UNIT 1

1. What is GPS
Global positioning system
2. What is glonass
Global orbiting navigation satellite system
3. What is difference between GPS and GLONASS

Specifications GPS GLONASS

Orbital planes 6 and spaced by 60 degree 3 and spaced by 120 degree

Satellites per orbital plane 4 and unevenly spaced 8 and evenly spaced

Orbital plane inclination 55 degree 64.8 degree

Orbital radius 26560 Km 25510 km

About 11 hours and 58

Orbital period minutes (1/2 of sidereal day) 11 hours and16 minutes

Repeat ground track every sidereal day every 8 sidereal days

L1 band:(1602+ k x 9/16)
MHz
L2 band: (1246 + k x 7/16)
MHz ,
L1 band: 1575.42 MHz ,L2 where k is the channel
carrier signals band: 1227.60 number

different for each satellite, same for all the satellites ,

C/A code on L1 and P-code C/A code on L1
codes on L1/L2 and P-code on L1/L2

C/A code - 1.023MHz and P- C/A code - 0.511 MHz and P-

code frequency code 10.23 MHz code 5.11 MHz
 (half than GPS)

In GPS Clock data are

transmitted in terms of Clock
offset, frequency offset,
frequency rate and allow the Broadcasted Clock and
calculation of the difference frequency offset
between individual GPS provides difference between
satellite's time GPS system time of GLONASS satellite
Clock data time. and GLONASS system

satellite position, velocity and

Modified keplerian orbital acceleration
orbital data elements every hour every half hour

GPS has 32 satellites operating at 6 different orbital planes at an altitude of 20,180 km with an
angle of 55 degree from equator.
GLONASS has 24 Satellites operating at 3 orbital levels at an altitude of 19,100 km with an
angle of 64.8 degree from equator.
Difference 2
GPS satellites transmit on 1575.42 MHz(L1 Band - Civilian) and 1227.6 MHz(L2 Band -
Military) and uses CDMA. Every satellite transmits same Frequency with a Unique Code as
identifier for each satellite.
GLONASS satellites transmitts on 1602MHz(L1 Band - Civilian) and 1246 MHz(L2 Band -
Military) and uses FDMA. Every satellite transmits the same code, but at different frequencies at
the vicinity of 1602MHz(L1 Band) and 1246 MHz(L2 Band).
GPS and GLONASS satellites provides Good accuracy and performance in normal test
scenarios. But in case of an urban scenario with more multipath coming to picture, it is always
better to have a system with dual (GPS+GLONASS) mode available for better accuracy in
positioning.
P Code (L2 band) is an encrypted code and can be accessed by authorised personnal only ie US
military in case of GPS and Russian military in case of GLONASS or any other authorized
agencies from this country. This P Code provides very accurate position as close as 2meters. So
for military reasons its needed for each of this country to have their on satellite .

4. Which is better, GLONASS or GPS?

There are some important differences in coverage: The GPS constellation has better coverage at
low-to-mid latitudes—where most of the world’s population lives, including most of the USA.
On the other hand, the GLONASS constellation has more coverage at high latitudes generally
and over the landmass of Russia specifically. Until about 2011, GLONASS’s coverage was
severely lacking over much of the globe. However, this has been greatly improved with the
addition of new satellites, so that as of 2016 you should be able to get an accurate position fix
from either system—in flat, open areas anywhere on earth.
GPS saw widespread civilian/commercial applications before GLONASS did, but Russia has
been encouraging civilian use of GLONASS over the last few years.
Satellite positioning systems provide huge economic benefits, but they also cost a lot to maintain
and upgrade. Most of the cost of maintaining GPS is borne by the USA, while Russia pays for
GLONASS. Given Russia’s more precarious economic and political situation as of 2016, I would
be more willing to bet on the continued availability of GPS in 2 or 3 decades.
Nowadays there are many consumer devices which can use the signals from both GPS and
GLONASS satellites simultaneously to get a faster or more accurate fix on their position than
might be possible with one system's satellites alone.
Here is a screenshot of the open-source SatSat application running on an Android smartphone,
rapidly and accurately acquiring my location using both GPS and GLONASS satellites. (I’m
obstructed by tall buildings and am at a moderately high latitude in North America.)
5. Is GLONASS better than GPS?
In terms of positional accuracy GPS is slightly better than GLONASS overall, but due to the
different positioning of the GLONASS satellites, GLONASS has better accuracy at high
latitudes (far north or south).
6. What is GLONASS Uses
GLONASS is a global navigation satellite system, providing real time position and velocity
determination for military and civilian users.
7. What are the GPS uses
GPS systems are extremely versatile and can be found in almost any industry sector. They can be used to
map forests, help farmers harvest their fields, and navigate airplanes on the ground or in the
air. GPS systems are used in military applications and by emergency crews to locate people in need of
assistance.
8. What is UTC
Coordinated Universal Time (or UTC) is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks
and time. It is within about 1 second of mean solar time at 0° longitude, and is not adjusted for daylight
saving time. In some countries, the term Greenwich Mean Time is used.
9. Classification of segment
User segment , space segment ,control segment
10. What is control segment
The GPS Ground Segment (also referred to as Control Segment or Operational Control System)
is the responsible for the proper operation of the GPS system. The GPS Control Segment is
composed by a network of Monitor Stations (MS), a Master Control Station (MCS), a backup of
the MCS and the Ground Antennas (GA
11. What is space segment
The main functions of the Space Segment are to transmit radio-navigation signals, and to store
and retransmit the navigation message sent by the Control Segment. These transmissions are
controlled by highly stable atomic clocks on board the satellites. [1]
The GPS Space Segment is formed by a satellite constellation with enough satellites to ensure
that the users will have, at least, 4 simultaneous satellites in view from any point at the Earth
surface at any time.
12. What is user segment
User segmentation is the practice of dividing all customers into segments based on
characteristics they share. For example, sorting users by region, language, or behavior. The better
teams are at segmenting their users, the more personably they can treat each group

13. Draw the architecture of GAGAN

14. What are the GAGAN components

The main components of the GAGAN Architecture are:
Space segment: three operational GEO satellites: The GSAT-8 and GSAT-10 satellites were
successfully launched in March 2011 and April 2012, respectively. The remaining satellite is
schedule to be launched during 2014 aboard an Arianne 5 launch vehicle.
Ground segment: On the ground, the GPS data is received and processed in the 15 Indian
Reference Stations (INRES), located at Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Bhubaneswar, Kolkata, Delhi,
Dibrugarh, Gaya, Goa, Guwahati, Jaisalmer, Jammu, Nagpur, Porbandar, Portblair, Trivandrum.
The Indian Master Control Center (INMCC) composed by two sites and located in Bangalore,
processes the data from the INRESs to compute the differential corrections and the estimate of
its level of integrity. The SBAS message generated by the two INMCC is uplinked to the GEO
satellites through its corresponding Indian Land Uplink Station (INLUS).
User segment: GAGAN-enabled GPS receivers, with the same technology as WAAS Receivers,
capable to use the GAGAN Signal-in-Space (SIS). User equipment for civil aviation shall be
certified against several standards (see article SBAS Standards).
The company Raytheon was awarded in 2009 with the contract to modernize the Indian air
navigation system. Raytheaon was responsible for building the Ground Stations being supplied
by some ground equipments by ISRO.
15. What is atomic clock
Atomic clocks are the most accurate time and frequency standards known, and are used
as primary standards for international time distribution services, to control the wave frequency of
television broadcasts, and in global navigation satellite systems such as GPS.
An extremely accurate type of clock which is regulated by the vibrations of an atomic or
molecular system such as caesium or ammonia.or rupiduiam
16. What is leap second
A leap second is a one-second adjustment that is occasionally applied to Coordinated Universal
Time (UTC), to accommodate the difference between precise time (as measured by atomic
clocks) and imprecise observed solar time (known as UT1 and which varies due to irregularities
and long-term slowdown in the Earth's
17. What is atomic second
Since 1967, the second has been defined as exactly "the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of
the caesium-133 atom" (at a temperature of 0 K).
18. Short notes on user velocity see in digital notes calculation with no error
See digital notes
 The inclination angle of orbital GLONASS with equator is 68.4 degree
 The inclination angle of orbital GPS with equators is 55 degree
 One half sidereal day is 11.967 hours
 GDOP precision - Geometric dilution of precision
 CRR - Clock bias error
 Satellites are in GPS - 24
 Orbits are in GLONASS - 3
 UTC is time scale based on the atomic second the input frequency
 GPS time is derived from Composite clock or paper clock
Unit2
1. What is ephemeris data

GPS satellites transmit information about their location (current and predicted), timing and
"health" via what is known as ephemeris data. This data is used by the GPS receivers to
estimate location relative to the satellites and thus position on earth. Ephemeris data is
considered good for up to 30 days
2. What is almanac

The GPS almanac is a set of data that every GPS satellite transmits, and it includes information
about the state (health) of the entire GPS satellite constellation and coarse data on every
satellite's orbit.
3. What is difference between almanac and ephemeris

The satellites broadcast two types of data, Almanac and Ephemeris. Almanac data is course
orbital parameters for all SVs. ... Ephemeris data by comparison is very precise orbital and
clock correction for each SV and is necessary for precise positioning. EACH SV broadcasts
ONLY its own Ephemeris data.
4. What is spoofing in security?

A spoofing attack is when a malicious party impersonates another device or user on a network in
order to launch attacks against network hosts, steal data, spread malware or bypass access
controls. There are several different types of spoofing attacks that malicious parties can use to
accomplish this.
5. What is spoofing what are its different types?

Some common types of spoofing attacks include ARP spoofing, DNS spoofing and IP
address spoofing. These types of spoofing attacks are typically used to attack networks, spread
malware and to access confidential information and data.
6. Define ANTISPOOFING

Anti-Spoofing. A GPS spoofing attack attempts to “deceive” a GPS receiver by broadcasting

counterfeit GPS signals, structured to resemble a set of normal GPS signals, or by
rebroadcasting genuine signals captured elsewhere or at a different time.
7. What is selective availability

Selective Availability is a term used to describe the way signals from the GPS satellites in orbit
around the Earth are masked. The U.S. Government controls the satellites, and uses Selective
Availability to confuse the GPS receiver so it can't find your exact position.
8. What was selective availability and why was it discontinued?

In May 2000, at the direction of President Bill Clinton, the U.S government discontinued its use
of Selective Availability in order to make GPS more responsive to civil and commercial users
worldwide. The United States has no intent to ever use Selective Availability again.
9. Difference between Galileo and GPS satellite construction or What is the difference
between GPS and Galileo?

We use the term GPS which really refers to the US system of satellites that we usually use with
sporty devices.
GLONASS is the Russian system and GALILEO is the European one.
There are other regional ones too. Sports devices and other navigational devices can use one
system or a combination.
Galileo is Europe's Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), providing improved positioning
and timing information with significant positive implications for many European services and
users.
Galileo allows users to know their exact position with greater precision than what is offered by
other available systems.
Now with a constellation of 26 satellites, the EU's global satellite navigation system will
provide a more precise signal across a range of valuable services.
Galileo has been providing positioning and timing services to around 400 million users since
December 2016.Jul 25, 2018
 GPS GLONASS BeiDou

14 (5 GEO, 5 IGSO, 4
Number of sat. 31 24 MEO)

Number of
nominal 35 (5 GEO, 3 IGSO, 27
satellite 24 24 MEO)

Number of
orbital plan 6 3 3 (MEO)

Inclinaison plan 55° 65° 55° (MEO & IGSO)

Altitude (km) 20,180 19,100 21,530 (MEO)

Orbital period 11 h 58 m 11 h 16 m 12 h 50 m (MEO)

Time scale GPST UTC(USNO) UTC(SU) BDT UTC(NTSC)

Coord. system WGS 84 PZ 90 CGCS 2000

Kepler Elements and Geocentric Cartesian Coord. Kepler Elements and

Ephemerides temporal variations and temporal variations temporal variations

Ephemeris
update every 2 h every 30 min every 1 h

Message length 12.5 min 2.5 min 12 min (and 6 min)

10. How do the GPS and the Galileo satellite systems compare?

They are very similar. The critical differences are as follows.

Operational. GPS has been operational for decades. Galileo is in its final testing stage, and
should be fully operational in 2020.
Galileo is still getting its first constellation into working order.
GPS is already on its third generation of satellites (Block III), noting that there were several
interesting variants among the previous 2 blocks of satellites.
Signals. GPS and Galileo have similar signals and signal arrangements, although GPS is slowing
implementing additional signals (L1C and L2C) to support civilian use, as well as additional
signal systems for military use.
As GPS is a military system first (like GLONASS and BeiDou), the precision coded signal (the
‘P’ code) is available for military use only.
With Galileo, the precision coded signal is available by subscription only. Both GPS and Galileo
precision coded signals will allow a position to be determined by appropriate code-reading
equipment to better than 1 m.
Usage. When Galileo becomes fully operational, more and more GNSS receivers (e.g., in
phones) will use the signal to improve the overall precision of the receiver’s calculated precision.
At present, the iPhone uses both GPS and GLONASS, and
11. Write the signal structure criteria in GPS

Signal selection criteria – 1

The signal must provide:
 Acceptable received signal power with reasonable power levels and Earth coverage
satellite antenna patterns
 Antenna design considerations
 Minimum ionosperic delay and fluctuations
Remedy- 1
Choose L band frequency 1GHz – 2 GHz
Why L band ?
 Ionospheric delays are enormous for frequency ranges below 500 MHz and above 10
GHz
 Frequencies above 2 GHz requires beam antenna for signal reception
 Dual frequency requirement – so high band width signal preferred
GPS Signal frequencies
 Navigation signal modulation
o L1- Link 1, Carrier frequency = 1575.420 MHz
o L2- Link 2, Carrier frequency = 1227.600 MHz
 Nuclear detection system (NDS) and NDS analysis package (NAP)
o L3- Link 3, Carrier frequency = 1381.050 MHz
o L4- Link 4, Carrier frequency = 1379.913 MHz
 Additional signal link
o L5- Link 5, Carrier frequency = 1176.450 MHz
o L2C for improving accuracy of navigation and easy tracking for civil use.
Signal selection criteria – 2
 Rejection of multipath signals
 Signals reaching the receiver after reflection
 Noise and flutter
Remedy- 2
 Use Circularly polarized electromagnetic waves
o Right Hand Circularly Polarized wave is used for GPS
o Reflection changes the direction of polarization
o Reflected waves get attenuated by the choke ring antenna.
Signal selection criteria - 3
 Power spectral density constrains
o The GPS signals received on the earth sufficiently low so as to avoid interference
with the terrestrial microwave line-of- sight communication
o ITU regulations for each microwave band
Remedy- 3
o Spread spectrum signaling
Why Spread Spectrum Signaling
 It can be proved by Shannon Hartley channel-capacity theorem C = B × log2 (1 + S/N)
 It states that one can maintain or even increase communication performance (high C) by
allowing or injecting more bandwidth (high B), even when signal power is below the noise
floor.
Spread Spectrum Signaling
 This can be achieved when a data modulated carrier signal is multiplied by a wide band
spreading wave form

Direct Signal spread spectrum- DS-SS used in De-spreading operation

GPS

Signal selection criteria - 4

 Multiple access
 Capability of accessing multiple signal simultaneously
Remedy- 4
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
CDMA
 Spread spectrum signalling aids CDMA
 Low bit rate data is encoded with a high bit rate PRN
 The receiver knows the PRN of each satellite to reconstruct data
CDMA Encoding
 Two distinct CDMA encodings are used
 Coarse/ Acquisition or C/A code at 10.23 Mcps
 Precision code or P code at 1.023 Mcps
Signal selection criteria - 5
 Provide ionospheric correction
o Ionosphere causes delays the microwave signals
Remedy- 5
Use dual frequency L1 and L2
Signal modulation
 C/A code is modulated onto the L1 signal
 P code is modulated on to L1 and L2 carrier
 The navigation data is modulo-2 added to the C/A and P code before modulation
 Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is used as digital modulation technique
 BPSK Modulation Scheme
 PRN Generators

P codes
 The P code can continue without repeating for 38 weeks
 The P code is subdivided into 38 segments of 1 week code and assigned to each satellites
 The P code is very difficult to acquire without acquisition aids
P codes acquisition
 High speed clocking of the receiver
 Different high speed algorithms are available
 With the help of HOW in the navigation data
C/A Code generator
C/A code
 Designed for rapid acquisition
 1023 bits in 1ms
 Used for satellite multiple access technique
Navigation data
 50 bps signal
 Modulo-2 added with P and C/A code
 GPS week number (5th Jan 1980) and satellite health information, an ephemeris and an
almanac
Signal transmission

12. Calculate GPS position

Position Calculation
 The coordinates are calculated according to the World Geodetic System WGS84
 coordinate system.
 The satellites are equipped with atomic clocks
 Receiver uses an internal crystal oscillator based clock that is continually updated using
the signals from the satellites.
 Receiver identifies each satellite's signal by its distinct C/A code pattern, then measures
the time delay for each satellite.
  The receiver emits an identical C/A sequence using the same seed number the satellite
used.
 By aligning the two sequences, the receiver can measure the delay and calculate the
distance to the satellite, called the pseudorange.
 Orbital position data from the Navigation Message is used to calculate the satellite's
precise position. Knowing the position and the distance of a satellite indicates that the
receiver is located somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere centered on that
satellite and whose radius is the distance to it.
 When four satellites are measured at the same time, the point where the four imaginary
spheres meet is recorded as the location of the receiver.
 Earth-based users can substitute the sphere of the planet for one satellite by using their
altitude. Often, these spheres will overlap slightly instead of meeting at one point, so the
receiver will yield a mathematically most-probable position.

UNIT 3
1. Write the various type of antenna in GPS

Figure below shows several common physical forms of GPS antennas.

Patch Antennas The patch antenna, the most common antenna type, is often used in low-cost
handheld receivers. In typical designs the antenna elements are formed by etching the copper foil
on a printed-circuit board, which forms a very rugged low-profile unit. This is advantageous in
some aviation applications, because it is relatively easy to integrate the antenna into the skin of
the aircraft.

Dome Antennas These antennas are housed in a bubblelike housing.

Blade Antennas The blade antenna, also commonly used in aviation applications, resembles a
small airfoil protruding from its base.

Helical (Volute) Antennas Helical antennas contain elements that spiral along an axis that
typically points toward the zenith. In some designs the helical elements are etched from a
cylindrical copper-clad laminate to reduce cost. Helical antennas are generally more complex
and costly to manufacture than patch antennas but tend to be somewhat more efficient. Some
handheld receivers use this type of antenna as an articulated unit that can be adjusted to point
skyward while the case of the receiver can be oriented for comfortable viewing by the user. A
popular design is the quadrifilar helix, which consists of four helixes symmetrically wound
around a circular insulating core.

Choke-Ring Designs In precision applications, such as surveying, choke-ring antennas are used
to reduce the effects of multipath signal components reflected from the ground. These antennas
are usually of the patch or helical type with a ground plane containing a series of concentric
circular troughs one-quarter wavelength deep that act as transmission lines short circuited at the
bottom ends so that their top ends exhibit a very high impedance at the GPS carrier frequency.
Low-elevation angle signals, including ground-reflected components, are nulled by the troughs,
reducing the antenna gain in these directions. The size, weight, and cost of a choke-ring antenna
are significantly greater than that of simpler designs.

Phased-Array Antennas Although most applications of GPS require a nominally hemispherical

antenna pattern, certain applications (especially military) require that the antenna be capable of
forming beams in specified directions to obtain better spatial gain or to form nulls in the
direction of intentional jamming signals to reduce their effect on the desired GNSS signals.
Needless to say, phased-array antennas are much more costly than simpler designs and
historically have only been used by the military. However, civilian applications have recently
begun to emerge, primarily for the purpose of improving positioning performance in the presence
of multipath.
2. Classification of data error

Ephemeris error
Data error Clock error
Receiver clock error
Ionosphere error
Troposphere error
3. What is Troposphere and ionosphere error

Troposphere is the atmospheric layer placed between earth's surface and an altitude of about 60
kilometres.
The effect of the troposphere on the GNSS signals appears as an extra delay in the measurement
of the signal traveling from the satellite to receiver. This delay depends on the temperature,
pressure, humidity as well as the transmitter and receiver antennas location
4. Ionospheric error

Ionospheric error is the amount of additional transmission time a signal incurs as it passes
through the ionosphere. The amount of delay through the ionosphere varies with the frequency
of the signal that passes through the ionosphere. Satellite Ionospheric Delay
The Ionospheric Effect, is one of the largest errors in GPS positioning is attributable to the
atmosphere. The long, relatively unhindered travel of the GPS signal through the virtual vacuum
of space changes as it passes through the earth's atmosphere.
5. Draw Receiver architecture

RECEIVER ARCHITECTURE
Although there are many variations in GPS receiver design, all receivers must perform certain
basic functions. We will now discuss these functions in detail, each of which appears as a block
in the diagram of the generic receiver shown in Fig. above.
  Radiofrequency Stages (Front End): The purpose of the receiver front end is to filter and
amplify the incoming GPS signal.
 Frequency Downconversion and IF Amplification: After amplification in the receiver
front end, the GPS signal is converted to a lower frequency called an intermediate
frequency for further amplification and filtering.
 Digitization: In modern GPS receivers digital signal processing is used to track the GPS
signal, make pseudorange and Doppler measurements, and demodulate the 50-bps (bits
per second) data stream. For this purpose the signal is sampled and digitized by an
analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
 Baseband Signal Processing: Baseband signal processing refers to a collection of high-
speed real-time algorithms implemented in dedicated hardware and controlled by
software that acquire and track the GPS signal, extract the 50-bps (bits per second)
navigation data, and provide measurements of code and carrier pseudoranges and
Doppler.
6. Points to remember

 There are 24 GPS satellites.

 GLONASS has 3 orbits and it has nominal inclination of 64.8º relative to equator.
 UTC is time scale based on the atomic second of the input frequency.
 GPS time is derived from a Composite and paper clock
 The 50 bps data stream conveys the navigation messages
 Mask angle valves are 5º to 55º
 Demodulated data is of 50 bps navigation data
 The various pseudo-range and Doppler measurements made by receiver.
 RF amplification in the receiver front-end provides as much as 35 - 55 dB gain
 Satellite time frame is called space vehicle.
 Each satellite transmits orbital data called almanac data.
 Emphemeris data is similar to almanac data but enables a much more accurate
determination of satellite position
 Information contained in the HOW is derived from a 29-bit data called the Z- count
 TOW is Time of week
 SAW is surface acoustic wave
 HOW is Handover word
 Dome antennas are housed in a bubble like housing
 Null steering is another name of phased array antenna