Expansion loop calculation

Index

1 Expansion loop (CS) Routine for the expansion loop calcu

2 Deduction Deduction of the expansion loop equ

3 Table A-1. Allowable stress for the material as fu

4 Lambda. Coefficient of linear expansion of som

5 Elasticity module Elasticity modules of materials at diff

6 Spiraxsarco. Spiraxsarco Chart for expansion loo

7 Vitaulic. Victaulic equation for expansion loop

8 Properties Phisical properties of some materials

9 U.S. Army Corps U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

References
 Rev. cjc. 01.08.2018

tine for the expansion loop calculation for a CS pipe

uction of the expansion loop equation

wable stress for the material as functiuon of temperature

fficient of linear expansion of some of the most common materials.

ticity modules of materials at different temperatures

raxsarco Chart for expansion loops sizing

aulic equation for expansion loops sizing

ical properties of some materials

Army Corps of Engineers

www.piping-tools.net
Expansion_loop.xlsm
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
piping-tools.net
nsion_loop.xlsm
z[at]piping-tools.net
Expansion loop for a steel pipe
Steel pipe expansion loop with nominal diameter "dn" shedule "SCH" and length "Linst"
The given length "Linst" refers to an installation at a temperature "tinst".
The pipe will expand with respect to its length "Linst", due to the temperature rise Dt = tmax - tinst
The maximum temperature could be reached due to the ambient temperature and solar radiation,
or due to fluid flowing through it.
Similarly, the pipe could shrink due to low ambient temperatures and radiation to the sky.

Data
Material: API 5L - Gr. B
dn = 10 in Elasticity module
SCH = 40 Elasticity module of selected material
Linst = 100 m at operation temperature (Annex B)
tinst = 10 ºC Material type, to obtain "E"
toperation = 174.2 °C Carbon steel C <= 0.3%
E= 1.93E+11 Pa
Allowable stress Temperature differential
Allowable stress of selected material Auxiliary data Dt =
at operation temperature Pipe dimensions (Note 1) toperation =
sallow = 137.9 MPa dn = 10 in tinst =
Linear expansion coefficient SCH = 40 - Dt =
Expansion coefficient of selected di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch
material at operation temp. (Annex C) di = #VALUE! mm
Mat. type de = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dext_dn
Carbon Steel

l= 1.29E-05 m/(m*K) de = #VALUE! mm

Annexes A, B y C

Annex A
Interpolation for permissible material stress (Table A-1, Sheet 3)

t= 174.2 °C (For t < 38 °C, the table uses 38 °C)

Row = 9 (Cell associated with selected material from table A-1)

Col_A = 5 tA = 148.9 °C sA = 137.9

Col_B = 6 tB = 204.4 °C sB = 137.9

S= sB + (sA - sB) * (tb - t)/(tb - ta)

S= 137.9 MPa 1

Annex B
Interpolation for the modulus of elasticity of the material type (Table B, Sheet 5)
For t < -200 °C, one uses data for t = -200 °C
t= 174.2 °C Information available, for most types of materials, tmax = 649 ° C.
 Row = 1 (Cell associated with selected material from table B)

Col_A = 7 tA = 149.0 °C EA = 2.0E+11

Col_B = 8 tB = 204.0 °C EB = 1.9E+11

E= EB + (EA - EB) * (tb - t)/(tb - ta)

E= 1.9E+11 MPa 1

Annex C
Interpolation for the coefficient of thermal expansion of the material (Table C, Sheet 4)

t= 38 °C (For t < 38 °C, the table uses 38 °C)

Row = 1 (Cell associated with selected material from table C)

Col_A = 43 tA = 33.9 °C lA = 1.3E-05

Col_B = 44 tB = 47.8 °C lB = 1.3E-05

l= sB + (sA - sB) * (tb - t)/(tb - ta)

l= 1.29E-05 m/(m*K) 1

Do not delete these lines

Carbon steel pipes

Carbon steel pipes

dn Sch
in -
1/2 5
1 10
1 20
2 30
2 40
3 60
4 80
5 100
6 120
8 140
10 160
12 STD
14 XS
16 XXS
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
 Rev. cjc. 01.08.2018

Heigth "H" o

3⋅E⋅d⋅f tot
H =0 . 378⋅
√ σ adm

Temperature differential Pipe expansion DL Carbon steel expansion loop

toperation - tinst The expansion loop will absorb this Heigth "H" of expansion loop
174.2 ºC length H = 0.378*( (3 * E * de * DL) / (sallow) )^0.5

10 ºC DL = l * Linst * Dt E= 1.93E+11 Pa
164.2 K l= 1.29E-05 m/(m*K) de = #VALUE! m
Linst = 100 m DL = 0.211 m
Dt = 164.2 K sallow = 1.379E+08 Pa
DL = 0.21 m H= #VALUE! m
DL = 211.27 mm W= #VALUE! m

P
Expansion loop dimensions ratio
H/w= 2
f
It is assumed that the point A coresponds
to the fxed end of a cantilever beam AC. H
MPa
MPa At the point C of this beam a deflection f = DL/2
is produced, due to force P. This force P is
A
caused by the temperature change acting on y
the pipe.
The beam AB deforms due to the application
of the moment P*H at his end A.
e B, Sheet 5) As a result of the application of this moment
a rotation a occurs at end of the beam.
 MPa
MPa

Table C, Sheet 4)

m/(m*K)
m/(m*K)
Rev. cjc. 01.08.2018
Note 1. The pipe dimensions are automatically calculated only
for carbon steel materials ccording ANSI B36.10M.
For other materials, the interior and exterior diameter
dimensions must be entered manually into the corresponding cells

www.piping-tools.net

Expansion_loop.xlsm

P
C D
C

Lira

x
a
B
m
Expansion joint calculation considering the arms bending and the rotation of the elbows

The calculation of the heigth "H" of the arms is done considering the requirement of a maximum allowable bending stres

Expansion joint

The temperature rise produces an extension of the pipe length.

Dilation of the pipe produces a deflection "DL / 2"
in the point "C" of the left arm "AC". The same occurs in the
arm BD.

The expansion joint shall absorb the total dilation DL

without surpassing the given maximum material stress.

Each half of the expansion joint shall permit a displacement

f = DL / 2. This shift f will be produced by the contribution of:
1) Flexion of arm AC, denoted as f1
b) Displacement of point C due to the rotation of the elbow in A, denoted as f2

A deflection "f2", due to rotation of the

Analysis for a half of the expansion loop elbow of the expansion joint in point "A"
is added to arrow "f1" due to bending
of arm.
Cantilever beam with concentrated load The total deflection is f = f 1 + f2

P
H C D
P C
A f
C
f1
H Lira
Figure 1
Deflextion. Ref. 7. Figure 13 x
Cantilever beam, concentrated load a B
A
at free end y
w
 y
3 w
P⋅H (1)
f 1=
3⋅E⋅I Figure 2
The beam AB deforms due to the
Force "P" associated with the deflextion moments applied at both ends

3⋅E⋅I⋅f 1 (2)
P= 3
H

The slope is Eq. (4a) Thus,

dy P⋅H P⋅H 2
= ⋅( x− w/ 2 ) tan ( α )=
dx EI 4⋅E⋅I
Slope at the elbow B (in x = w) The tangent of the angle due to the
rotation of the elbow is
dy P⋅H
|x=w = ⋅( w−w /2 ) f2
dx EI tan ( α )=
H
dy P⋅H⋅w/2 thus
|x=w =
dx EI f 2 P⋅H 2
=
Defining a ratio Higth to Width H 4⋅E⋅I
H/w = 2
w= H/2 P⋅H 3 (4b)
f 2=
dy P⋅H⋅H / 4 4⋅E⋅I
|x=w =
dx E⋅I
2
dy P⋅H
|x=w =
dx 4⋅E⋅I

Maximum stress in beam AC Reaplacing f1

(From the moment being applied
to beam AB) (1)4
f 1= ⋅f
7
 M max (5)
3⋅E 4 d
σ max = σ max = ⋅ ⋅f ⋅
2 7
I /c H 2
with c = d/2
6 E⋅f⋅d
d σ max = ⋅
σ max = M max⋅ (6) 7 H2
I⋅2
from (3) One obtains

M = P⋅H (3)
H 2=
6⋅E⋅f⋅d
and replacing P from (2) 7⋅σ max
3⋅E⋅I⋅f 1
P= 2
6⋅E⋅f⋅d
into
σ max = P⋅H⋅
d
H3
H=
√ 7⋅σ max
(7)

I⋅2
3⋅E⋅I⋅f 1 d Valid for one half expansion joint
σ max = 3 ⋅H⋅
H I⋅2
3⋅E⋅f 1 d
σ max = 2 ⋅
H 2
 Rev. cjc. 01.08.2018
1 of 4

mum allowable bending stress "sallow"

f f
C D

A B

2 of 4
Differential equation for the beam AB For x = w/2 (midelpoint)
(Figure 2) dy/dx = 0
Microsoft Editor de
2 ecuaciones 3.0
d y
EI⋅ =M thus
dx 2

with
c=−P⋅H⋅w / 2
M = P⋅H (3) Replacing in (4)

dy
2
EI⋅ = P⋅H⋅x−P⋅H⋅w / 2
d y dx
EI⋅ 2 = P⋅H
dx dy
EI⋅ = P⋅H⋅( x−w/ 2 ) (4a)
dx
Integrating
d dy
∫ EI⋅dx ( dx )⋅dx=∫ P⋅H⋅dx

dy
EI⋅ = P⋅H⋅x +c
dx
 dy
EI⋅ = P⋅H⋅x +c (4)
dx
dy P⋅H⋅x+ c
=
dx E⋅I

3 of 4
From equation (1), the deflextion of Relations f/f1 y f/f2
point C due to the flexión of arm AC
7⋅P⋅L3
is f=
3
12⋅E⋅I
P⋅L
f 1= (1) 4⋅P⋅L3
3⋅E⋅I f 1=
12⋅E⋅I
and the deflextion of point C due to 3⋅P⋅L3
the rotation of the elbow in A es f 2=
12⋅E⋅I
3
P⋅H 4⋅P⋅L3
f 2= (4b)
f
4⋅E⋅I 1 12⋅E⋅I 4
= 3
=
The total delextion in C is f 7⋅P⋅L 7
f = f 1+ f 2 12⋅E⋅I
4
P⋅L3 P⋅L3 f 1= ⋅f
f= + 7
3⋅E⋅I 4⋅E⋅I
P⋅L
3
4 P⋅L
3
3 3⋅P⋅L3
f= ⋅ + ⋅ f 12⋅E⋅I 3
3⋅E⋅I 4 4⋅E⋅I 3 2
= =
f 3 7
4⋅P⋅L3 3⋅P⋅L3 7⋅P⋅L
f= +
12⋅E⋅I 12⋅E⋅I 12⋅E⋅I
7⋅P⋅L3 3
f= (4c) f 2= ⋅f
12⋅E⋅I 7

4 of 4
For the complete expansion joint
3⋅E⋅f tot⋅d
f tot =2⋅f f =
f tot
2
H =0 . 378⋅
√ σ max
 f tot
f =
2
This is the length H of the expansion
f tot

√
joint that, for the given conditions,
6⋅E⋅ ⋅d
2 will have as a result the maximum
H= permissible "smax".
7⋅σ max
See Sheet Victaulic. Victaulic
indicates the same equation, with
3⋅E⋅f tot⋅d
H=
√ 7⋅σ max
the difference that the factor 0.378
is rounded to 0.4 (Sheet 7).

3⋅E⋅f tot⋅d E⋅f tot⋅d

H=
1
√7
⋅
√ σ max
H =0 . 655⋅
√ σ max
Microsoft Editor de
Microsoft Equation
ecuaciones 3.0
3.0
Microsoft Equation
3.0
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
 9 Allowable stress as function of temperature [MPa]
TEMPERATURE °C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Spec & Grade Materia 38 93 149 204 260 316 343 371 399 427 454 482 510 538 566 593 621 649
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 A 53(Type F) Gr.A 1 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A"
2 A 53 - Gr. A 2 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9 "NA" "NA"
3 A 53 - Gr. B 3 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
4 A 106 - Gr. A 4 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9 "NA" "NA"
5 A106 - Gr. B 5 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
6 A106 - Gr. C 6 160.6 160.6 160.6 157.9 148.9 135.8 133.8 132.4 102.0 82.7 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
7 API 5L - Gr. A 7 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
8 API 5L - Gr. A25 8 103.4 103.4 100.0 95.1 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
9 API 5L - Gr. B 9 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9 "NA" "NA"
10 API 5L - Gr. X42 10 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
11 API 5L - Gr. X46 11 144.8 144.8 144.8 144.8 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
12 API 5L - Gr. X52 12 151.7 151.7 151.7 151.7 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
13 API 5L - Gr. X56 13 163.4 163.4 163.4 163.4 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
14 API 5L - Gr. X60 14 172.4 172.4 172.4 172.4 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
15 API 5L - Gr. X65 15 177.2 177.2 177.2 177.2 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
16 API 5L - Gr. X70 16 188.2 188.2 188.2 188.2 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
17 API 5L - Gr. X80 17 206.8 206.8 206.8 206.8 "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA" "NA"
18 A312 - Gr. TP 304 18 137.9 137.9 137.9 128.9 120.7 113.1 111.7 110.3 107.6 104.8 102.7 100.7 99.3 95.1 84.1 66.9 53.1 41.4
19 A312 - Gr. TP 304L 19 115.1 115.1 115.1 108.9 102.0 96.5 94.5 93.1 91.7 89.6 88.3 82.0 68.3 53.8 43.4 35.2 27.6 22.1
20 A312 - Gr. TP 304H 20 137.9 137.9 137.9 128.9 120.7 113.1 111.7 110.3 107.6 104.8 102.7 100.7 99.3 95.1 84.1 66.9 53.1 41.4
21 A312 - Gr. TP 309 21 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 132.4 129.6 126.2 124.1 120.7 100.7 95.8 86.2 72.4 58.6 44.8 34.5 26.2
22 A312 - Gr. TP 310 22 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 132.4 129.6 126.2 124.1 120.7 100.7 95.8 86.2 75.8 49.0 34.5 24.8 17.2
23 A312 - Gr. TP 316 23 137.9 137.9 137.9 133.1 123.4 117.2 115.1 112.4 111.0 109.6 108.2 106.9 106.2 105.5 100.0 85.5 67.6 51.0
24 A312 - Gr. TP 316L 24 115.1 115.1 115.1 106.9 99.3 93.1 91.0 88.9 86.9 85.5 83.4 81.4 79.3 77.2 74.5 70.3 60.7 44.1
25 A312 - Gr. TP 316H 25 137.9 137.9 137.9 133.1 123.4 117.2 115.1 112.4 111.0 109.6 108.2 106.9 106.2 105.5 100.0 85.5 67.6 51.0
26 A312 - Gr. TP 317 26 137.9 137.9 137.9 133.1 123.4 117.2 115.1 112.4 111.0 109.6 108.2 106.9 106.2 105.5 100.0 85.5 67.6 51.0
27 A312 - Gr. TP 317L 27 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 122.0 115.8 114.5 111.7 108.9 106.9 104.8 "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A" "N/A"
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

t= 593 621.0
S= 66.9 53.1
 Table A-1. Basic alowable stresses in tension for metals (Page 157 - 161) de ASME B31.3-2002

ASME B31.3-2002 Table A-1. Basic alowable stresses in tension for metals (Page 157 - 161)

Allowable stress as function of temperature [MPa]

TEMPERATURE °C
Spec Grade 38 93 149 204 260 316 343 371 399 427 454 482 510 538 566 593 621 649
1 A 53 Gr. A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3
2 A 53 A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
3 A 53 B 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2
4 A 106 A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
5 A106 B 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2
6 A106 C 160.6 160.6 160.6 157.9 148.9 135.8 133.8 132.4 102.0 82.7
7 API 5L A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3
8 API 5L A25 103.4 103.4 100.0 95.1
9 API 5L B 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
10 API 5L X42 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9
11 API 5L X46 144.8 144.8 144.8 144.8
12 API 5L X52 151.7 151.7 151.7 151.7
13 API 5L X56 163.4 163.4 163.4 163.4
14 API 5L X60 172.4 1482.4 172.4 172.4
15 API 5L X65 177.2 177.2 177.2 177.2
16 API 5L X70 188.2 188.2 188.2 188.2
17 API 5L X80 206.8 206.8 206.8 206.8
18 A312 TP 304 137.9 137.9 137.9 128.9 120.7 113.1 111.7 110.3 107.6 104.8 102.7 100.7 99.3 95.1 84.1 66.9 53.1 41.4
19 A312 TP 304L 115.1 115.1 115.1 108.9 102.0 96.5 94.5 93.1 91.7 89.6 88.3 82.0 68.3 53.8 43.4 35.2 27.6 22.1
20 A312 TP 304H 137.9 137.9 137.9 128.9 120.7 113.1 111.7 110.3 107.6 104.8 102.7 100.7 99.3 95.1 84.1 66.9 53.1 41.4
21 A312 TP 309 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 132.4 129.6 126.2 124.1 120.7 100.7 95.8 86.2 72.4 58.6 44.8 34.5 26.2
22 A312 TP 310 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 132.4 129.6 126.2 124.1 120.7 100.7 95.8 86.2 75.8 49.0 34.5 24.8 17.2
23 A312 TP 316 137.9 137.9 137.9 133.1 123.4 117.2 115.1 112.4 111.0 109.6 108.2 106.9 106.2 105.5 100.0 85.5 67.6 51.0
24 A312 TP 316L 115.1 115.1 115.1 106.9 99.3 93.1 91.0 88.9 86.9 85.5 83.4 81.4 79.3 77.2 74.5 70.3 60.7 44.1
25 A312 TP 316H 137.9 137.9 137.9 133.1 123.4 117.2 115.1 112.4 111.0 109.6 108.2 106.9 106.2 105.5 100.0 85.5 67.6 51.0
26 A312 TP 317 137.9 137.9 137.9 133.1 123.4 117.2 115.1 112.4 111.0 109.6 108.2 106.9 106.2 105.5 100.0 85.5 67.6 51.0
27 A312 TP 317L 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 122.0 115.8 114.5 111.7 108.9 106.9 104.8
 ASME B31.3-2006 Table A-1. Basic alowable stresses in tension for metal Carbon steel pipes and tubes. Pag. 140- 144

Allowable stress as function of temperature [ksi]

1 ksi = 6.895 MpaTEMPERATURE °C
38 93 149 204 260 316 343 371 399 427 454 482 510 538 566 593 621
Temperature °F
Material Spec Grade 100 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150
Type F A 53Gr. A, Type F 16 16 16 16
A 53 A 16 16 16 16 16 14.8 14.5 14.4 10.7 9.3 7.9 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 53 B 20 20 20 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.5 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 106 A 16 16 16 16 16 14.8 14.5 14.4 10.7 9.3 7.9 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A106 B 20 20 20 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.5 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A106 C 23.3 23.3 23.3 22.9 21.6 19.7 19.4 19.2 14.8 12
API 5L A 16 16 16 16 16 14.8 14.5 14.4 10.7 9.3 7.9 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
Butt weld API 5L A25 15 15 14.5 13.8
API 5L B 20 20 20 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.5 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
API 5L X42 20 20 20 20
API 5L X46 21 21 21 21
API 5L X52 22 22 22 22
API 5L X56 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7
API 5L X60 25 215 25 25
API 5L X65 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7
API 5L X70 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3
API 5L X80 30 30 30 30
1 A312 TP 304 20 20 20 18.7 17.5 16.4 16.2 16 15.6 15.2 14.9 14.6 14.4 13.8 12.2 9.7 7.7
2 A312 TP 304L 16.7 16.7 16.7 15.8 14.8 14 13.7 13.5 13.3 13 12.8 11.9 9.9 7.8 6.3 5.1 4
3 A312 TP 304H 20 20 20 18.7 17.5 16.4 16.2 16 15.6 15.2 14.9 14.6 14.4 13.8 12.2 9.7 7.7
4 A312 TP 309 20 20 20 20 20 19.2 18.8 18.3 18 17.5 14.6 13.9 12.5 10.5 8.5 6.5 5
5 A312 TP 310 20 20 20 20 20 19.2 18.8 18.3 18 17.5 14.6 13.9 12.5 11 7.1 5 3.6
6 A312 TP 316 20 20 20 19.3 17.9 17 16.7 16.3 16.1 15.9 15.7 15.5 15.4 15.3 14.5 12.4 9.8
7 A312 TP 316L 16.7 16.7 16.7 15.5 14.4 13.5 13.2 12.9 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.8 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.2 8.8
8 A312 TP 316H 20 20 20 19.3 17.9 17 16.7 16.3 16.1 15.9 15.7 15.5 15.4 15.3 14.5 12.4 9.8
9 A312 TP 317 20 20 20 19.3 17.9 17 16.7 16.3 16.1 15.9 15.7 15.5 15.4 15.3 14.5 12.4 9.8
10 A312 TP 317L 20 20 20 18.9 17.7 16.8 16.6 16.2 15.8 15.5 15.2
 ASME B31.3-2002
Table A-1. Basic alowable stresses in tension for metals (Page 157 - 161)

38

to
Material Spec Grade 100
A 285 Gr A 134 … 15
A 285 Gr A 672 A45 15

Butt wel API 5L A25 15

smls API 5L A25 15

Type F A 53 Gr. A 16

A 53 A 16
A 106 A 16
A 135 A 16
A 369 FPA 16
API 5L A 16

A 285 Gr A 134 16.7

A 285 Gr A 672 A 50 16.7
285 Gr. B A 134 18.3

A 516 Gr A 671 CC60 20

A 515 Gr A 671 C860 20
A 515 Gr A 672 B60 20
A 516 Gr A 672 C60 20

A 53 B 20
A106 B 20
A 333 6 20
A 334 6 20
A 369 FPB 20
A 381 Y35 20
API 5L B 20
 100
API 5L X42 20
API 5L X46 21
API 5L X52 22
API 5L X56 23.7

100
A 516 Gr A 671 CC65 21.7
A 515 Gr A 671 C865 21.7
A 515 Gr A 672 B65 21.7
A 516 Gr A 672 C65 21.7

100
A 516 GR A 671 CC70 23.1
A 515 GR A 671 CB70 23.1
A 515 GR A 672 B70 23.1
A 516 GR A 672 C70 23.1

A106 C 23.3
API 5L X60 25
API 5L X65 25.7
API 5L X70 27.3
API 5L X80 30
 Table C
ASME B31.3

1
1 2 3
Material -536 -522
1 2 3
1 3Cr-Mo) - -
2 9Cr-Mo - -
3 18Cr-8Ni - -
4 27Cr - -
5 25Cr-20Ni - -
6 67Ni-30Cu
7 3.5Ni
8 Alloys 1.1E-05 1.2E-05
9 Aluminum - -
10 Iron - -
11 Bronze - -
12 Brass - -
13 70Cu-30Ni - -
14 Ni-Fe-Cr - -
15 Ni-Cr-Fe - -
16 Iron - -
 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-508 -494 -480 -466 -452 -438 -424 -411
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
- - - 9.0E-06 9.1E-06 9.2E-06 9.3E-06 9.4E-06
- - - 8.4E-06 8.5E-06 8.6E-06 8.7E-06 8.8E-06
- - - 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05
- - - 7.7E-06 7.8E-06 7.8E-06 7.9E-06 8.0E-06
- - - - - - - -
9.9E-06 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05
8.5E-06 8.8E-06 9.0E-06 9.2E-06 9.5E-06
1.2E-05 1.3E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05
- - - 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05
- - - - - - - -
- - - 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05
- - - 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05
- - - 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
-397 -383 -369 -355 -341 -327 -313 -299
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
9.5E-06 9.7E-06 9.9E-06 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05
9.0E-06 9.2E-06 9.3E-06 9.5E-06 9.5E-06 9.7E-06 9.9E-06 9.9E-06
1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.5E-05
8.1E-06 8.3E-06 8.5E-06 8.5E-06 8.6E-06 8.8E-06 9.0E-06 9.0E-06
- - - - - - - -
1.1E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05
9.8E-06 9.9E-06 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05
1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05
1.9E-05 1.9E-05 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.1E-05 2.1E-05
- - - - - - - -
1.5E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.7E-05 2.0E-05
1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05
1.2E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
8.4E-06 8.6E-06 8.8E-06 8.9E-06 9.2E-06 9.4E-06 9.6E-06 9.8E-06
 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
-286 -272 -258 -247 -230 -216 -202 -188
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.2E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05
9.9E-06 1.0E-05 9.8E-06 1.0E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05
1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05
9.0E-06 9.0E-06 9.0E-06 9.4E-06 1.0E-05 9.8E-06 9.9E-06 9.9E-06
- - - - 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05
1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05
1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.2E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.2E-05
1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05
2.1E-05 2.1E-05 2.1E-05 2.2E-05 2.3E-05 2.3E-05 2.3E-05 2.3E-05
- - - - 1.1E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05
1.7E-05 1.6E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.8E-05 1.7E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.5E-05 1.6E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05
- - - - 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05
- - - - 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05
9.9E-06 7.7E-06 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05
 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
-174 -161 -147 -133 -119 -105 -91 -77
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
1.1E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05
1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05
1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05
9.9E-06 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.0E-05
1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05
1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05
1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05
1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
2.3E-05 2.3E-05 2.4E-05 2.4E-05 2.4E-05 2.4E-05 2.4E-05 2.4E-05
1.0E-05 1.0E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05
1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05
1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.6E-05
1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05
1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.2E-05
 Table C-1
Thermal expansion coefficient " l " [m/(m*K)] for metals
Temperatura °C
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
-63 -49 -36 -22 -8 6 20 34
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05
1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05
1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
1.0E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05
1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05
1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05
1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05
1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
2.5E-05 2.5E-05 2.5E-05 2.5E-05 2.5E-05 2.5E-05 2.5E-05 2.5E-05
1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.2E-05
1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05
1.8E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05
1.6E-05 - - - - - - -
1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05
1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05
1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.3E-05
 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
48 62 76 89 103 117 131 145
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05
1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05
1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 1.1E-05
1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05
1.5E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05
1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05
1.7E-05 - - - - - - -
2.6E-05 - - - - - - -
1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05
1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05
1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.0E-05
- - - - - - - -
1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.7E-05
1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.5E-05
1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05
 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
159 173 187 201 214 228 242 256
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05
1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05
1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05
1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05
1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.6E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05
1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05
1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05
2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.1E-05 2.1E-05 2.1E-05 2.1E-05
- - - - - - - -
1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05
1.5E-05 - - - - - - -
1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05
 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
270 284 298 312 326 339 353 367
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05
1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05
1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05
1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05
1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05
1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05
1.4E-05 - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
1.3E-05 - - - - - - -
1.9E-05 1.9E-05 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 - - -
2.1E-05 2.1E-05 2.1E-05 2.1E-05 2.1E-05 - - -
- - - - - - - -
1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05
- - - - - - - -
1.3E-05 - - - - - - -
 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
381 395 409 423 437 451 464 478
68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05 1.5E-05
1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05 1.4E-05
1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05
1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05 1.2E-05
1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05
1.7E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.7E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
 76 77 78 79 80
492 506 520 534 548
76 77 78 79 80
1.5E-05 - - - -
1.4E-05 - - - -
1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05 1.9E-05
1.2E-05 - - - -
1.7E-05 - - - -
1.8E-05 - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05 1.8E-05
- - - - -
- - - - -
 Table B. Young Modulus
Metal
1 2 3 4 5
1 -200 -129 -73 21
1 2 3 4 5
1 Carbon steel C <= 0.3% 2.2E+11 2.1E+11 2.1E+11 2.0E+11
2 Carbon steel C => 0.3% 2.2E+11 2.1E+11 2.1E+11 2.0E+11
3 Carbon-moly steels 2.1E+11 2.1E+11 2.1E+11 2.0E+11
4 Nickel steels Ni 2% - 9% 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 1.9E+11
5 Cr-Mo steels Cr 1/2% - 2% 2.2E+11 2.1E+11 2.1E+11 2.0E+11
6 Cr-Mo steels Cr 2 1/4% - 3% 2.2E+11 2.2E+11 2.2E+11 2.1E+11
7 Cr-Mo steels Cr 5% - 9% 2.3E+11 2.2E+11 2.2E+11 2.1E+11
8 Chromium steels Cr 12%, 17%, 27% 2.2E+11 2.1E+11 2.1E+11 2.0E+11
9 Austenitic steels (TP304, 310, 316, 321, 347) 2.1E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11

Cast iro
Gray cast iron 1.3E+01

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/young-modulus-d_773.html
Mpsi = 6.9E+09 Pa
Table B. Young Modulus of Elasticity E [Pa]
Temperature (oC)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
93 149 204 260 316 371 427 482 538
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
2.0E+11 2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11 1.5E+11 1.4E+11
2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11 1.7E+11 1.5E+11 1.4E+11
2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11 1.6E+11 1.5E+11 1.4E+11
1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11 1.7E+11 1.6E+11 "N/A" "N/A"
2.0E+11 2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11 1.6E+11
2.1E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11
2.1E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11 1.6E+11
2.0E+11 1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11 1.6E+11 1.5E+11
1.9E+11 1.9E+11 1.8E+11 1.8E+11 1.7E+11 1.7E+11 1.7E+11 1.6E+11 1.6E+11

Cast iron
1.3E+01 1.3E+01 1.3E+01 1.2E+01 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 1.0E+01
 15 16
593 649 Metal -200 -129 -73
15 16 3
1.2E+11 "N/A" Carbon steel C <= 0.3% 31.4 30.8 30.2
1.2E+11 1.1E+11 Carbon steel C => 0.3% 31.2 30.6 30
1.2E+11 1.1E+11 Carbon-moly steels 31.1 30.5 29.9
"N/A" "N/A" Nickel steels Ni 2% - 9% 29.6 29.1 28.5
1.6E+11 1.5E+11 Cr-Mo steels Cr 1/2% - 2% 31.6 31 30.4
1.6E+11 1.6E+11 Cr-Mo steels Cr 2 1/4% - 3% 32.6 32 31.4
1.4E+11 1.3E+11 Cr-Mo steels Cr 5% - 9% 32.9 32.3 31.7
Chromium steels Cr 12%, 17%,
1.3E+11 1.1E+11 27% 31.2 30.7 30.1
Austenitic steels (TP304, 310,
1.5E+11 1.5E+11 316, 321, 347) 30.3 29.7 29.1

Gray cast iron

 Temperature (oC)

21 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 482

4
29.5 28.8 28.3 27.7 27.3 26.7 25.5 24.2 22.4
29.3 28.6 28.1 27.5 27.1 26.5 25.3 24 22.2
29.2 28.5 28 27.4 27 26.4 25.3 23.9 22.2
27.8 27.1 26.7 26.1 25.7 25.2 24.6 23
29.7 29 28.5 27.9 27.5 26.9 26.3 25.5 24.8
30.6 29.8 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.7 27.1 26.3 25.6
30.9 30.1 29.7 29 28.6 28 27.3 26.1 24.7
29.2 28.5 27.9 27.3 26.7 26.1 25.6 24.7 23.2
28.3 27.6 27 26.5 25.8 25.3 24.8 24.1 23.5

Cast iron
13.4 13.2 12.9 12.6 12.2 11.7 11 10.2
538 593 649
5 6 7 8 9
20.4 18
20.2 17.9 15.4
20.1 17.8 15.3

23.9 23 21.8
24.6 23.7 22.5
22.7 20.4 18.2
21.5 19.1 16.6
22.8 22.1 21.2
http://pointing.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/steam-distribution/pipe-expansion-and-support.as

http://pointing.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/steam-distribution/pipe-expansion-a

Example 10.4.2

Using Figure 10.4.1. Find the approximate expansion from 15°C, of 100 metres of carbon steel pipework u

Temperature difference is 265 - 15°C = 250°C.

Where the diagonal temperature difference line of 250°C cuts the horizontal pipe length line at 100 m, dro

Fig. 10.4.1 A chart showing the expansion in various steel pipe lengths at various temperature differences
Table 10.4.2 Temperature of saturated steam
on/pipe-expansion-and-support.asp

For expansion "DL" (mm), and a

pipe nominal diameter "dn" (in),
Spiraxsarco graph provides an
expansionloop width "W" (m).

DL = 90 mm
dn = 273 mm
Estimated value from Fig. 10.4
W= 2.55 m

spiraxsarco. Expansion loop capacity

m-distribution/pipe-expansion-and-support.asp

res of carbon steel pipework used to distribute steam at 265°C.

l pipe length line at 100 m, drop a vertical line down. For this example an approximate expansion of 330 mm is indicated.

arious temperature differences

330 mm is indicated.
http://static.victaulic.com/assets/uploads/literature/26.02-SPA.pdf
Vitaulic equation for an expansion loop

√
L=0 . 378⋅
1988 ASHRAE Handbook, EQUIPMENT

3⋅E⋅d⋅f tot
H =0 . 4⋅
5W =
W=
L
L/5
√ σ
H=

H= 2*W
H= 2*L/5
H= 0.4 * L

3⋅E⋅d⋅f tot
L=0 . 378⋅
√
Equation deducted in sheet 2
σ max
E: Elasticity module of material
d: exterior pipe diameter
ftot: total pipe expansion
S: Allowable stress of material
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pipes-temperature-expansion-coefficients-d_48.html

Temperature Expansion Coefficients for some common Piping Materials

Expansion coefficients for some common materials us

Expansion coefficients that can be used to calculate temperature expansion of pipes and tubes - are indicated in the table

Expansion Coefficients

Material
10-6 in/in oF 10-6 m/m oC

Aluminum 12.8 23.1

Carbon Steel 6.5 11.7
Cast Iron 5.9 10.6
Copper 9.3 16.8
Stainless Steel 9.9 17.8
ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 35 63
HDPE High density polyethylene 67 120
PE Polyethylene 83 150
CPVC Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride 44 79
PVC Polyvinyl chloride 28 50.4

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/young-modulus-d_417.html

Ultimate
Yield
Tensile Modulus Tensile
Strength
Strength
(Young's Modulus,
Modulus of - Su - - Sy -
Elasticity)

Material (106 (106

-E- N/m2, N/m2,
MPa) MPa)

(109
(10  psi)
6
N/m2,
GPa)

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 2.4 - 4.1

ABS plastics 1.4 - 3.1 40

Acetals 2.8 65
Acrylic 3.2 70
Aluminum Bronze 120
Aluminum 10 69 110 95
Aluminum Alloys 10.2
Antimony 11.3
Aramid 70 - 112
Beryllium (Be) 42  287
Beryllium Copper 18
Bismuth 4.6
170
Bone, compact 18 (compress
ion)
Bone, spongy 76
Boron 3100
Brass 102 - 125 250
Brass, Naval 100
Bronze 96 - 120
CAB 0.8
Cadmium 4.6
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic 150
Carbon nanotube, single-walled 1000+
Cast Iron 4.5% C, ASTM A-48 170
Cellulose,  cotton, wood pulp and
80 - 240
regenerated
Cellulose acetate, molded Dec-58
Cellulose acetate, sheet 30 - 52
Cellulose nitrate, celluloid 50
Chlorinated polyether 1.1 39
Chlorinated PVC (CPVC) 2.9
Chromium 36
Cobalt 30
Concrete 17
40
Concrete, High Strength (compression) 30 (compress
ion)
Copper 17 117 220 70
Diamond (C) 1220
50
Douglas fir Wood 13 (compress
ion)
Epoxy resins 3-Feb 26 - 85
Fiberboard, Medium Density 4
Flax fiber 58
50
Glass 50 - 90 (compress
ion)
Glass reinforced polyester matrix 17
Gold 10.8  74
Granite 52
Graphene 1000
Grey Cast Iron 130
Hemp fiber 35
Inconel 31
Iridium 75
Iron 28.5  210
Lead 2
Magnesium metal (Mg) 6.4 45
Manganese 23
Marble 15
MDF - Medium-density fiberboard 4
Mercury
Molybdenum (Mo) 40  329
Monel Metal 26
Nickel 31  170
Nickel Silver 18.5
Nickel Steel 29
Niobium (Columbium) 15
Nylon-6 2-Apr 45 - 90 45
Nylon-66 60 - 80
Oak Wood (along grain) 11
Osmium (Os) 80  550
Phenolic cast resins 33 - 59
Phenol-formaldehyde molding
45 - 52
compounds
Phosphor Bronze 116
Pine Wood (along grain) 9 40
Platinum 21.3
Plutonium 14  97
Polyacrylonitrile, fibers 200
Polybenzoxazole 3.5
Polycarbonates 2.6 52 - 62
Polyethylene HDPE (high density) 0.8 15
Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET 2 - 2.7 55
Polyamide 2.5 85
Polyisoprene, hard rubber 39
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 2.4 - 3.4
Polyimide aromatics 3.1 68
Polypropylene, PP 1.5 - 2 28 - 36
Polystyrene, PS 3 - 3.5 30 - 100
0.11 -
Polytehylene, LDPE (low density)
0.45
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 0.4
Polyurethane cast liquid Oct-20
Polyurethane elastomer 29  - 55
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 2.4 - 4.1
Potassium
Rhodium 42
Rubber, small strain 0.01 - 0.1
Sapphire 435
Selenium 8.4
Silicon 16  130 - 185
Silicon Carbide 450 3440
Silver 10.5
Sodium
Steel, High Strength Alloy ASTM A-514 760 690
Steel, stainless AISI 302 180 860 502
Steel, Structural ASTM-A36 200 400 250
Tantalum 27
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 0.5
Thorium 8.5
Tin 47
Titanium 16
Titanium Alloy 105 - 120 900 730
Tooth enamel 83
Tungsten (W) 400 - 410
Tungsten Carbide (WC) 450 - 650
Uranium 24  170
Vanadium 19
Wrought Iron 190 - 210
Zinc 12

#VALUE!

Thermoplastics - Physical Properties

Physical properties of some thermoplastics like ABS,

Typical properties of some common thermoplastics:

Tensile
Yield Tensile Modulus
Coefficients of
Strength

Thermoplastic Specific Gravity

(103 psi) (103 psi) Linear Expansion

(106 in/in
o
F)
ABS 1.08 7 340 60
PVC 1.4 8 410 30
CPVC 1.54 8 420 35
PE 0.95 3.2 120 90
PEX 0.94 2.8 . 90
PB 0.92 4.2 55 72
PVDF 1.76 7 220 70

1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) - Note! You can use the pressure unit converter on this page to switch to Pa (N/m
1 (Btu/lb oF) = 4,186.8 (J/kg K) = 1 (kcal/kg oC)
nts-d_48.html

mon materials used for pipes and tubes - like aluminum, carb
nd tubes - are indicated in the table below:

THERMAL
http://www.harvel.com/piping-systems/gf-harvel-pvc-i

Coefficient of Linear Expansion

Coefficien
ASTM
t of Linear in/in/°F 2.9 x 10-5 2.8 x 10-5
D696
Expansion
l= 2.8E-05 in / (in / ºF)
l= 5.04E-05 m/(m*ªC)

http://www.harvel.com/piping-systems/gf-harvel-pvc-ind

Tensile Modulus of Elasticity @ 73°F, for PVC

Tensile
Modulus of
E= PSI 420,000
Elasticity @
73°F
E= 4.3.E+05 psi
E= 3.0.E+03 Mpa
E= 3E+09 Pa
astics like ABS, PVC, CPVC, PE, PEX, PB and PVDF

Maximum
Thermal Conductivity
Specific HeatTemperatur
e Limit

(Btu in /h ft2
(Btu/lb oF) (oF/oC)
o
F)

1.35 0.34 180/80

1.1 0.25 150/65 s = 8 kpsi
1 0.2 210/100 s = 8000 psi
3.2 0.55 160/70 s = 5.52E+07 Pa
3.2 0.55 210/100
1.5 0.45 210/100
1.5 0.29 300/150

this page to switch to Pa (N/m 2) units.

aluminum, carbon steel, cast iron, PVC, HDPE and more

piping-systems/gf-harvel-pvc-industrial-pipe

ping-systems/gf-harvel-pvc-industrial-pipe

ty @ 73°F, for PVC

ASTM
430,000
D638
and more
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

[8]
1988 ASHRAE Handbook, EQ

H=
Pipe material design stress
sdes = 103 MPa
Material elasticity modulus
E= 1.92E+05 MPa

L0 = 145 m
dext = 200 mm Thermal expansion coefficient
top = 90 ºC a = 1.17E-05 m / (m * K)
t0 = 4.4 ºC Pipe material design stress
sallow = 103 MPa
Material elasticity modulus
E= 1.92E+05 MPa

Temperature difference
Dt = top -t0
top = 90 ºC
t0 = 4.4 ºC
Dt = 85.6 K

Linear expansion
DL = L0 * a * Dt
L0 = 145 m
a = 1.17E-05 m / (m * K)
Dt = 85.6 K
DL = 0.1452 m

H= 0.4 * ( 3 * E * dext * DL / salow)^0.5 The derived equation for the loop height is
E= 1.92E+05 MPa Height "H" o
dext = 0.2 MPa H = 0.378*( (3 * E * de * DL) / (sallow) )^0.5
DL = 0.1452 m
sallow = 103 MPa
H= 5.098 m
1988 ASHRAE Handbook, EQUIPMENT

0.4 * ( 3 * E * dext * DL / salow)^0.5

 equation for the loop height is

3 * E * de * DL) / (sallow) )^0.5

Cantilever beam, concentrated load at free end

y= P * L³ / (3*E*I)
rated load at free end
 Select data with Combo Box form control

Insert
It appears the Forms control box

3 Select: Combo Box (Form Control)

4 Draw a box

5 Right clik box

6 Click formar control

The Format Control window appears

 Application example

2
Seismic zone factor Z
Seismic zone Factor Z
1 0.075
2A 0.15
2B 0.2
3 0.3
4 0.4

(repetead)
2A 4 Draw a box
5 Rigth click the box
6 Format control
7 Input the range and
8 define a cell to place the link
9 OK

7
8

10 2A 10 Click the selection box

to select a zone

Obtain a workable number (Z-value) corresponding to the selected zone

Insert function Index
11

12 OK

Select the first argument row

13

14 OK

The function arguments window appears

 In the Functions arguments window, input required data

15
16
17

18

Z= INDEX(E66:F70,E63,2)
Z= 0.15
 rev.cjc.01.08.2018

Required is to obtain the value of the

Z-Factor for a given seismic zone, selected
using the Drop-down list.

Seismic zone factor Z

Seismic zone Factor Z
1 0.075
2A 0.15
2B 0.2
3 0.3
4 0.4

Select a seismic zone

2B

Corresponding Z-Factor
Z= 0.2

Note. If it is not required the use of a

Drop-down list, the use of the V-lookup
function is a much more shorter way.

Z= VLOOKUP(K14,K12:L16,2)
Z= 0.2
Draw a box
Rigth click the box
Format control
nput the range and
define a cell to place the link

Click the selection box

o select a zone

elected zone
[1] Elementos de resistencia de materiales
S. Timoshenko, D. H. Young
Ed. Limusa, 1996

[2]

[3]

[4] http://static.victaulic.com/assets/uploads/literature/26.02-SPA.pdf

[5] http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/steam-distribution/pipe-ex

[5] F(Simple drive):\Libreria\Piping\Piping Handbook (7th Edition)

[6] http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/young-modulus-d_773.html
 www.piping-tools.net
Expansion_loop.xlsm

[7] http://www.awc.org/pdf/codes-standards/publications/design-aids/AWC-DA6-BeamFormulas-0710.pdf

[8]

http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-1-4008.pdf
orials/steam-distribution/pipe-expansion-and-support.asp
C-DA6-BeamFormulas-0710.pdf

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

eerManuals/EM_1110-1-4008.pdf
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

Microsoft Editor de
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Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0