tapes
(especially when it comes to color);

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 BASIC ELEMENTS OF A DIGITAL CAMERA:
• The basic elements of digital cameras are: lens, shutter, photosensor, image processor,
screen, viewfinder, memory card and case with controls.
• The lens is a very important element of the camera and depends largely on the end
result of the photo. It depends on the lens how big we can make as well as the
deviations of the image.
• A shutter is a device on an apparatus that transmits light at a specified time. In this
way, a photo cell is exposed, with a specific functional dependence on the amount of
light, ie. aperture.
• The photo sensor can be COMS or the most commonly used CCD sensor. A photo
sensor is a small silicon chip made up of thousands or even millions of tiny, light-
sensitive elements. These are pixels.
• The processor is used to process data that is transmitted from photoelements. It
involves complex mathematical processes.
• The memory card is the end link. The data is entered after the photo has been
processed in a certain format.
• The screen except for framing is also used to view captured images and also to
display a parameter in the camera setup process.
• The viewfinder is used to determine the frame, ie. includes future images. Digital
cameras include an optical viewfinder and a small LCD screen.
• The housing integrates all the elements into a single unit, and contains controls for
controlling the device itself.

2.1. PRINCIPLE OF DIGITAL CAMERA OPERATION

Thanks to the mirror behind the lens in the body of the camera and the pentaprism above the
mirror through the viewfinder, a frame is visible that will be recorded through the lens on
film or on a light sensor. When you take a photo, the mirror rises and transmits light from the
lens to the film or sensor. So the light goes through the lens and bends in a certain way to get
a sharp image. In the aperture lens (aperture), it controls the amount and angle of light that
will reach the film or sensor. When the shutter is closed, less light shines in a sharper angle,
and when open, more light shines in a less sharp angle. This is why aperture allows you to
control the amount of sharpness in a photo. Before the film or sensor is illuminated, the
shutter opens for a short time, usually measured in seconds (1/125, 1/250, 1/500) or at longer
exposures and in tenths of a second or seconds. The shutter is located just in front of the film
or sensor.

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 the lens
1-
a mirror
2-
zipper
3-
photosensitive
4-
medium
autofocus
5-
collection
6-
lens
pentaprism
7-
viewfinder
8-

2.2. CCD CHIP

CCD (Charge Coupled Device) is a specially made silicon chip whose one surface is
light sensitive. This photosensitive surface is actually a network of photocells. Prior to
exposure, all photo cells are charged with electrons. During exposure, when light
rays illuminate the sensor, these electrons are distributed by cells depending on the
light. After exposure, the voltage of each individual cell is measured. To get a color
image, the photosensitive surface of the CCD is covered with filters of different
colors. These are usually the three primary colors: red, green and blue. Interestingly,

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the filters are made to be the most common green color. It is because the human eye
is most sensitive to the green and yellow color spectrum, so more information is
needed in this area to get a more accurate color reproduction. The data, that is, the
photocell voltage, is read serially cell by cell, and when the entire row is read it
switches to a new one. This way of reading with high resolution sensors creates
problems, because reading tens of millions of data takes quite a while and slows
down the operation of the device. To shorten this time, it requires high quality
workmanship and perfectly pure elemental silicon (which raises the price).
CCD chips come in two versions.
"Interlaced" offers great sensitivity to brightness, and is called "interlaced" because
the digital camera electronics must first read odd lines from the CCD and then even
ones. It takes longer to read an image from such a CCD chip than with the other
version. A progressive scan CCD chip can capture multiple images in one second, and
the digital camera electronics can read those images from a CCD chip in a single pass.
This allows for better control of the light input into the camera as well as for faster
generation of photos in a unit of time.

Izvor: Vlasitit izvor

2.3. CMOS CHIP

CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor). It is a semiconductor chip that

consists of a two-dimensional photo sensor array, ie. pixels. It consists of rows (horizontal
pixels) and columns (vertical pixels). The product of number of columns and number of rows
represents the resolution of the CMOS sensor. Unlike CCD sensors where photon conversion
is forwarded to a portable register that converts electrons to charge and passes to an AD
(analog-to-digital) converter, with a CMOS chip, each photoelement has its own electron
converter in charge, and also has additional elements like signal amplifiers and noise
reduction. The CMOS chip also has an AD (analog-to-digital) converter where the charge
produced at each pixel is converted to a digital signal. From the above it can be concluded
that the CMOS sensor is much more complex and that most of the additional electronics are

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integrated into the sensor itself, unlike CCD where the AD converter, amplifiers and other
necessary components are located on a separate printed circuit board on the camera. The
development of CMOS sensors has progressed significantly in the last 10 years, so today
CMOS sensors are used in DSLR cameras and provide excellent image quality

Izvor: Vlasitit izvor

3.0. LENS

Lens - is the most important part of any camera. Modern lenses are composed of several
closely aligned and mutually attached lenses. In this way a high degree of sharpness is
achieved. There are several types of lenses: normal lens, wide angle lens, macro lens,
telephoto lens and zoom lens.
Zooming gives the effect of approaching or moving away from a subject. The "true" zoom is
achieved by shifts in the lens system and is called the optical zoom, as opposed to the so-
called "zoom". digital zoom that magnifies the details of the image, but also all the flaws and
sharpness.

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4.0. FLASH

Flash is an auxiliary light source in photography and is used to supplement existing light.
Rarely will we be able to use the camera's built-in flash wisely. It often destroys photography
because it is too small, too close to the lens, and points directly at the subject (removing all
shadows, making the subjects appear "flattened"), and very often too much illumination.
This is why the external flash is used in serious photography

5.0. USE OF DIGITAL PHOTOS

• Don't let the background be so more assailant

• It is very important that background does not distract the focus from the main object

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 • As closer as it can the picture will be better
• It is ideal when you can zoom all the way to the object

6.0. CONCLUSION

Digital cameras are really amazing and although I already knew a lot about them, I still
know more. The advent of digital cameras is significant for the advancement of technology
and art.
Unlike classic cameras, digital is better in many ways.
For example, they fit a lot more photos than a classic camera, and the memory card can be
reused after emptying and so on.
Buying a digital camera is not easy. What kind of camera to buy, how many megapixels, how
much zoom, how much to spend?
These are by no means simple decisions and certainly depend, among other things, on the
purpose of the camera we are acquiring.
The most widespread group includes users who intend to take photos with family, friends or
record trips and vacations without thinking much about adjusting the camera.
For this kind of purpose, the best compact cameras
For digital camera aficionados, SLR cameras with many more options and higher image
quality are the best. Many other sciences involved in the study of lenses, memory cards, and

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more related to digital cameras have contributed greatly to the development of digital
cameras.

7.0. LITERATURE

[1] http://i532.photobucket.com/albums/ee326/aaleksaandaar/praktica1.jpg
[2] http://www.ephotozine.com/article/canon-eos-1000d-digital-slr-review-9826
[3] http://www.nabava.net/digitalni-fotoaparati__120/canon-digitalni-fotoaparat-eos-600d-
180mpx-10x-opt-zoom__1180001
[4] www.wikipedija.com
[5] http://www.tehnomanija.rs/pages/prednosti-digitalne-fotografije.html
[6] http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednooki_zrcalni_fotoparat
[7] http://tomislavdekovic.iz.hr/sheshnjak/clanci/fotografija/teorija.html
[8] http://www.vidipedija.com/~vidipedi/index.php?title=Slika:CCD_senzor.jpg
[9] http://www.fotoart.rs/Fotopedija/C/cmos.html
[10] http://fotografija.hr/digitalni-fotoaparat-kao-digitalna-kamera-5/
[11] http://shop.imtec.ba/fotoaparati-slr/13941-nikon-dslr-d3200-objektivi-18-55mm-vr-55-
200mm-vr.html
[12] http://fotografija.ba/fotoglosar/
[13] http://www.canosa.com.hr/product.asp?product=sigma-flash-ef-610-dg-super-canon-
blic-bljeskalica-speedlite&code=sig-can-ef610su
[14] http://www.akvarij.net/forum/index.php?topic=46266.0;wap2
[15] 33 Savjeta za digitalne fotografe - Saša Prudikov (http://www.slideshare.net/boshkosavich/33-
saveta-za-digitalne-fotografe-saa-prudkov)