ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8(S2), 1-6, January 2015 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645
A Small Signal Analysis of DC-DC
Boost Converter
M. Sai Krishna Reddy*, Ch. Kalyani, M. Uthra and D. Elangovan
Power Electronics and Drives, M. Tech, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India;
[email protected];
Abstract
This paper presents simulation and small signal analysis of dc-dc boost converter with closed loop control. Small signal
model of the boost converter used to analyze the small deviations around the steady-state operating point which will help
in modeling the closed loop converter parameters. Complete state-space analysis is done to obtain output voltage to duty
ratio transfer-functions for both ideal and Non-ideal boost converter. PI controller is designed using root locus plots for
both ideal and Non-ideal cases. The model of the converter is designed and simulated for both the cases with closed loop
voltage mode control providing load disturbance using MATLAB. Results are observed and compared for both ideal and
Non-ideal cases.
Keywords: DC-DC Boost Converter, PI Controller, Small Signal Model (SSM), Voltage Mode Control
1. Introduction state operating point which helps in ripple reduction and
achieving more stable and regulated output voltage. Small
All Switching DC-DC converters have been widely used signal analysis for ideal case DC-DC boost converter has
to supply a stable DC output voltage for the industrial given in literature but for Non-ideal case including all the
products. he conventional open loop control strategy resistance and diode drops is taken into consideration
used for DC-DC converter with no load and line regulation and modeled the system transfer functions. Comparison
has several disadvantages compared to closed loop control of duty variation for both ideal and Non-ideal cases is
of switching converter1,3. Closed control more-over helps shown using theoretical expressions.
in reducing ripple in voltages too. It is very important to In this paper, both ideal and Non-ideal DC-DC
know load changes time to time and responding to that boost converter are taken with certain assumptions.
changes is quickly is one of the essential requirement for Transfer functions are obtained for both ideal and Non-
a reliable converter products. For the closed loop control ideal converters using small signal model (SSM) of the
of any switching DC-DC converter one need to model converters. Closed loop PI controller is designed for both
the system for modeling to obtain Small Signal Model the cases using Root locus technique6. Finally script code
(SSM) of the converter is essential. Using small signal is written for obtaining root locus for the given transfer
analysis we can achieve complete transfer functions of functions using MATLAB and simulations are done for
the given DC-DC converter4,7. More-over small signal diferent cases using MATLAB Simulink to validate the
analysis helps in identifying the deviation around steady controller response for step changes in load.
* Author for correspondence
Small Signal Analysis of DC-DC Boost Converter
2. Small Signal Analysis of the
ON state dynamic equations:
Ideal Boost Converter
The required circuits to analyze the ideal case (1)
boost converter are formed as ideal boost converter
circuit along with its ON state and OFF state (2)
equivalents which are shown in Figures 1(a), 1(b),
1(c).
OFF- state dynamic equations:
(3)
(4)
Both ON-state and OFF- state equations can be averaged
Figure 1(a). Ideal boost converter circuit diagram. by using state-space averaging technique. Generally state
space representation of state variables is shown below
(5)
(6)
Where in most of the analysis we assume D is almost
equal to zero. Using above representation we have A1, B1,
Figure 1(b). Ideal boost converter switch ON-state C1 matrices from ON state dynamic equations and A2,
equivalent circuit diagram. B2, C2 matrices from OFF state dynamic equations. Now
state-space averaging is done using following steps.
Figure 1(c). Ideal boost converter switch OFF-state Ater performing above steps A, B, C matrices and
equivalent circuit diagram. complete dynamic equations in state space representation
Following assumptions are taken into consideration for obtained as follows
Ideal case boost converter SSM.
• Inductance L is large enough to consider current
through it is constant.
• All components are ideal.
• he switching period is T, and the switch is closed for
time DT and open for (1-D) T.
• he capacitor is very large, and the output voltage is (7)
held constant.
•
2 Vol 8 (S2) | January 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
M. Sai Krishna Reddy, Ch. Kalyani, M. Uthra and D. Elangovan
time DT and open for (1-D) T.
• he capacitor is very large, and the output voltage is
(8)
held constant.
We can obtain the steady state solution by putting
and using relation , then equation he required circuits to analyze the Non-ideal case boost
(7) relation between output voltage in terms of duty is converter are formed as Non-ideal boost converter circuit
expressed as along with its ON state and OFF state equivalents which
are shown in Figues 23(), 23(), 23(c).
ON state dynamic equations:
(9)
Now To obtain linear model which is easier to analyze
a small signal model has been constructed and that
is linearised about steady state operating point to get
required transfer functions.
Linearization is done by using the below expression.
Figure 2(a). Non-ideal boost converter circuit diagram.
(10)
On solving above equation (10) using Laplace and
inverse Laplace transforms and making is equal to
zero one can get the transfer function between control Figure 2(b). Non-ideal boost converter ON-state
input ‘d’ to output voltage ‘V’ is given as equation (11) equivalent circuit diagram.
(11)
3. Small Signal Analysis of the
Non-Ideal Boost Converter
Figure 2(c). Non-ideal boost converter OFF-state
Following assumptions are taken into consideration for equivalent circuit diagram.
Non-ideal case boost converter SSM.
• Inductance L is large enough to consider current
(12)
through it is constant.
• For Input Source inductance resistance (R), Switch
resistance (Ron) and diode drop (VDD) has taken into
(13)
consideration.
• he switching period is T, and the switch is closed for OFF-state dynamic equations:
Vol 8 (S2) | January 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
Small Signal Analysis of DC-DC Boost Converter
(16)
(14)
(17)
(15) We can obtain the steady state solution by putting and
Using standard state space representation we have A1, B1, using relation , then equation (16) relation
C1 matrices from ON state dynamic equations and A2, between output voltages in terms of duty is expressed as,
B2, C2 matrices from OFF state dynamic equations. Now
state-space averaging is done using following steps.
(18)
Now to obtain linear model which is easier to analyze
a small signal model has been constructed and that
is linearised about steady state operating point to get
required transfer functions.
Ater performing above steps A, B, C matrices and
Linearization is done by using the below expression.
complete dynamic equations in state space representation
obtained as follows,
(19)
On solving above equation (19) using Laplace function between control input ‘d’ to output
and inverse Laplace transforms and making voltage ‘V’ is given as equation (20).
is equal to zero one can get the transfer
(20)
he graph between duty cycle ‘D’ Vs Gain (V/Vg) is when duty cycle value tends towards unity where as in
shown in Fig 2(d)3.4 from which one can observe that non-ideal case output voltage curve tends to zero this is
ideal converter output voltage curve tends to ininity because of D’ component in steady state expression.
4 Vol 8 (S2) | January 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
M. Sai Krishna Reddy, Ch. Kalyani, M. Uthra and D. Elangovan
5. Simulation Results for
Different Cases
he boost converter with both ideal and non-ideal cases is
simulated with closed loop PI controller action. Control
logic is modeled based on duty ratio formulae and it
is used to generate pulses for MOSFET. To maintain
load regulation and to observe the controller response
disturbance in load is created using step input. Ideal boost
converter simulink schematic output voltage and current
responses are shown in Fgures 45a) to 45(c), also Non-
ideal boost converter simulink schematic output voltage
and current responses are shown in Fgures 45d) to 45(f).
Figure 2(d). Duty cycle Vs gain graph for both ideal and From the simulation we can observe that there is a
non-ideal cases. voltage response change in both cases ater certain time
when disturbance created and it is quickly settling to
4. PI Controller Design using Root steady state value. Also for Non-ideal case there is a dip
in output voltage compared to ideal case response due
Locus to resistance and diode drops. Both ideal and Non-ideal
cases are simulated for same parameters.
PI controller parameters are designed using root locus
Also we can observe there is increment in Load
plots, in MATLAB editor window script was written to
current during disturbance and it is also quickly settled
produce root locus plot based on SSM and from obtained
for the given PI Controller design. Current waveforms
root locus plot with speciic iterations closed loop pole
are shown in Fgures 45() and 45(f). For Non-ideal case
points are located and corresponding gain of control
capacitor Equivalent Series Resistor (ESR) is not included
structure was calculated. Obtained root locus plot is
for less complexity.
shown in igure 34(a) below.
Figure 4(a). Simulink schematic of ideal case boost
converter.
Figure 3(a). Root locus plot of the boost converter.
Continuous looping statement is used to make
iterations. And for diferent step responses controller
gain are calculated. Ater arriving best step response with
less steady state error corresponding gains are taken into
consideration for controller design.
Figure 4(b). Output voltage response of ideal case boost
converter.
Vol 8 (S2) | January 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5
Small Signal Analysis of DC-DC Boost Converter
6. Conclusion
In Boost converter Small Signal Model (SSM), complete
analysis is done for both ideal and non-ideal case. From
the SSM of boost converter, transfer function of the
both converters derived. Based on small signal output
to controlled input (d), transfer functions root locus are
plotted using MATLAB editor and script. Loop iterations
Figure 4(c). Output current response of ideal case boost are done to check the best step response and to obtain
converter. proper gain values of the PI control structure. Ater
designing the controller parameters both ideal and Non-
ideal cases are simulated using MATLAB simulink and
voltage response for both cases are compared.
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