DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MESRA, RANCHI

MA107 Mathematics-II, Session: (SP-2020)
Tutorial - 3 (Module III)

1. Find the Fourier series of f (x) = π 2 –x2 in −π < x < π.

Solution:
4
an = − cos(nπ), n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
n2
4
a0 = π 2 and bn = 0, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
3

2. Find the Fourier series for the function f (x) if f (x) is defined in −π < x < π as
(
0 −π < x < 0
f (x) =
sin x 0 < x < π

Hence deduce that

1 1 1 1
(π − 2) = − + − ···
4 1·3 3·5 5·7

Solution:
2 1

n is even
an = π (1 + n)(1 − n)
0 n is odd


1
b1 = , bn = 0, n = 2, 3, 4, . . .
2
Hence FS  
1 2 cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x 1
f (x) ≈ − + + + · · · + sin x
π π 1·3 3·5 5·7 2
π
Since series will converge to f (x) for x = so
2
 
1 2 cos π cos 2π cos 3π 1 π 
1= − + + + · · · + sin
π π 1·3 3·5 5·7 2 2
=⇒
1 1 1 1
(π − 2) = − + − ···
4 1·3 3·5 5·7

√
3. Obtain a Fourier expression for 1 − cos x in the interval −π < x < π.

Solution: Hint: √ √ x

1 − cos x =
f (x) = 2 sin
2
√ x
Now try to find the fourier series for 2 sin .
2
4. Find the Fourier series for the function
(
−h −π < x < 0
f (x) =
h 0<x<π
here, h 6= 0. Hence deduce that
π 1 1 1
= 1 − + − + ···
4 3 5 7

Solution: f is an odd function thus An = 0 for all n.


0 if n is even
Bn = 4h
 if n is odd
nπ
Thus, the Fourier series is given by
 
4h sin x sin 3x sin 5x
f (x) ≈ + + + ...
π 1 3 5
π
Since series will converge to f (x) for x = so
2
!
sin π2 sin 3π sin 5π
π 



4h 2 2
f =h= + + + ...
2 π 1 3 5

π 1 1 1
= 1 − + − + ···
4 3 5 7

5. Determine the half-range Fourier sine series for f (x) = x(π − x) in 0 < x < π. Hence deduce
∞
X (−1)n+1 π3
=
n=1
(2n − 1)3 32

Solution: In order to find half-range Fourier sine series for f (x) we need to do odd-periodic
extension of f (x) 
x(π − x)
 0<x<π
fo (x) = x(π + x) −π < x < 0

fo (x + 2π) otherwise


Now we will find the FS for this new function fo (x)

an = 0, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ( since fo (x) is odd function )


 8 n is odd
bn = πn3
0 n is even
Hence FS for fo (x) in −π < x < π is
∞
8 X sin(2n − 1)x
fo (x) ≈
π n=1 (2n − 1)3
 π
Since series will converge to f0 (x) for x = so
2
 
∞ (2n−1)π
π  π  8 X sin 2
π− =
2 2 π n=1 (2n − 1)3

∞
X (−1)n+1 π3
=⇒ =
n=1
(2n − 1)3 32

6. Determine the half-range Fourier sine series for f (x) = ex in 0 < x < π.

Solution: Hint : Odd-periodic extension of f (x)


x
e
 0<x<π
−x
fo (x) = −e −π < x < 0

fo (x + 2π) otherwise


Now find the fourier series for this odd-periodic extension

7. Determine the half-range Fourier cosine series for f (x) = sin(kx) for some k which is not an integer.

Solution: Let f (x) be a function defind on 0 < x < L.

Even-periodic extension of f (x)

sin(kx)
 0<x<L
fe (x) = − sin(kx) −L < x < 0

fe (x + 2L) otherwise


Clearly bn = 0 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

ZL ZL ZL
1  nπx  2  nπx  2  nπx 
an = f (x) cos dx = f (x) cos dx = sin(kx) cos dx
L L L L L L
−L 0 0

which after integrating gives

2kL
an = [1 − cos(kL)]
(kL + nπ)(kL − nπ)

The required fourier series for f (x) = sin(kx) in 0 < x < L is given by
  X ∞
1 1 − cos(kL) 2kL  nπx 
+ [1 − cos(kL)] cos
L k n=1
(kL + nπ)(kL − nπ) L
 8. Obtain the half range Fourier cosine series for

0 π
0<x<
2
π − x π < x < π
2

Solution: Hint : Even-periodic extension of f (x)

 π
 0 0<x<


 π 2
−


 π x < x < π

 2 π
fe (x) = π + x −π < x < −

 π 2
−


 0 < x < 0


 2
fe (x + 2π) otherwise


Now find the Fourier series for fe (x).

9. Form a partial differential equation by the method of elimination of arbitrary constants from the
following
a) z = a(x + y) + b(x − y) + abt + c where z, x, y and t are variables and others are constant.
b) z = ax3 + by 3 .
c) log(az − 1) = x + ay + b.
x y z
d) + − = 0.
a b ab
10. Form a partial differential equation by the method of elimination of arbitrary function from the
following
a) xyz = f (x + y + z) b) z = f (x2 − y 2 )
c) F (x + y + z, x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 0 d) F (ax + by + cz, x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 0
11. Solve the partial diferential equation
a) (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )p − 2xyq = −2xz b) pz − qz = z 2 + (x + y)2
c) (y + z)p + (z + x)q = x + y d) (mz − ny)p + (nx − lz)q = ly − mx
e) p + 3q = 5z + tan(y − 3x)
12. Find the temperature in a bar of length 2 whose ends kept at zero and lateral surface insulated if the
πx 5πx
initial temperature is sin + 3 sin .
2 2
13. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = π is initially  at rest
 in its equilibriu
∂y
position. If it is set vibrating by giving to each of its points an initial velocity = 0.03 sin x −
∂t t=0
0.04 sin 3x then find the displacement y(x, t) at any point of string at any time t.
14. The temperature distribution in a bar of length π, which is perfectly insulated at the ends x = 0 and
∂u ∂ 2u
x = π is governed by the partial differential equation = . Assuming the initial temperature as
∂t ∂x2
u(x, 0) = f (x) = cos 2x, find the temperature distribution at any instant of time.
∂ 2y 2
2∂ y
15. Solve the equation = c , representing the vibration of a string of length l, fixed at both ends,
∂t2 ∂x2
∂
given that y(0, t) = 0, y(1, t) = 0, y(x, 0) = f (x) and y(x, 0) = 0, 0 < x < l.
∂t