Dynamics

Dynamics is the branch of mechanics which deals with the study of bodies in
motion. Dynamics is divided into two branches called kinematics and kinetics.
Kinetics is the branch of mechanics that relates the force acting on a body to its
mass and acceleration.

Basis of rigid body dynamics

– Newton’s 2nd law of motion

• A particle of mass “m” acted upon by an unbalanced force “F” experiences an

acceleration “a” that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is
directly proportional to the force
 Dynamics

Motion
– Constrained :: confined to a specific path
– Unconstrained :: not confined to a specific path

Rectilinear Motion
• Motion along a straight line
(t2 = △t + t1)
(t1)
(t2)

Displacement (S)

(S1) (S2)
 Dynamics

Rectilinear Motion
• Motion along a straight line
(t2 = △t + t1)
(t1)
(t2)

Displacement (S)

(S1) (S2)

𝑑𝑆
Then Velocity (v) = 𝑑𝑡 and

𝑑𝑣
Acceleration (a) = 𝑑𝑡
 Dynamics

Rectilinear Motion
• Motion along a straight line
(t2 = △t + t1)
(t1)
(t2)

Displacement (S)

(S1) (S2)

For constant acceleration,

v = u + at
v2-u2 = 2aS
S = ut + 0.5 at2
 Problems
The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x = 6t4 - 2t3 - 12t2 +3t + 3,
where x and t are expressed in meters and seconds, respectively. Determine the
time, the position, and the velocity when acceleration equals to zero.
 Problems
Solution:

Given,
x = 6t4 - 2t3 - 12t2+3t + 3

wkt,
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑋
Velocity (v) = = (i.e., Differentiate equation x with respect to t)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑋
v= = 24t3-6t2- 24t+3
𝑑𝑡
 Problems
Solution:

Given,
x = 6t4 - 2t3 - 12t2+3t + 3

wkt,
𝑑𝑣
acceleration (a) = (i.e., Differentiate equation v with respect to t)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
a = 𝑑𝑡 = 72t2-12t- 24
 Problems
Solution:

Given,
Acceleration is zero

wkt,
acceleration (a) = 72t2- 12t – 24

So, 72t2- 12t – 24 = 0

Solve the equation

t = 0.66 and -0.33 (among the two value, time cannot be negative so t= 0.66 s)
 Problems
Solution:

Substitute,
t = 0.66 s in equation v and x

v = 24t3- 6t2 - 24t +3

v = 24 x 0.663- 6 x 0.662 – 24 x 0.66 +3
v = -8.56 m/s

x = 6t4 - 2t3 - 12t2 +3t + 3

x = 6 x 0.664 – 2 x 0.663 – 12 x 0.662 +3 x 0.66 + 3
x = 0.259 m
 Problems
The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x = 12t4 - 5t3 + 10t2 -t + 1,
where x and t are expressed in meters and seconds, respectively. Determine the
position, the velocity and the acceleration when time equals to 10s and 15s.
 Problems
Solution:

Given,
x = 12t4 - 5t3 + 10t2-t + 1

wkt,
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑋
Velocity (v) = = (i.e., Differentiate equation x with respect to t)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑋
v= = 48t3-15t2+ 20t- 1
𝑑𝑡
 Problems
Solution:

Given,
x = 12t4 - 5t3 + 10t2-t + 1

wkt,
𝑑𝑣
acceleration (a) = (i.e., Differentiate equation v with respect to t)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
a = 𝑑𝑡 = 144t2-30t+ 20
 Problems
Solution:
Given t = 10 and 15 s
Substitute,
t = 10 s in equation v and x

a = 144t2- 30t + 20
a = 144 x 102- 30 x 10 + 20
a = 14120 m/s2

v = 48t3- 15t2 + 20t - 1

v = 48 x 103- 15 x 102 + 20 x 10 - 1
v = 46699 m/s

x = 12t4 - 5t3 + 10t2 -t + 1

x = 12 x 104 – 5 x 103 + 10 x 102 -10 + 1
x =115991 m
 Problems
Solution:
Given t = 10 and 15 s
Substitute,
t = 15 s in equation v and x

a = 144t2- 30t + 20
a = 144 x 152- 30 x 15 + 20
a = 31970 m/s2

v = 48t3- 15t2 + 20t - 1

v = 48 x 153- 15 x 152 + 20 x 15 - 1
v = 158924 m/s

x = 12t4 - 5t3 + 10t2 -t + 1

x = 12 x 154 – 5 x 153 + 10 x 152 -15 + 1
x = 592861 m
 Problems
The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x = - 4t3 + 5t2 + 3t - 2, where
x and t are expressed in meters and seconds, respectively. Determine the
position, the velocity and the acceleration when time equals to 2 s.
 Problems
Solution:

Given,
x = - 4t3 + 5t2+ 3t - 2

wkt,
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑋
Velocity (v) = = (i.e., Differentiate equation x with respect to t)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑋
v= = -12t2 +10t+ 3
𝑑𝑡
 Problems
Solution:

Given,
x = - 4t3 + 5t2+ 3t - 2

wkt,
𝑑𝑣
acceleration (a) = (i.e., Differentiate equation v with respect to t)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
a = 𝑑𝑡 = -24t +10
 Problems
Solution:
Given t = 2 s
Substitute,
t = 2 s in equation v and x

a = -24t +10
a = -24 x 2 +10
a = -38 m/s2

v = -12t2 +10t + 3
v = -12 x 22 +10 x 2 + 3
v = -25 m/s

x = - 4t3 + 5t2 + 3t - 2
x = - 4 x 23 + 5 x 22 + 3 x2 - 2
x = -8 m
 Problems
An automobile is decelerating from a speed of 65Kmph at the rate of 1.5m/s2.
How long will it take to come to rest and how far will it have gone.
 Problems
Solution:

S1 = 0 m S2 = ? m
t1 = 0 s S (Distance) (t) t2 = ? s
(u) v1 = 65 (v) v1 = 0 m/s
KMPH a = 1.5m/s2
1000
= 65 x
3600
= 18.05 m/s
 Problems
Solution:
WKT,
v = u + at ……………..(1)

v2-u2 = 2aS ……… …..(2)

S = ut + 0.5 at2 … …..(3)

From the given data and to find,

we can use equation 2 to find distance S (how far will it gone)
v2-u2 = 2aS
Substitute the corresponding values, 02 – 18.052 = 2 x (-1.5) x S [ note: -ve sign for decelerating]
– 18.052 = - 2 x (1.5) x S
18.052 = 2 x (1.5) x S
S = 108.6 m
 Problems
Solution:
WKT,
v = u + at ……………..(1)

v2-u2 = 2aS ……… …..(2)

S= ut + 0.5 at2 … …..(3)

From the given data and to find,

we can use equation 1 to find time t (how long will it take)
v = u + at
Substitute the corresponding values, 0 = 18.05 + (-1.5 x t) [ note: -ve sign for decelerating]
– 18.05 = - (1.5) x t
18.05 = (1.5) x t
t = 12.03 s
 Problems
A motorist is traveling at 54 km/h when she observes that a traffic light 240 m
ahead of her turns red. The traffic light is timed to stay red for 24 s. If the
motorist wishes to pass the light without stopping just as it turns green again,
determine (a) the required uniform deceleration of the car, (b) the speed of the
car as it passes the light.
 Problems
Solution:

t1 = 0 s
(u) v1 = 54 KMPH (t) t2 = 24 s
1000 S = 240 m
= 54 x (v) v1 = ? m/s
3600
= 15 m/s a = ? m/s2
 Problems
Solution:
WKT,
v = u + at ……………..(1)

v2-u2 = 2aS ……… …..(2)

S = ut + 0.5 at2 … …..(3)

From the given data and to find,

we can use equation 3 to find distance a (deceleration)
S = ut + 0.5 at2
Substitute the corresponding values, 240 = 15 x 24 + 0.5 x a x 242 [ note: here the time at signal is 24s so
t=t2]
240 – (15 x 24) = 0.5 x a x 242
-120= 0.5 x (a) x 576
a = -0.416 m/s2
 Problems
Solution:
WKT,
v = u + at ……………..(1)

v2-u2 = 2aS ……… …..(2)

S = ut + 0.5 at2 … …..(3)

From the given data and to find,

we can use equation 1 to find time t (how long will it take)
v = u + at
Substitute the corresponding values, v = 15 + (-0.416 x 24) [ note: -ve sign for decelerating] [ note: “a”
value taken from the previous step results]
v = 5 m/s
 Problems
A sprinter in a 100-m race accelerates uniformly for the first 35 m and then
runs with constant velocity. If the sprinter’s time for the first 35 m is 5.4 s,
determine (a) his acceleration, (b) his final velocity, (c) his time for the race.
 Problems
Solution:
Stage 1 Stage 2
Constant Velocity
Constant Acceleration

S = 35 m S = 65 m
S = 100 m

t=0s t1 = 5.4 s t3 = ?
v1 = 0 m/s v2 = ? v3 = ?
a1 = ? a2 = ?
 Problems
Solution:
Since constant acceleration,
Now, consider stage 1 a1 = a2 = a

Given,
t = 5.4 s
S= 35 m
(u) v1 = 0 m/s

To find
a= ?

WKT,
S = ut + 0.5 at2
35 = (0 x 5.4) + (0.5 x a x 5.42)
a = 2.4 m/s2
 Problems
Solution:
Since constant acceleration,
Now, consider stage 1 a1 = a2 = a

Given,
t = 5.4 s
S= 35 m
(u) v1 = 0 m/s

To find
(v) v2 = ?

WKT,
v = u + at
v = (0 + 2.4 x 5.4)
v = 12.96 m/s
 Problems
Solution: Since constant velocity,
v2 = v3 = v

Now consider stage 2 Given,

t = 5.4 s
S= 65 m
v2 = v3= 12.96m/s

To find
(t) t3 = ?

WKT,
For constant velocity,

𝑺
v=
𝒕
𝟔𝟓
12.96 =
𝒕
t = 5.05 s
 Problems
Solution: Total time for the race

Now total time for the race = 5.4 + 5.05 (clearly from
the figure)
Stage
Stage 1
Constant Velocity
Constant Acceleration
= 10.45 s

S = 35 m S = 65 m

5.4 s
5.405 s

t=0s t1 = 5.4 s
v1 = 0 m/s v2 = ? t3 = ?
a1 = ? a2 = ? v3 = ?
 Problems
A stone is dropped from the top of a tower, reaches the ground in 8 seconds.
Find the height of the tower and the velocity of the stone when it reaches the
ground.
 Problems
Solution:
t=0s
v1 = 0 m/s
Since the stone moving towards the gravity, a = g
(acceleration due to gravity) = 9.81 m/s2

Distance travelled by the stone (S) = Height of the tower

v2 = ? m/s
S (S2) = ? m
 Problems
Solution: Since the stone moving towards the gravity, a
(u) v1 = 0 m/s
= g (acceleration due to gravity) = 9.81 m/s2

Given,
t= 8s
a (g) =9.81 m/s2
(u) v1 = 0 m/s

Distance travelled by To find

the stone (S) = Height (v) v2 = ? m/s
of the tower

WKT,
v = u + gt
v2 = ? m/s v= 0 + 9.81 x 8
S (S2) = ? m v = 78.49 m/s
(t) t2 = 8 s
 Problems
Solution: Since the stone moving towards the gravity, a
(u) v1 = 0 m/s
= g (acceleration due to gravity) = 9.81 m/s2

Given,
t= 8s
a (g) =9.81 m/s2
(u) v1 = 0 m/s

Distance travelled by To find

the stone (S) = Height S (S2) = ? m
of the tower

WKT,
S = ut + 0.5gt2
v2 = ? m/s S = ( 0 x 8) + (0.5 x 8 x 82 )
S (S2) = ? m S = 313.92 m
(t) t2 = 8 s
 Projectile

Projectile motion is one of the traditional branches of classical mechanics, with

applications to ballistics. A projectile is any body that is given an initial velocity and
then follows a path determined by the effect of the gravitational acceleration and by air
resistance.

Projectile motion follows a parabolic trajectory.

u
Hmax

θ
R
 Projectile

u
Hmax

θ
R

𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑢2 sin 2𝜃
Time to reach maximum height, tm = 𝑔 Horizontal range, R =
𝑔

2𝑢 sin 𝜃 𝑢2 (sin 2𝜃)2

Time of flight, T = Maximum height reached, Hmax =
𝑔 2𝑔
 Problems
A particle is projected with an initial velocity of 60 m/s at an angle of 75֯ with
the horizontal.
Determine
a) The maximum height attained by the particle,
b) Horizontal range,
c) Time taken by the particle to reach the highest point, and
d) Time of flight.
 Problems
Solution:

u = 60 m/s

Hmax

θ = 60֯

𝑢2 (sin 2𝜃)2
Maximum height reached, Hmax =
2𝑔

602 (sin 2×60)2

Hmax = 2 ×9.81 = 171.195 m
 Problems
Solution:

u = 60 m/s

Hmax

θ = 60֯

𝑢2 sin 2𝜃
Horizontal range, R = 𝑔

602 sin(2×60)
R= = 183.486 m
9.81
 Problems
Solution:

u = 60 m/s

Hmax

θ = 60֯

𝑢 sin 𝜃
Time to reach maximum height, tm =
𝑔

60×sin 60
tm = 9.81 = 5.9s
 Problems
Solution:

u = 60 m/s

Hmax

θ = 60֯

2𝑢 sin 𝜃
Time of flight, T =
𝑔

2 ×60 × sin 60
T= = 11.8 s
9.81
 Projectile
u

Generalized equation of projectile,

Distance along x axis, (x) = u cos θ × T

g × x2
Distance along y axis, (y) = x tan θ − 2 × u2 ×(cos θ)2
 Problems
A projectile is fired from the edge of a 150m cliff with an initial velocity of
180m/s at an angle of 30֯ with horizontal. Neglecting the air resistance find, the
horizontal distance from the gun to the point where the projectile strikes the
ground and Greatest elevation above the ground reached by the projectile.
 Problems
Solution:
u= 180 m/s

Hmax
θ = 30֯

Maximum
height
from the
ground
y=150 m

x
 Problems
Solution:

Given,
y = - 150m ( -ve because finishing point is lower than starting point)
g × x2
y = x tan θ − 2 × u2 ×(cos θ)2
9.81 × x2
-150 = x × tan 30 − 2 × 1802 ×(cos 30)2
 Problems
Solution:
9.81 × x2
-150 = x × tan 30 − 2 × 1802 ×(cos 30)2

-150 = xtan 30 − 2.0185 × 10−4 × x 2

rearranging into quadratic form,

−2.0185 × 10−4 × x 2 + tan 30 × x+150 = 0

on solving,

x = 3126.6 (or) -239.87 (x cannot be negative)

Problems
Solution:

From the diagram the maximum

elevation / height from the ground
= Hmax+ y
𝑢2 (sin 2𝜃)2
= + 150
2𝑔

1802 (sin 2×30)2

= 2×9.81
+ 150

= 412.8 + 150 = 562.8 m