Environment Monitoring by Barometric
Pressure, Light Intensity, Temperature and
Humidity. Transmit the message using Zigbee
module to your PC
Assigned by
D R . R UTU PAREKH
Earnest efforts by
GROUP 18
Winter 2019
Group Members
Student ID Name
201701004 Gurnani Jay Maheshkumar
201701006 Swarnaditya Tamonash Maitra
201701008 Patel Rag Nilesh
201701144 Fichadiya Anurag Atul
201701256 Bhagiya Janvi Shailesh
201701441 Sapoliya Jahanvi Bharatbhai
201701443 Patel Zeel Sureshbhai
201701445 Chauhan Jhanvi Jignasu
201701451 Shah Nikunj Chiragbhai
201701462 Prajapati Meetkumar Prahaladbhai
1
Abstract
This project mainly deals with monitoring of environmental factors using Zigbee module as a
transmitter and as a receiver. We use XCTU-terminal to display our results in a more human-
readable form. A GUI for the same has also been implemented. The sensors used include a
BMP180, DHT11, LDR which provide data about pressure, temperature, humidity and light in-
tensity. The raw data collected from the sensors is then processed by an ARDUINO and digitized.
Environmental conditions like rain, altitude, fire, and so on can be anticipated utilizing the mea-
sured parameters.
Acknowledgement
Our group owes sincere thanks to Prof. Rutu Parekh, for assigning us this project and giving
us this opportunity to push our limits to explore the fields we have never worked in before and
for guiding us from the very beginning till the completion of this project. We also owe our deepest
gratitude to Teaching Assistants for helping us at every moment we stalled out. We would also
like to thank the institution for providing us with the necessary infrastructure for the smooth
conduction of the project.
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Index
Contents
1 Introduction 4
2 Project Objective 4
3 Block and Circuit diagram 5
4 Components and tools with details 6
4.1 Details and Working principles of above components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 Description and working with flow chart 14
6 Test results 15
7 Conclusion 16
8 References 17
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1 Introduction
Environmental monitoring is the process of sampling and analyzing specific environmental pa-
rameters. Environment monitoring includes detecting important quantities like pressure, tem-
perature, humidity, altitude etc. The observed parameters can be stored and the data collected
from this can be analyzed to understand trends in the environment for a given place (while this
has not been done in this project, it remains an interesting and exciting application of a monitor-
ing system and is worth mentioning here). The environmental monitoring system in this project
mainly consists of three technologies: Arduino, Zigbee and Android. The sensors used in this
project measure the values of temperature, atmospheric humidity, light intensity and barometric
pressure. Arduino is used to process the data which is then transmitted via XBee (XBee uses
Zigbee Protocol IEEE 802.15.4. These parameters will be displayed on XCTU terminal and on an
Android device. This was done to make the project more accessible and user friendly. A further
improvement in the project can be done by feeding the measured quantities into various algo-
rithms to serve a variety of purposes.
2 Project Objective
Environment monitoring is an integral part of daily lives of many, in a multitude of ways that
we just can’t fathom. The IMD provides weather predictions and many of us use Accuweather to
keep a vigil on the weather, but these are quite generic sources. A farmer might need constant
monitoring of humidity, temperature or the quantity of sunlight in specific zones. We might be
sunbathing, but can’t decide on the amount of sunscreen. For all the above scenarios, we, as
individuals may not have the powerful equipment to measure the parameters as and when we
desire. But in a smart world, these definitely are services everyone aspires for. These finer activ-
ities are what inspired us to take up this project. We aim to create an environment monitoring
system, that is low-powered, facilitating usage of smaller batteries for longer time, low-data rate
supporting, which simplifies the equipment complexity, and of course highly affordable portable,
altogether proving to be highly efficient to meet the needs of modern times. We also wish for the
monitoring system to be user-friendly so a GUI has been developed, which displays the measured
parameters.
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3 Block and Circuit diagram
Figure 1: Detailed block-diagram of the system
Figure 2: Circuit diagram of the system
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4 Components and tools with details
Component type Quantity
Light dependent resistor 1x
DHT11 1x
BMP 180 1x
Arduino UNO 1x
XBee S1/S2(RF module) 2x
4.1 Details and Working principles of above components
1. BMP180
Figure 3: BMP180 sensor
• BMP180 is designed to measure the barometric pressure or Atmospheric pressure.
BMP180 is a high precision sensor. Barometric Pressure is nothing but weight of
air applied on everything. BMP180 sensor senses that pressure and provides that
information in digital output.Also the temperature affects the pressure and so we need
temperature compensated pressure reading. To compensate, the BMP180 also has
good temperature sensor.
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• Pin configuration
Pin name Description
VCC Connected to +5V
GND Connected to ground
SDA Serial Data pin (I2C interface)
SCL Serial Clock pin (I2C interface)
3.3V If +5V is not present. Can power module by
connecting +3.3V to this pin.
• BMP180 Module Features
– Can measure temperature and altitude.
– Pressure range: 300 to 1100hPa
– High relative accuracy of ±0.12hPa
– Can work on low voltage
– Low power consumption (3uA)
– Potable size
• BMP180 Module Specifications
– Operating voltage of BMP180: 1.3V – 3.6V
– Input voltage of BMP180 module: 3.3V to 5.5V
– Peak current : 1000uA
– Maximum voltage at SDA , SCL : VCC + 0.3V
– Operating temperature: -40ºC to +80ºC
• Working of BMP180
– BMP180 consists of four basic components, piezo-resistive sensor, analogue to dig-
ital converter, control unit with E2PROM and I2C serial interface.
– Resistance of piezo-resistive material changes pressure, which leads to change in
current through sensor.The BMP180 delivers the uncompensated value of pres-
sure and temperature.The micro-controller sends a start sequence to start a pres-
sure or temperature measurement. After converting time, the result value (pres-
sure or temperature respectively) can be read via the I2C interface. For calculat-
ing temperature in °C and pressure in hPa, the calibration data has to be used.
These constants can be read out from the BMP180 E2PROM via the I2C interface
at software initialization.The sampling rate can be increased up to 128 samples
per second (standard mode) for dynamic measurement. In this case, it is suffi-
cient to measure the temperature only once per second and to use this value for
all pressure measurements during the same period.
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2. DHT11
Figure 4: DHT11 Module
• DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor features a calibrated digital signal output
with the temperature and humidity sensor capability. Its technology ensures the high
reliability and excellent long-term stability. This sensor includes a resistive element
and a sensor for wet NTC temperature measuring devices.
• Pin configuration
Figure 5: Pin diagram of DHT11
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Pin name Description
VCC Voltage supply from 3.3V to 5.5V.
Data To communicate with micro-controller
NC Not connected
GND Connected to the ground of ARDUINO
• DHT11 module features
– Can measure Humidity and Temperature.
– Humidity range: 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy.
– Temperature range: 0 to 50 o C with 2 o C accuracy.
– Sampling rate: 1 Hz( 1 reading per second).
– Long-term stability .
– Strong anti-interference ability and long distance signal transmission.
– Digital signal output with precise calibration.
• DHT11 Module Specifications.
– Operating voltage: 3.3 to 5.5 V.
– Maximum operating current: 2.5mA.
– Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby).
– Output: Serial data.
• Working of DHT11
– DHT11 consist of humidity sensing component along with a NTC temperature
sensor (or thermistor).
– Humidity sensing component has two electrodes with moisture holding substrate
(usually a salt or conductive plastic polymer) sandwiched between them. The ions
are released by the substrate as water vapor is absorbed by it, which in turn
increases the conductivity between the electrodes thus, change in resistance be-
tween the two electrodes is proportional to the relative humidity. Higher the rela-
tive humidity, the resistance between the electrodes decreases and vice versa.
– The NTC temperature sensor-Thermistor(resistor depended on temperature) mea-
sures temperature. The term “NTC” is “Negative Temperature Coefficient”, which
means that the resistance decreases with increase of the temperature and change
in resistor is drastic even with small change in temperature.
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3. ARDUINO UNO R3
Figure 6: Arduino UNO
• Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs and turn it into an output.
• The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of
which 6 can be used as PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) output), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect
it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started.
4. LDR
Figure 7: Light Dependent Resistor
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Figure 8: Circuit diagram for LDR
• Light dependent resistor is a component that is sensitive to light. When light falls
upon it then the resistance changes. Values of the resistance of the LDR may change
over many orders of magnitude the value of the resistance falling as the level of light
increases. LDRs are made from semiconductor materials(such as CdS) to enable them
to have their light sensitive properties.
• LDR sensor Specifications(Example)
– Operating voltage 3.3V-5V
– Max power dissipation: 200mW
– Max voltage at 0 lux: 200V
– Peak wavelength: 600nm
– Min. resistance at 10lux: 1.8kΩ
– Max. resistance at 10lux: 4.5kΩ
– Dark resistance after 1 sec: 0.03MΩ
– Dark resistance after 5 sec: 0.25MΩ
• Working of LDR sensor
– As light falls on the semiconductor, the light photons are absorbed by the semi-
conductor lattice and some of their energy is transferred to the electrons. This
gives some of them sufficient energy to break free from the crystal lattice so that
they can then conduct electricity. This results in a lowering of the resistance of
the semiconductor and hence the overall LDR resistance.
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5. Xbee Module
Figure 9: Xbee Module
• The XBee RF Modem is a wireless transceiver. The XBee uses a fully implemented pro-
tocol IEEE 802.15.4 Standard for data communications that provides features needed
for robust network communications in a wireless sensor network (WSN). Features such
as addressing, acknowledgements and retries help ensure safe delivery of data to the
intended node. The XBee also has additional features beyond data communications
for use in monitoring and control of remote devices. Xbee can be used in point to point,
point to multipoint and mesh network.
• Xbee module features
– Operating Voltage: 2.1 – 3.6V.
– Operating Current: 40mA at 3.3V.
– Indoor range: 40 Meters.
– Line of sight range: 120 Meters.
– Max Analog Pin Reading: 1.2V.
– RF Data Rate: 250kbps.
– Throughput speed: 35kbps.
– Frequency: ISM 2.4GHz.
– Working temperature:-40 to 85 o C .
• Xbee Module modes
– Transparent: Communication through the XBee. If data is not generated from the
XBee itself then both XBees should be set to AT.
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– Command: Communication to the XBee. If one XBee is sensing data ,that XBee
should be in AT mode while the receiving one should be in API mode.
• Xbee connectivity with ARDUINO
– Arduino TX connects to XBee RX (Data in- pin no. 3).
– Arduino RX connects to XBee TX (Data out- pin no. 2).
• Xbee basic settings and ARDUINO integration
– PAN ID-Personal area network ID: The network to communicate over. If it is 0,
the XBee will join any network.
– DH/DL: Destination Serial number, used to send to a specific XBee’s Serial.If it
is 0 then it will only sent to coordinator.If it is 0x0000000000FFFF then it will
broadcast.
– JV – Router/EP should be set to 1 so it rejoins the network on startup.
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5 Description and working with flow chart
Figure 10: Flowchart of the working
The environment monitoring system we have implemented uses DHT111 to sense humidity and
gives digital input to the Arduino. Similarly, an LDR senses light intensity and gives an analog
input to the Arduino while the BMP180 measures temperature and barometric pressure and
passes on the information using I2C serial protocol. The Arduino processes this raw data and
passes it on to the transmitter XBee serially. The XBee is functioning as a router in AT mode.
The serial line input received from the Arduino is then transmitted wirelessly by the router to
the receiver XBee which is functioning as a coordinator in AT mode using Zigbee Protocol IEEE
802.15.4.This received data is then displayed on an Reception GUI (X-CTU terminal) or a smart
phone using Android.
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6 Test results
We tested our environmental monitoring system and got the following results.
Temperature (C)
Morning Afternoon Evening Night
36.65° 43.64° 35.35° 30.99°
Light Intensity (Lux)
Morning Afternoon Evening Night
2536.33 3150 598 13.71
Barometric Pressure (hPa)
Ground floor 1rst floor 2nd floor
998.86 998.57 998.25
Humidity (%)
Cooler on Cooler off
64 18
• Test outcomes are being done in different Environments to check the framework all around
pleasantly.
• In temperature segment we can see most extreme is in afternoon. What’s more, Minimum
during the night.
• Intensity of Light is high in afternoon after that in morning and most minimal in night.
• Barometric weight diminishes with elevation is additionally obviously found in results.
• Furthermore, Humidity is likewise expanded when cooler is on.
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7 Conclusion
The project focused to monitor the environmental parameters like temperature, pressure, light
intensity and humidity. Presently, the project can be additionally stretched out to utilize the
obtained values to choose what procedures ought to be executed. For instance, if the humidity
value of the agricultural soil is underneath a specific esteem, at that point the water supply ought
to be turned on. On the off chance that the Temperature increments past a specific point, at that
point the Air Conditioner ought to be turned on. Like these, there can be numerous different
utilization of this project where environmental monitoring is useful.
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8 References
• http://www.circuitbasics.com/set-bmp180-barometric-pressure-sensor-arduino/
• http://www.circuitbasics.com/how-to-set-up-the-dht11-humidity-sensor-on-an-arduino/
• https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/arduino-light-sensor-using-ldr
• https://www.tunnelsup.com/xbee-guide/
• http://www.digi.com/resources/documentation/digidocs/PDFs/90000982.pdf
• http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/758/DHT11-Technical-Data-Sheet-Translated-Version-1143054.
pdf
• https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/datasheets/BST-BMP180-DS000-09.pdf
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