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    Lab - 7 - Common Emitter Amplifiers

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    Ahmed Ch
    This document provides instructions for a lab experiment to design a common emitter amplifier circuit using biasing. The objectives are to bias the amplifier at its midpoint operating point and then use it to amplify small signals. Students are given specifications that the amplifier should have a maximum saturation current of 20mA and maximum cutoff voltage of 15V. The document explains biasing, voltage divider bias configuration, and guides students to calculate component values to meet the specifications and bias the amplifier at its midpoint. Students are then asked to complete the design task, answer review questions, and provide comments on their findings.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lab - 7 - Common Emitter Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Ch
    181 views6 pages
    This document provides instructions for a lab experiment to design a common emitter amplifier circuit using biasing. The objectives are to bias the amplifier at its midpoint operating point and then use it to amplify small signals. Students are given specifications that the amplifier should have a maximum saturation current of 20mA and maximum cutoff voltage of 15V. The document explains biasing, voltage divider bias configuration, and guides students to calculate component values to meet the specifications and bias the amplifier at its midpoint. Students are then asked to complete the design task, answer review questions, and provide comments on their findings.

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    This document provides instructions for a lab experiment to design a common emitter amplifier circuit using biasing. The objectives are to bias the amplifier at its midpoint operating point and then use it to amplify small signals. Students are given specifications that the amplifier should have a maximum saturation current of 20mA and maximum cutoff voltage of 15V. The document explains biasing, voltage divider bias configuration, and guides students to calculate component values to meet the specifications and bias the amplifier at its midpoint. Students are then asked to complete the design task, answer review questions, and provide comments on their findings.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    181 views6 pages

    Lab - 7 - Common Emitter Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Ch
    This document provides instructions for a lab experiment to design a common emitter amplifier circuit using biasing. The objectives are to bias the amplifier at its midpoint operating point and then use it to amplify small signals. Students are given specifications that the amplifier should have a maximum saturation current of 20mA and maximum cutoff voltage of 15V. The document explains biasing, voltage divider bias configuration, and guides students to calculate component values to meet the specifications and bias the amplifier at its midpoint. Students are then asked to complete the design task, answer review questions, and provide comments on their findings.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2014

    LAB 7: DESIGN OF COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIERS-I


    (BIASING)
    Name : Date :
    Regd-No :
    OBJECTIVES:
     To design a common emitter amplifier by biasing it at the midpoint, and then
    using it to amplify a small signal (small-signal analysis)
    SUGGESTED READING:
     Class Lectures 13, 14
     Chapter 9: “Common Emitter Amplifiers”, introductory Electronic Devices and
    Circuits by Robert T. Paynter.
     Datasheet: 2N3904 NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor
     Datasheet: 2N2222 NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor
     http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier/amp_2.html
     http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/physics/courses/physics222/repository/files/pdf/ElectronicsL
    ab15.pdf
     http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~durkin/phys617/commonemitter

    Please read through all the suggested reading before you come to lab.

    EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS:


     Basic Circuits Training Board
     T2N2222 NPN Transistor
     2N3904 NPN Transistor
     Capacitors
     Jumper Wires
     Palm Scope / DMM
     Resistors
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    MCT-137: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS


    1
    Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T
    Lahore LAB 7
    University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2014

    Common Emitter Amplifiers:


    Common emitter amplifiers are the most commonly used amplifiers due to
    their high voltage gain and good response. They are characterized by the input at
    the base terminal, an output at the collector terminal and the emitter terminal
    connected to ground, usually through a resistance.
    One important parameter of the common –
    emitter amplifier is the 180 degree phase shift
    between the input and the output voltage. That is
    due to the fact that the voltage at the collector
    terminal increases as the voltage at the base
    terminal decreases and vice versa. The collector
    current is, however, in phase with the base
    current.
    Owing to this, common emitter amplifiers are
    usually used in pairs to increase the gain and get
    the output voltage in phase with the input voltage.
    One drawback of the common-emitter amplifier
    is its relatively high output impedance, which is
    rectified by adding a common-collector stage at
    the end of the common-emitter stages that serves
    as a voltage buffer and also results in the Fig 7.1: Common Emitter Amplifier
    reduction of output impedance.

    Amplifier Design:
    Up till now, we have studied (and implemented) how to find the operating point
    (also known as the DC-point, or the Q-point) of a transistor amplifier given the
    circuit parameters like the values of resistance used, and the biasing voltage. This
    is known as an ‘analysis problem’.
    A design problem is the inverse of an analysis problem. So in a design problem,
    one has to find out circuit parameters, given the operating point and output
    characteristics of the amplifier. Common-emitter amplifier design consists of two
    main parts:
    1. Biasing
    2. Coupling (to be done in the next lab)

    MCT-137: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS


    2
    Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T
    Lahore LAB 7
    University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2014

    PROBLEM STATEMENT:
    The amplifier should have the following DC characteristics:
     Maximum saturation current, Ic(sat) = 20 mA.
     Maximum cut-off voltage, Vce (off) = 15 V.

    Fig 7.2: Load line and bias point


    Based on the information shared, the right thing to do is to plot a load-line (Fig.
    6.2). For the maximum utilization of the amplification range, the amplifier should
    be mid-point biased. Thus we can easily learn our bias point, and this gives us:
    1. Mid-point current voltage, Ic = 10 mA
    2. Mid-point bias voltage, Vce = 7.5 V
    3. Bias voltage, Vcc = 15 V

    STEP 1: BIASING:
    Biasing means to set the amplifier at a fixed DC
    operating point. A design engineer has to select the basing
    point by the operating parameters given, along with choosing
    from a wide array of biasing schemes available.
    Biasing scheme:
    There are a variety of biasing schemes that can be used,
    like fixed bias, emitter bias, or the feedback bias schemes.
    Yet, the most commonly used scheme is the ‘voltage-divider
    bias’ scheme, due to it being stable against the ‘Q-point shift’
    and the use of a single voltage supply.
    The ‘knowns’ and the ‘unknowns’:
    Looking at the Fig. 7.3, it is clear that we need to find
    the value of RE and RC when the transistor is in saturation (Ic
    = 20mA), and the value of R1 and R2 to make the amplifier
    mid-point biased (Ic = 10mA).
    Fig 7.3: Voltage Divider Bias

    The first step is to assume the value of voltage ‘VE’. Let’s


    say, 2 Volts. But for the ease of this experiment, you are
    given an initial value of the resistance ‘RE’=100 Ohms.
    The value of resistance ‘RC’ can be found by the
    saturation current as:
    15
     I c( sat)= R + R
    E C

    MCT-137: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS


    3
    Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T
    Lahore LAB 7
    University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2014
    The voltage VE can be found by the emitter current at the mid-point bias, and the
    emitter resistance.

     V E=I E + R E

    Fig 7.4: Initial assumption

    Voltage VB required to bias the voltage at mid-point can be found as:


     V B =V E +V BE

    Now a combination of resistances R1 and R2 s required that would create a voltage


    divider to bias the circuit at the voltage VB.
    The restriction on resistance R2 is that it should be at least 10 times less than the
    base input resistance ‘RIN’. Find out the value of resistance ‘RIN’, and select a
    suitable value of R2. R1 can be found by using the voltage divider formula as:
    R
    (2
     V B= R + R V C C
    1 2
    )
    NOTE: the values of resistances should be selected according to the standard
    values of resistances available.

    LAB TASK:
    Design the circuit to work as an amplifier by making it mid-point biased
    according to the specifications provided. Show the values of resistances you
    choose, and describe why.

    MCT-137: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS


    4
    Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T
    Lahore LAB 7
    University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2014

    REVIEW QUESTIONS:
    Q: What is the Q-point of the amplifier you designed? Is it exactly mid-point
    biased?
    Ans:

    Q: What would happen if the resistance R2 is comparable with the base input
    resistance RIN?
    Ans:

    Q: What would happen if the circuit is not designed to be mid-point biased?


    Ans:

    Bonus Question: Design a mid-point biased circuit for the same specifications
    using the collector-feedback bias configuration.

    MCT-137: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS


    5
    Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T
    Lahore LAB 7
    University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Spring 2014

    COMMENTS:
    P.S: Comments are logical observations and findings that you learned
    during your practical.

    MCT-137: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS


    6
    Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, U.E.T
    Lahore LAB 7

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