Timeline of ancient history

This timeline of ancient history lists historical events of the documented ancient past from the beginning of
recorded history until the Early Middle Ages.

Millennia: 4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd Brief ancient chronology

millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium
(Common Era years in astronomical
Centuries: 34th BC - 33rd BC - 32nd BC - 31st BC - 30th BC - year numbering)
29th BC - 28th BC - 27th BC - 26th BC - 25th BC - 24th BC -
23rd BC - 22nd BC - 21st BC - 20th BC - 19th BC - 18th BC -
17th BC - 16th BC - 15th BC - 14th BC - 13th BC - 12th BC -
11th BC - 10th BC - 9th BC - 8th BC - 7th BC - 6th BC - 5th BC
- 4th BC - 3rd BC - 2nd BC - 1st BC - 1st AD - 2nd AD - 3rd
AD - 4th AD

Contents
Bronze Age and Early Iron Age
Classical antiquity
End of ancient history in Europe
Maps
See also
References
Citations and notes

Bronze Age and Early Iron Age

The Bronze Age was the period in human cultural development
when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and
widespread use) included techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of
copper ores, and then combining those ores to cast bronze. These naturally-occurring ores typically included
arsenic as a common impurity. Copper/tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes
in western Asia before 3000 BC. In some parts of the world, a Copper Age follows the Neolithic and
precedes the Bronze Age.

The Iron Age was the stage in the development of any people in which tools and weapons whose main
ingredient was iron were prominent. The adoption of this material coincided with other changes in some
past societies often including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles, although
this was not always the case.
c. 3200 BC: Sumerian cuneiform writing system[1] and Egyptian hieroglyphs
3200 BC: Newgrange built in Ireland
3200 BC: Cycladic culture in Greece
3200 BC: Norte Chico civilization begins in Peru
3200 BC: Rise of Proto-Elamite Civilization in Iran
3150 BC: First Dynasty of Egypt

3100 BC: Skara Brae in Scotland

c. 3000 BC: Egyptian calendar
c. 3000 BC: Stonehenge construction begins. In its first version, it consisted of a circular ditch
and bank, with 56 wooden posts.[2]
c. 3000 BC: Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in Romania and Ukraine
3000 BC: Jiroft civilization begins in Iran
3000 BC: First known use of papyrus by Egyptians
2800 BC: Kot Diji phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins
2800 BC: Longshan culture in China
2700 BC: Minoan Civilization ancient palace city Knossos reach 80,000 inhabitants
2700 BC: Rise of Elam in Iran
2700 BC: The Epic of Gilgamesh becomes the first written story
2700 BC: The Old Kingdom begins in Egypt
2600 BC: Oldest known surviving literature: Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh, including the
Instructions of Shuruppak and the Kesh temple hymn.
2600 BC: Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley civilization (in present-day Pakistan and
India) begins
2600 BC: Emergence of Maya culture in the Yucatán Peninsula
2560 BC: King Khufu completes the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Land of Punt in the Horn of
Africa first appears in Egyptian records around this time.
2500-1500 BC: Kerma culture in Nubia
2500 BC: The mammoth goes extinct.
2334 or 2270 BC: Akkadian Empire is founded, dating depends upon whether the Middle
chronology or the Short chronology is used.
2250 BC: Oldest known depiction of the Staff God, the oldest image of a god to be found in the
Americas.
2200-2100 BC: 4.2 kiloyear event: a severe aridification phase, likely connected to a Bond
event, which was registered throughout most North Africa, Middle East and continental North
America. Related droughts very likely caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt and of
the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia.
2200 BC: completion of Stonehenge.
2055 BC: The Middle Kingdom begins in Egypt
2000 BC: Domestication of the horse
1900 BC: Erlitou culture in China
1800 BC: alphabetic writing emerges
1780 BC: Oldest Record of Hammurabi's Code.
1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H
culture; The beginning of Poverty Point Civilization in North America
1600 BC: Minoan civilization on Crete is destroyed by the Minoan eruption of Santorini island.
1600 BC: Mycenaean Greece
 1600 BC: The beginning of Shang Dynasty in China, evidence of a fully developed Chinese
writing system
1600 BC: Beginning of Hittite dominance of the Eastern Mediterranean region
c.1550 BC: The New Kingdom begins in Egypt
1500 BC: Composition of the Rigveda is completed
c.1400 BC: Oldest known song with notation
1400-400 BC: Olmec civilization flourishes in Pre-Columbian Mexico, during Mesoamerica's
Formative period
1200 BC: The Hallstatt culture
1200-1150 BC: Bronze Age collapse in Southwestern Asia and in the Eastern Mediterranean
region. This period is also the setting of the Iliad and the Odyssey epic poems (which were
composed about four centuries later).
c. 1180 BC: Disintegration of Hittite Empire
1100 BC: Use of Iron spreads.
1046 BC: The Zhou force (led by King Wu of Zhou) overthrow the last king of Shang Dynasty;
Zhou Dynasty established in China
1000 BC: Nok culture in West Africa
c.1000 BC: King David begins his reign as the second King of Israel, after Saul
970 BC: King Solomon begins his reign as third King of Israel, after David
890 BC: Approximate date for the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey
814 BC: Foundation of Carthage by the Phoenicians in today known Tunisia
800 BC: Rise of Greek city-states
788 BC: Iron Ancient in Sungai Batu (Old Kedah)
c.785 BC: Rise of the Kingdom of Kush

Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea,
comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. It refers to the timeframe of
Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.[3][4] Ancient history includes the recorded Greek history beginning in
about 776 BC (First Olympiad). This coincides roughly with the traditional date of the founding of Rome in
753 BC and the beginning of the history of Rome.[5][6]

776 BC: First recorded Ancient Olympic Games.

753 BC: Founding of Rome (traditional date)
745 BC: Tiglath-Pileser III becomes the new king of Assyria. With time he conquers
neighboring countries and turns Assyria into an empire.
728 BC: Rise of the Median Empire.
722 BC: Spring and Autumn period begins in China; Zhou Dynasty's power is diminishing; the
era of the Hundred Schools of Thought.
700 BC: The construction of Marib Dam in Arabia Felix.
660 BC: Purported date of the accession of Jimmu, the mythical first Emperor of Japan.
653 BC: Rise of Persian Empire.
612 BC: An alliance between the Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians succeeds in destroying
Nineveh and causing subsequent fall of the Assyrian empire.
600 BC: Pandyan kingdom in South India.
600 BC: Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") emerge in India.
600 BC: Evidence of writing system appear in Oaxaca used by the Zapotec civilization.
c. 600 BC: Rise of the Sao civilisation near Lake Chad
563 BC: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), founder of Buddhism is born as a prince of the
Shakya tribe, which ruled parts of Magadha, one of the Maha Janapadas.
551 BC: Confucius, founder of Confucianism, is born.
550 BC: Foundation of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great.
549 BC: Mahavira, founder of Jainism, is born.
546 BC: Cyrus the Great overthrows Croesus King of Lydia.
544 BC: Rise of Magadha as the dominant power under Bimbisara.
539 BC: The fall of the Babylonian Empire and liberation of the Jews by Cyrus the Great.
529 BC: Death of Cyrus
525 BC: Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt.
c. 512 BC: Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia, subjugates eastern Thrace, Macedonia
submits voluntarily, and annexes Libya, Persian Empire at largest extent.
509 BC: Expulsion of the last King of Rome, founding of Roman Republic (traditional date).
508 BC: Democracy instituted at Athens
c. 500 BC: Completion of Euclid's Elements
500 BC: Panini standardizes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Ashtadhyayi.
Panini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit.
500 BC: Pingala uses zero and binary numeral system
499 BC: King Aristagoras of Miletus incites all of Hellenic Asia Minor to rebel against the
Persian Empire, beginning the Greco-Persian Wars.
490 BC: Greek city-states defeat Persian invasion at Battle of Marathon
483 BC: Death of Gautama Buddha
480 BC: Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes; Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis
479 BC: Death of Confucius
475 BC: Warring States period begins in China as the Zhou king became a mere figurehead;
China is annexed by regional warlords
470/469 BC: Birth of Socrates
465 BC: Murder of Xerxes
460 BC: Birth of Democritus
458 BC: The Oresteia by Aeschylus, the only surviving trilogy of ancient Greek plays, is
performed.
449 BC: The Greco-Persian Wars end.
447 BC: Building of the Parthenon at Athens started
432 BC: Construction of the Parthenon is completed
431 BC: Beginning of the Peloponnesian war between the Greek city-states
429 BC: Sophocles's play Oedipus Rex is first performed
427 BC: Birth of Plato
424 BC: Nanda dynasty comes to power.
404 BC: End of the Peloponnesian War
400 BC: Zapotec culture flourishes around city of Monte Albán
c. 400 BC: Rise of the Garamantes as an irrigation-based desert state in the Fezzan region of
Libya
399 BC: Death of Socrates
384 BC: Birth of Aristotle
370 BC: Death of Democritus
331 BC: Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela,
completing his conquest of Persia.
326 BC: Alexander the Great defeats Indian king Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes River.
323 BC: Death of Alexander the Great at Babylon.
322 BC: Death of Aristotle
321 BC: Chandragupta Maurya overthrows the Nanda Dynasty of Magadha.
305 BC: Chandragupta Maurya seizes the satrapies of Paropanisadai (Kabul), Aria (Herat),
Arachosia (Qanadahar) and Gedrosia (Baluchistan)from Seleucus I Nicator, the Macedonian
satrap of Babylonia, in return for 500 elephants.
300 BC: Sangam literature (Tamil: ச க இல ய , Canka ilakkiyam) period in the history of
ancient southern India (known as the Tamilakam)
300 BC: Chola Empire in South India
300 BC: Construction of the Great Pyramid of Cholula, the world's largest pyramid by volume
(the Great Pyramid of Giza built 2560 BC Egypt stands 146.5 meters, making it 91.5 meters
taller), begins in Cholula, Puebla, Mexico.
273 BC: Ashoka becomes the emperor of the Mauryan Empire
261 BC: Kalinga war
257 BC: Thục Dynasty takes over Việt Nam (then Kingdom of Âu Lạc)
255 BC: Ashoka sends a Buddhist missionary led by his son who was Mahinda Thero
(Buddhist monk) to Sri Lanka (then Lanka) Mahinda (Buddhist monk)
250 BC: Rise of Parthia (Ashkâniân), the second native dynasty of ancient Persia
232 BC: Death of Emperor Ashoka; Decline of the Mauryan Empire
230 BC: Emergence of Satavahanas in South India
221 BC: Qin Shi Huang unifies China, end of Warring States period; marking the beginning of
Imperial rule in China which lasts until 1912. Construction of the Great Wall by the Qin Dynasty
begins.
207 BC: Kingdom of Nan Yueh extends from Canton to North Việt Nam .
206 BC: Han Dynasty established in China, after the death of Qin Shi Huang; China in this
period officially becomes a Confucian state and opens trading connections with the West, i.e.
the Silk Road.
202 BC: Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama.
200 BC: El Mirador, largest early Maya city, flourishes.
200 BC: Paper is invented in China.
c. 200 BC: Chera dynasty in South India.
185 BC: Shunga Empire founded.
149-146 BC: Third Punic War between Rome and Carthage. War ends with the complete
destruction of Carthage, allowing Rome to conquer modern day Tunisia and Libya.
146 BC: Roman conquest of Greece, see Roman Greece
121 BC: Roman armies enter Gaul for the first time.
111 BC: First Chinese domination of Việt Nam in the form of the Nanyue Kingdom.
c. 100 BC: Chola dynasty rises in prominence.
c. 82 BC: Burebista becomes the king of Dacia.
80 BC: The city of Florence is founded.
c. 60 BC- 44 BC: Burebista conquers territories from south Germany to Thrace,reaching the
coast of the Aegean sea.
49 BC: Roman Civil War between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great.
44 BC: Julius Caesar murdered by Marcus Brutus and others; End of Roman Republic;
beginning of Roman Empire.
44 BC: Burebista is assassinated in the same year like Julius Caesar and his empire breaks
into 4 and later 5 kingdoms in modern-day Romania.
40 BC: Roman conquest of Egypt.
30 BC: Cleopatra ends her reign as the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
27 BC: Formation of Roman Empire: Octavius is given titles of Princeps and Augustus by
Roman Senate - beginning of Pax Romana. Formation of influential Praetorian Guard to
provide security to Emperor
18 BC: Three Kingdoms period begins in Korea. The temple of Jerusalem is reconstructed.
6 BC: Earliest theorized date for birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Roman succession: Gaius Caesar
and Lucius Caesar groomed for the throne.
4 BC: Widely accepted date (Ussher) for birth of Jesus Christ.
9: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, the Imperial Roman Army's bloodiest defeat.
14: Death of Emperor Augustus (Octavian), ascension of his adopted son Tiberius to the
throne.
26-34: Crucifixion of Jesus Christ, exact date unknown.
37: Death of Emperor Tiberius, ascension of his nephew Caligula to the throne.
40: Rome conquers Morocco.
41: Emperor Caligula is assassinated by the Roman senate. His uncle Claudius succeeds him.
43: Rome enters Britain for the first time.
54: Emperor Claudius dies and is succeeded by his grand nephew Nero.
68: Emperor Nero commits suicide, prompting the Year of the four emperors in Rome.
70: Destruction of Jerusalem by the armies of Titus.
79: Destruction of Pompeii by the volcano Vesuvius.
98: After a two-year rule, Emperor Nerva dies of natural causes, his adopted son Trajan
succeeds him.
100-940: Kingdom of Aksum in the Horn of Africa
106-117: Roman Empire at largest extent under Emperor Trajan after having conquered
modern-day Romania, Iraq and Armenia.
117: Trajan dies of natural causes. His adopted son Hadrian succeeds him. Hadrian pulls out
of Iraq and Armenia.
126: Hadrian completes the Pantheon in Rome.
138: Hadrian dies of natural causes. His adopted son Antoninus Pius succeeds him.
161: Death of Antoninus Pius. His rule was the only one in which Rome did not fight in a war.
161: Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor of the Roman Empire. He is often ranked by
historians as one of the greatest roman emperors.
180: Reign of Marcus Aurelius officially ends.
180 - 181: Commodus becomes Roman Emperor.
192: Kingdom of Champa in Central Việt Nam.
200s: The Buddhist Srivijaya Empire established in Maritime Southeast Asia.
220: Three Kingdoms period begins in China after the fall of Han Dynasty.
226: Fall of the Parthian Empire and Rise of the Sassanian Empire.
238: Defeat of Gordian III (238–244), Philip the Arab (244–249), and Valerian (253–260), by
Shapur I of Persia, (Valerian was captured by the Persians).
280: Emperor Wu established Jin Dynasty providing a temporary unity of China after the
devastating Three Kingdoms period.
 285: Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome and splits the Roman Empire into Eastern and
Western Empires.
285: Diocletian begins a large-scale persecution of Christians.
292: The capital of the Roman empire is officially moved from Rome to Mediolanum (modern
day Milan).
301: Diocletian's edict on prices
313: Edict of Milan declared that the Roman Empire would tolerate all forms of religious
worship.
325: Constantine I organizes the First Council of Nicaea.
330: Constantinople is officially named and becomes the capital of the eastern Roman Empire.
335: Samudragupta becomes the emperor of the Gupta empire.
337: Emperor Constantine I dies, leaving his sons Constantius II, Constans I, and Constantine
II as the emperors of the Roman empire.
350: Constantius II is left sole emperor with the death of his two brothers.
354: Birth of Augustine of Hippo
361: Constantius II dies, his cousin Julian succeeds him.
378: Battle of Adrianople, Roman army is defeated by the Germanic tribes.
380: Roman Emperor Theodosius I declares the Arian faith of Christianity heretical.
395: Theodosius I outlaws all religions other than Catholic Christianity.
406: Romans are expelled from Britain.
407-409: Visigoths and other Germanic tribes cross into Roman-Gaul for the first time.
410: Visigoths sacks Rome for the first time since 390 BC.
415: Germanic tribes enter Spain.
429: Vandals enter North Africa from Spain for the first time
439: Vandals have conquered the land stretching from Morocco to Tunisia by this time.
455: Vandals sack Rome, capture Sicily and Sardinia.
c. 455: Skandagupta repels an Indo-Hephthalite attack on India.
476: Romulus Augustus, last Western Roman Emperor is forced to abdicate by Odoacer, a
chieftain of the Germanic Heruli; Odoacer returns the imperial regalia to Eastern Roman
Emperor Zeno in Constantinople in return for the title of dux of Italy; most frequently cited date
for the end of ancient history.
476: The Roman Empire doesn't really dissolve. The succeeding empire: Byzantine, was an
extension until 1453 AD.

End of ancient history in Europe

The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the
Early Middle Ages is known as Late Antiquity. Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to
describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe
and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century (c.
AD 284) to the Islamic conquests and the re-organization of the Byzantine Empire under Heraclius. The
Early Middle Ages are a period in the history of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire
spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 to 1000. Not all historians agree on the ending dates of
ancient history, which frequently falls somewhere in the 5th, 6th, or 7th century. Western scholars usually
date the end of ancient history with the fall of Rome in AD 476, the death of the emperor Justinian I in AD
565, or the coming of Islam in AD 632 as the end of ancient European history.
Maps

Eastern Hemisphere in 500 BC. Eastern Hemisphere in 323 BC.

Eastern Hemisphere in 200 BC. Eastern Hemisphere in 100 BC.

World in AD 1. World in AD 100.

Eastern Hemisphere in AD 200. World in AD 300.

Eastern Hemisphere in AD 476.

See also
List of ancient dishes and foods
Timeline of the Middle Ages
Timelines of modern history

References
Carr, E. H. (Edward Hallett). What is History?. Thorndike 1923, Becker 1931, MacMullen 1966,
MacMullen 1990, Thomas & Wick 1993, Loftus 1996.
Collingwood, R. G. (1946). The Idea of History. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Diamond, Jared (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York:
Norton.
Dodds, E. R. (1964). The Greeks and the Irrational. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California
Press.
Kinzl, Konrad H. (1998). Directory of Ancient Historians in the USA, 2nd ed (http://people.trent
u.ca/kkinzl/aahdir.html). Claremont, Calif.: Regina Books. ISBN 0-941690-87-3. Web edition is
constantly updated.
 Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). The Rise of Bronze Age Society. Cambridge
University Press.
Libourel, Jan M. (1973). "A Battle of Uncertain Outcome in the Second Samnite War". The
American Journal of Philology. Johns Hopkins University Press. 94 (1): 71–8.
doi:10.2307/294039 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F294039). ISSN 1086-3168 (https://www.world
cat.org/issn/1086-3168). JSTOR 294039 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/294039).
"Livius. Articles on Ancient History" (https://www.livius.org/).
Lobell, Jarrett (July–August 2002). "Etruscan Pompeii" (http://www.archaeology.org/0207/news
briefs/etruscan.html). Archaeological Institute of America. 55 (4).
Loftus, Elizbeth (1996). Eyewitness Testimony. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press. ISBN 0-674-28777-0.
MacMullen, Ramsay (1966). Enemies of the Roman Order: Treason, Unrest and Alienation in
the Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
MacMullen, Ramsay (1993). Changes in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary.
Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03601-2.
Thomas, Carol G.; D.P. Wick (1994). Decoding Ancient History: A Toolkit for the Historian as
Detective (https://archive.org/details/decodingancienth0000thom). Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-200205-1.
Thorndike, Lynn (1923–58). History of Magic and Experimental Science (https://archive.org/det
ails/historyofmagicex01thor). New York: Macmillan. Eight volumes.

Citations and notes

1. The invention of writing (https://www.ancient.eu/writing/)
2. Caroline Alexander, "Stonehenge," National Geographic, June 2008.
3. It is used to refer to various other periods of ancient history, like Ancient Egypt, ancient
Mesopotamia (such as, Assyria, Babylonia and Sumer) or other early civilizations of the Near
East. It is less commonly used in reference to civilizations of the Far East.
4. William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=3uYtAAAAIAAJ). J. Murray, 1891
5. Chris Scarre, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (London: Penguin Books, 1995).
6. Adkins, Lesley; Roy Adkins (1998). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-512332-8. page 3.

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