Scribd
Upload
535 views14 pages

Program Counter of SAP-1 (Computer Architecture and Organization)

This document introduces computer organization and architecture. It describes a simple single as possible (SAP-1) computer and its program counter implementation. The program counter is a 4-bit counter that tracks the next instruction to be fetched from memory. It will be implemented using J-K flip flops and a tri-state buffer on a Proteus simulation to verify the design works as expected.

Uploaded by

Waqar Tanveer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
535 views14 pages

Program Counter of SAP-1 (Computer Architecture and Organization)

This document introduces computer organization and architecture. It describes a simple single as possible (SAP-1) computer and its program counter implementation. The program counter is a 4-bit counter that tracks the next instruction to be fetched from memory. It will be implemented using J-K flip flops and a tri-state buffer on a Proteus simulation to verify the design works as expected.

Uploaded by

Waqar Tanveer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Computer Architecture and Organization

Lab 1: Introduction to Simple As Possible (SAP-1) Computer


architecture and Implementation of Program Counter (PC)

Waqar Tanveer
Department of Computer Engineering
Bahria University, Islamabad

February 4, 2020

Computer Architecture and Organization 1 / 14


What is Computer Organization?

Computer Organization is concerned with the structure and


behavior of computer system as seen by the user.

It tells us how exactly all the units in the system are arranged
and interconnected.

It describes how the computer performs.

It deals with the physical aspects of computer system.

Example: Circuit design, Control signals, Memory types etc.

Computer Architecture and Organization 2 / 14


What is Computer Architecture?

Computer Architecture is concerned with the way the


hardware components operate and the way they are connected
together to form computer system.

It helps us to understand the functionalities of a system.

It describes what the computer does.

It deals with the logical aspects of computer system.

Example: Instruction sets, Addressing modes, Data types,


Cache optimization etc.

Computer Architecture and Organization 3 / 14


Example

Lets suppose you have a car and it needs to be repaired, what you
will do ?

Computer Organization: How to start the car ? , How to drive


the car ?

Computer Architecture: What components are required to repair


the car? , What functions are performed by those components?

Computer Architecture and Organization 4 / 14


Introduction to SAP-1

Single As Possible Computer.


8-bit architecture.
16 × 8 memory. 16 memory locations with 8 bits in each
location.
Specially designed for academic purposes.
Not used commercially.
Good for understanding the in depth knowledge of
Microprocessors ”fetch” and ”execution” Cycle of an
instruction
Can perform addition and subtraction only. No logical
operations.

Computer Architecture and Organization 5 / 14


Architecture of SAP-1

Computer Architecture and Organization 6 / 14


Architecture of SAP-1 (Continued)

Program Counter.
Input & MAR (Memory Address Register).
RAM.
IR(Instruction Register).
Controller Sequence.
Accumulator.
Adder & Subtractor.
B Register.
Output Register.
Binary Display.

Computer Architecture and Organization 7 / 14


Program Counter

It signals the memory address of next instruction to be


fetched and executed.

It is a 4-bit counter and it counts from 0000 to 1111.

The program counter is reset to 0000 before each computer


run.

The program is stored at the beginning of the memory with


the first instruction at binary address 0000, the second at
0001 and so on.

In this way, the program counter keeps track of the next


instruction to be fetched and executed.

Computer Architecture and Organization 8 / 14


Implementation of Program Counter (Software)

We will implement the PC by using following equipment:

Proteus (Simulation software)

2 X 74LS107 ICs (J-K flip flop)

74LS126 IC (Tri state buffer)

Computer Architecture and Organization 9 / 14


What is Flip Flop
Flip flop is a storage element.
They are used for synchronization in data communication.
Flip flop is edge triggered.

Figure: J-K Flip Flop Characteristic Table

Computer Architecture and Organization 10 / 14


4-bit Counter with J-K Flip Flop

Computer Architecture and Organization 11 / 14


Tri-State Buffer
A buffer contains data that is stored for a short amount of
time. A buffer is used to hold data right before it is used.
Why are we using tri-state buffers?
It controls when the current should pass through the device,
and when it doesn’t.
A bus should only have one device writing to it.
Many devices always produce output (such as registers) and
these devices are hooked to a bus, we need a way to control
what gets on the bus, and what doesn’t.

Figure: Tri-State Buffer


Computer Architecture and Organization 12 / 14
Schematic Diagram

Figure: Program Counter

Computer Architecture and Organization 13 / 14


Task

Design a 4-bit Program Counter using JK flip flops on Proteus


ISIS.

Verify your design with output waveform simulation.

Tabulate the output logic and compare results with theoretical


answers.

Computer Architecture and Organization 14 / 14

You might also like