Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) Engineering

for Oil and Gas Facilities

 THIS BOOK WAS DEVELOPED BY IDC TECHNOLOGIES

WHO ARE WE?

IDC Technologies is internationally acknowledged as the premier provider of practical, technical training
for engineers and technicians.

We specialize in the fields of electrical systems, industrial data communications, telecommunications,

automation and control, mechanical engineering, chemical and civil engineering, and are continually
adding to our portfolio of over 60 different workshops. Our instructors are highly respected in their fields
of expertise and in the last ten years have trained over 200,000 engineers, scientists and technicians.

With offices conveniently located worldwide, IDC Technologies has an enthusiastic team of professional
engineers, technicians and support staff who are committed to providing the highest level of training and
consultancy.

TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS
TRAINING THAT WORKS
We deliver engineering and technology training that will maximize your business goals. In today’s
competitive environment, you require training that will help you and your organization to achieve its goals
and produce a large return on investment. With our ‘training that works’ objective you and your
organization will:
• Get job-related skills that you need to achieve your business goals
• Improve the operation and design of your equipment and plant
• Improve your troubleshooting abilities
• Sharpen your competitive edge
• Boost morale and retain valuable staff
• Save time and money

EXPERT INSTRUCTORS
We search the world for good quality instructors who have three outstanding attributes:
1. Expert knowledge and experience – of the course topic
2. Superb training abilities – to ensure the know-how is transferred effectively and quickly to you in
a practical, hands-on way
3. Listening skills – they listen carefully to the needs of the participants and want to ensure that you
benefit from the experience.
Each and every instructor is evaluated by the delegates and we assess the presentation after every class to
ensure that the instructor stays on track in presenting outstanding courses.

HANDS-ON APPROACH TO TRAINING

All IDC Technologies workshops include practical, hands-on sessions where the delegates are given the
opportunity to apply in practice the theory they have learnt.

REFERENCE MATERIALS
A fully illustrated workshop book with hundreds of pages of tables, charts, figures and handy hints, plus
considerable reference material is provided FREE of charge to each delegate.

ACCREDITATION AND CONTINUING EDUCATION

Satisfactory completion of all IDC workshops satisfies the requirements of the International Association
for Continuing Education and Training for the award of 1.4 Continuing Education Units.

IDC workshops also satisfy criteria for Continuing Professional Development according to the
requirements of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and Institution of Measurement and Control in the
UK, Institution of Engineers in Australia, Institution of Engineers New Zealand, and others.
CERTIFICATE OF ATTENDANCE
Each delegate receives a Certificate of Attendance documenting their experience.

100% MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

IDC Technologies’ engineers have put considerable time and experience into ensuring that you gain
maximum value from each workshop. If by lunchtime on the first day you decide that the workshop is not
appropriate for your requirements, please let us know so that we can arrange a 100% refund of your fee.

ONSITE WORKSHOPS
All IDC Technologies Training Workshops are available on an on-site basis, presented at the venue of
your choice, saving delegates travel time and expenses, thus providing your company with even greater
savings.

OFFICE LOCATIONS
AUSTRALIA • INDIA • IRELAND • MALAYSIA • NEW ZEALAND • SINGAPORE •
SOUTH AFRICA • UNITED KINGDOM • UNITED STATES

[email protected] www.idc-online.com

Visit our website for FREE Pocket Guides

IDC Technologies produce a set of 6 Pocket Guides used by
thousands of engineers and technicians worldwide.

Vol. 1 – ELECTRONICS Vol. 4 – INSTRUMENTATION

Vol. 2 – ELECTRICAL Vol. 5 – FORMULAE & CONVERSIONS
Vol. 3 – COMMUNICATIONS Vol. 6 – INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
To download a FREE copy of these internationally best selling pocket guides go to:
www.idc-online.com/downloads/

On-Site Training

SAVE MORE CUSTOMISE the Have the training

THAN 50% OFF training to YOUR delivered WHEN
the per person WORKPLACE! AND WHERE you
cost need it!

All IDC Technologies Training Workshops are available on an on-site basis, presented at the venue of
your choice, saving delegates travel time and expenses, thus providing your company with even
greater savings.
For more information or a FREE detailed proposal contact Kevin Baker by e-mailing:
[email protected]
 IDC TECHNOLOGIES
Worldwide Offices

AUSTRALIA
Telephone: 1300 138 522 • Facsimile: 1300 138 533

West Coast Office

1031 Wellington Street, West Perth, WA 6005
PO Box 1093, West Perth, WA 6872

INDIA
Telephone : +91 44 3061 8525
131 G.N. Chetty Road, Chennai 600017

IRELAND
Telephone : +353 1 473 3190 • Facsimile: +353 1 473 3191
Caoran, Baile na hAbhann, Co. Galway

MALAYSIA
Telephone: +60 3 5192 3800 • Facsimile: +60 3 5192 3801
26 Jalan Kota Raja E27/E, Hicom Town Center
Seksyen 27, 40400 Shah Alam, Selangor

NEW ZEALAND
Telephone: +64 9 263 4759 • Facsimile: +64 9 262 2304
Parkview Towers, 28 Davies Avenue, Manukau City
PO Box 76-142, Manukau City

SINGAPORE
Telephone: +65 6224 6298 • Facsimile: + 65 6224 7922
100 Eu Tong Sen Street, #04-11 Pearl’s Centre, Singapore 059812

SOUTH AFRICA
Telephone: +27 87 751 4294 or +27 79 629 5706 • Facsimile: +27 86 692 4368
68 Pretorius Street, President Park, Midrand
PO Box 389, Halfway House 1685

UNITED KINGDOM
Telephone: +44 20 8335 4014 • Facsimile: +44 20 8335 4120
Suite 18, Fitzroy House, Lynwood Drive, Worcester Park, Surrey KT4 7AT

UNITED STATES
Toll Free Telephone: 1800 324 4244 • Toll Free Facsimile: 1800 434 4045
10685-B Hazelhurst Dr. # 6175, Houston, TX 77043, USA

Website: www.idc-online.com
Email: [email protected]
 Presents

Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I)

Engineering for Oil and Gas Facilities

Revision 1

Website: www.idc-online.com
E-mail: [email protected]
IDC Technologies Pty Ltd
PO Box 1093, West Perth, Western Australia 6872
Offices in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, United Kingdom, Ireland, Malaysia, Poland, United States of
America, Canada, South Africa and India

Copyright © IDC Technologies 2011. All rights reserved.

First published 2011

ISBN: 978-1-921716-84-3

All rights to this publication, associated software and workshop are reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. All
enquiries should be made to the publisher at the address above.

Disclaimer
Whilst all reasonable care has been taken to ensure that the descriptions, opinions, programs, listings,
software and diagrams are accurate and workable, IDC Technologies do not accept any legal responsibility
or liability to any person, organization or other entity for any direct loss, consequential loss or damage,
however caused, that may be suffered as a result of the use of this publication or the associated workshop
and software.
In case of any uncertainty, we recommend that you contact IDC Technologies for clarification or assistance.
Trademarks
All logos and trademarks belong to, and are copyrighted to, their companies respectively.

Acknowledgements
IDC Technologies expresses its sincere thanks to all those engineers and technicians on our training
workshops who freely made available their expertise in preparing this manual.
 Contents

1 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 3

2 Fundamentals of Instrumentation, Measurement and Process

Control Engineering 15

3 General Instrumentation Standards in Oil and Gas 39

4 Best Practice in Process, Electrical and Instrumentation

Drawings and Documentation 67

5 Process Instrumentation 89

6 Calibration, Installation and Maintenance of Instruments 101

7 Process Control Basics 119

8 Control Valves Sizing, Selection and Maintenance 151

9 Programmable Logic Controllers 169

10 SCADA Systems 177

11 Distributed Control Systems 187

12 Industrial Data Communications 195

13 Safety Instrumentation and Emergency Shutdown Systems

for Oil and Gas 207

14 Wellhead and Flowline Control 225

15 Emergency Wellhead Blowout Controls 241

16 Power Generation 265

17 Cathodic Protection 275

18 Compressor Surge Control 283

19 Drilling Control Systems and Instrumentation 289

20 Subsea Instrumentation and Control Systems 297

21 Pig Launchers/Receivers 305

22 Flare Knockout Drum Control and Instrumentation 311

23 Flare Flame Front Generator and Ignition Monitoring 319

24 Electrical Drawings, Documentation and Schematics 325

25 Transformers 335

26 Troubleshooting, Maintenance and Protection of AC

Electrical Motors 351

27 Power Distribution 361

28 Power System Protection and Coordination 373

29 Switchgear and Distribution Systems 403

30 Cables and Wires – Maintenance and Installation Practice 413

31 Variable Speed Drives (VSDs) for Instrumentation 435

32 Electrical Safety 445

33 Earthing/Grounding, Power System Harmonics and Power

Quality 461

34 Lightning and Surge Protection 479

35 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) and Batteries 495

36 Emergency Power Supplies 503

37 Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Areas 513

38 Practical Exercises 521

39 Answers to Practical Exercises 529

 1
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering
 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING

Technology Training that works

Power system

• Power generation plants are located based on

fuel availability
• Other considerations like water, pollution issues
etc.
• Often they are in remote locations
• Loads are situated in population centers
• Transporting generated power to population
centers for use requires a power system

Technology Training that works

 Why AC?

• Almost the entire power generation and

transmission is by AC (alternating current)
• AC lends itself to voltage changes easily
• Voltage can be chosen for optimum
efficiency and optimum capital cost
• Thus better economy of power system
operations

Technology Training that works

AC Waveform

• A voltage or current in AC circuits varies

cyclically a number of times per second
• This number is called the frequency (F)
• The time for one cycle is thus 1/F
• The variation follows a sine relationship
and the waveform is called a sine wave
• An electrical system can be of single or 3
phase type

Technology Training that works

 Single and three phase generators

Technology Training that works

Three phase AC

• Universally adopted because of lower

equipment cost per unit power handled
• Helpful while interconnecting several
generating sources (the sources tend
remain in phase or stay synchromised)
• Three phase AC motors (which account
for most of the energy used) have a simple
design and are self starting

Technology Training that works

 Electrical Power and Energy

• In DC circuits
Power=Voltage x Current (Watts)
Energy= Power x Time (Watt Hours)
• In AC circuits instantaneous voltage and
current keep changing as they follow a
sine curve
– Power is computed using Root Mean Square
(RMS) voltage and RMS current

Technology Training that works

AC Power
• Fundamental Definition of Power:
p(t ) = v (t ) ⋅ i (t )

• In an AC circuit both are sinusoidal against time

• Sinusoidal Voltage and Current are defined in
RMS magnitudes where:

V peak I peak
V rms = I rms =
2 2
8
Technology Training that works
Single Phase AC Power
Transmission

9
Technology Training that works

The Power Triangle

S = P 2 + S2
P
powerfacto r = cos φ =
S
φ = a cos( power factor )
S
P = S * cos φ Q = S * sin φ
Q

φ
P
10
Technology Training that works
Formulae for Power
• Apparent power S = V*I
• Active Power P = V*I*Cos φ
• Reactive Power Q = V*I* Sin φ
• Cos φ is known as the Power Factor and φ
is the power factor angle
• The angle depends on the ratio of the
resistance to the reactance in a circuit

Technology Training that works

Power Generation

• Explained in detail in subsequent chapter.

Technology Training that works

 Typical Transmission Substation &
transmission lines

Technology Training that works

Power distribution

• Distribution is done at lower voltage levels

• Distances are much shorter than transmission
• Voltage levels are typically 33 kV and less
• Bulk of the consumers draw power at lower
voltages
• This requires distribution at two different levels
• Distribution substations convert power from
transmission to distribution voltages
• We will discuss the equipment used for T&D in
the next webcast

Technology Training that works

 Three phase power network

• All AC generation, Transmission and Distribution

is through 3 phase systems
– Exception: Single phase/SWER distribution systems
• Utilisation can be 3 phase (motors and rectifiers
for drives, furnaces) or single phase
(commercial and lighting)
• Ability to transmit larger amount of power for a
given voltage/conductor volume
• Availability of rugged 3 phase cage motors with
self starting capability

Technology Training that works

Distribution equipment

• Switching and isolation equipment

– Circuit breakers
– Disconnectors
– Control gear
• Conductors for carrying power
– Overhead bare
– Overhead insulated
– UG cables

Technology Training that works

 Substations

• A facility incorporating
– Transformers
– Switching/isolation equipment
– Control/protection/measuring
– Auxiliary power equipment
• Indoor or Outdoor type
• Air-insulated or gas-insulated
• Different configurations

Technology Training that works

Outdoor 330 kV switchyard

(Transmission)

Typical indoor
distribution substation

Technology Training that works

A 400 kV Transmission line and
Structure

Technology Training that works