CHAPTER 8
TESTING HYPOTHESES:
ONE-SAMPLE TESTS
8-1 We must deal with uncertainty in our decisions because we rarely know the
values for population characteristics. In addition, there are other
circumstances unknown to us in any given situation. Statistical analysis can
reduce uncertainty, but not eliminate it entirely.

8-2 Theoretically, one could toss a coin a large number of times and see if the
proportion of heads was very different from 5. Similarly by recording the
outcomes of many dice rolls, one could see if the proportion of each side
was very different from 1/6. You would need a large number of trials for
each of these samples.

8-3 Yes, it is possible that a false hypothesis will be accepted. If the observed
value does not differ enough from the hypothesized one, the hypothesis will
be accepted. Acceptance of a hypothesis is based on probability and
therefore we can never be absolutely certain that our decision is correct.

8-4 a) Assume hypothesis about population

b) Collect sample data
c) Calculate a sample statistic
d) Use sample statistic (c) to evaluate hypothesis (a)
e) Take decision.

8-5 There is always a statistical possibility that a sample does not accurately
represent the population from which it has been drawn.

8-6 We mean that we would not have reasonably expected to find that particular
sample if in fact the hypothesis had been true.

8-7 The level of probability, or certainty, depends upon how accurate our answer
needs to be.

8-8 P( z 1.75) = 2(.5 - .4599) =.0802

8-9 The z value which leaves (100 - 98)% = 2% in the tails is ± 2.33, so the
interval should be the hypothesized value ± 2.33 standard errors.

147 
 
 

8-10  = 6000 n = 64 ̅ = 26100 = 28500

 2 ̅ =   2/√ = 28500  2(6000)/ √64 

= 28500  1500 = (27000, 30000)

Since x = 26100 < 27000, Ned should not purchase the Stalwarts. Depending
on how long ago Ned's last purchase was, it may no longer be reasonable to
suppose that  = 6000. If  has increased sufficiently, Ned's decision could
change.

8-11  = 12.6 n = 81 ̅ = 27.2 = 23.9

 2 ̅ =   2/√ = 23.9  2(12.6)/ √81 

= 23.9  2.8 = (21.1, 26.7)

Since ̅ > 26.7, it is reasonable to conclude that Computer World's

Subscribers are different from average personal computer owners.

8-12  = 0.2 n = 42 ̅ = 2.2 = 2.5

  2.5 ̅ =   2.5/√ = 2.5  2.5(0.2)/ √42 

= 2.5  0.077 = (2.423, 2.577)

Since ̅ =2.2 < 2.423, it is unreasonable to see such sample results if  really
is 2.5 quarts; the store's claim is not correct.

8-13 H0 :  = 45 H1 :  > 45

8-14 A null hypothesis represents the hypothesis you are trying to reject.
Alternative hypotheses represent all other possibilities.

8-15 The significance level refers to the probability that the sample statistic lies
outside a specified interval around the hypothesized parameter, assuming the
hypothesis is true. Or, the significance level represents the risk of rejecting
the null hypothesis when it is true.
8-16 Type I: the probability that we will reject the null hypothesis when in
fact it is true.

148 
 
 

Type II: the probability that we will accept the null hypothesis when in
fact it is false.

8-17 We would prefer to commit a. Type II error and let a. guilty person go free
than to sentence an innocent individual for a crime he or she didn't commit.

8-18 The significance level of a test is the probability of a Type I error, i.e., the
probability that we will reject the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true.
This is because it indicates the percentage of sample means that fall outside
the limits of what we will accept as confirming the null hypothesis. Hence, if
a sample mean falls outside these limits but is truly from the hypothesized
population, it will lead to a Type I error.

8-19 a)

b)

149 
 
 

c)

8-20 a) t with 34 df (so we use the normal table) b) normal c) normal

d) t with 28 df e) t with 23 df

8-21 a) A Type I error (rejecting Ho when it is true) will release a bad battery for
sale, which could have very serious consequences for the patient who buys
it. On the other hand, a Type II error (accepting Ho when it is false) will
cause the company to discard a perfectly good battery, which presumably
does not cost very much to replace Thus it would appear that the engineer
would be reluctant to make Type I errors, but should not be too concerned
about making Type II errors.

150 
 
 

b) A low significance level (i.e., a small va.lue of a) would be appropriate.

8-22 A two-tailed test of a hypothesis will reject the null hypothesis if the sample
mean is significantly higher Q! lower than the hypothesized population
mean. Thus a two-tailed test is appropriate when we are testing whether the
population mean is different from some hypothesized value. A one-tailed
test, on the other hand, would be used when we are testing whether the
population mean is lower than or higher than some hypothesized value.

8-23 We would use a lower-tailed test if the hypotheses to be tested are:

Ho :  = some stipulated value
H1 :   some stipulated value
We would use an upper-tailed test if the hypotheses to be tested are:
Ho :  = some stipulated value
H1:   some stipulated value

8-24 They should perform a lower-tailed test, with Ho:  =3124, HI:  < 3124.

8-25 :  = 78 :   78 :  = 15 :   15

8-26 = 5.75 n = 25 ̅ = 42.95

H0 :  = 44.95 H1 : . < 44.95  = .02
The lower limit of the acceptance region is ZL = - 2.05, or
̅ L =  =z.02 /√ =44.95 – 2.05(5.75)/ √25 = $42.59
̅   . .
Since z =    = -1.74  -2.05 (or ̅  42.95), we cannot reject
 /√ . /√
H0. Atlas should not believe that the average retail price has decreased.

8-27 = 9.73 n = 30 ̅ = 11.77

H0 :  = 14.35 H1 : . 14.35  = .05
The limits of the acceptance region are ZCRIT= ± 1.96, or
̅ CRIT =   z.025 /√ =14.35 – 1.96(9.73)/ √30 = (10.87, 17.85)
̅   . .
Since z =    = -1.45, it and x are in the acceptance region, so
 /√ . /√
we do not reject Ho' The mean P/E ratio in 1986 is not significantly different
from its previous value.

8-28 = 18.4 n = 20 ̅ = 954

151 
 
 

H0 :  = 960 H1 : . 960  = .05

The limits of the acceptance region are ZCRIT = ± 1.96, or
̅ CRIT =   z.025 /√ =960 – 1.96(18.4)/ √20 = (951.94, 968.06)
̅  
Since z =    = -1.46,  - 1.96 (or ̅  951.94), we do not reject
 /√ . /√
H0. The average light output is not significantly different from the
hypothesized value.

8-29 = 72.6 n = 30 ̅ = 912.1

H0 :  = 984.7 H1 : . 984.7  = .02
The lower limit of the acceptance region is ZL= -2.05, or
̅ L =  - z.002 /√ =984.7 – 2.05(72.6)/ √30 = 957.53
̅   . .
Since z =    = -5.48, it and x are in the rejection region, so
 /√ . /√
we reject Ho. Hot chocolate sales have decreased significantly.

8-30 = 52 n = 121 ̅ = 151

H0 :  = 144 H1 : . 144  = .10
The upper limit of the acceptance region is ZU = 1.28, or
̅ U =   z.10 /√ =144 + 1.28(52)/ √121 = $150
̅  
Since z =    = -1.48,  - 1.28(or ̅  150), we should reject
 /√ /√
Ho. Joel's clients' average commission is significantly higher than the
industry average.

8-31 = 16 n = 64 ̅ = 30.3
H0 :  = 28 H1 : . 28  = .05
The upper limit of the acceptance region is ZU = 1.64, or
̅ U =   z.05 /√ =28 + 1.64(16)/ √64 = 31.28 million dollars
̅   .
Since z =    = 1.15, - 1.64(or ̅  31.28), we do not reject Ho.
 /√ /√
The Custom's Commissioner need not be concerned that smuggling has
increased above its historic level.

8-32 = 0.10 n = 15 ̅ = 0.33

H0 :  = 0.57 H1 : . 0.57  = .01
The lower limit of the acceptance region is z L = - 2.33, or
̅ L =  - z.01 /√ =0.57 – 2.33(0.10)/ √15 = 0.51%

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̅   . .
Since z =    = -9.30,  - 2.33(or ̅  0.51), we should reject
 /√ . /√
Ho' The rate of growth has decreased significantly, and we infer that this
was because of the oil embargo and its consequences.

8-33 = .018 n=1 ̅ = .306

H0 :  = .343 H1 : . .343  = .02
The lower limit of the acceptance region is z L = - 2.05, or
̅ L =  - z.02 /√ =.343 – 2.05(.018)/ √1 = .3061
Joe's average last year falls below the acceptance region by .0001
̅   . .
(z =    = - 2.06), so strictly speaking, the owner should reject
 /√ . /√
Ho and cut Joe's salary. However, this is so close that the owner really
does have a difficult call.

8-34 From exercise 8-31, we have ( = 16, n = 64, and ̅ CRIT = 31.28.
.
a) P( ̅  31.28   = 28) =p =p(z  1.64) = .5 - .4495 = .0505
/√
.
b) P( ̅  31.28   = 29) =p =p(z  1.14) = .5 - .3729 = .1271
/√
.
c) P( ̅  31.28   = 30) =p =p(z  .64) = .5 - .2389 = .2611
/√

8-35 From exercise 8-30, we have  =52, n =121, and ̅ U =150.

a) P( ̅  150   =140 ) - p =p(z  2.12) = .5 - .4830 = .0170
/√
b) P( ̅  150   = 160) =p =p(z  -2.12) = .5 + .4830 = .9830
/√
c) P( ̅  150   = 175) =p =p(z  -5.29)  .5 - .5000 = 1.000
/√

8-36 From exercise 8-31, we have  =16, n =64, H0 :  = 28, H1 :   28

At  = .02, the upper limit of the acceptance region is
 - z.02 /√ =28 – 2.05(16)/ √64 = 32.1 million dollars
.
a) P( ̅  32.1   = 28) =p =p(z  2.05) = .5 - .4798 = .0202
/√
.
b) P( ̅  32.1   = 29) =p =p(z  1.55) = .5 - .4394 = .0606
/√
.
c) P( ̅  32.1   = 30) =p =p(z  1.05) = .5 - .3531 = .1469
/√

8-37 From exercise 8-30, we have  =52, n =121, H0 :  = 144, H1 :   144

At  = .02, the upper limit of the acceptance region is

153 
 
 

 - z.05 /√ =144 + 1.645(52)/ √121 = $151.78

.
a) P( ̅  151.78   =140 ) - p  =p(z  2.49)
/√
= .5 - .4936 = .0064
.
b) P( ̅  151.78   =160 ) - p =p(z  -1.74)
/√
= .5 - .4591 = .9591
.
c) P( ̅  151.78   =175 ) - p =p(z  -4.91)
/√
 .5 + .5000 = 1.000

8-38 n = 85 ̅ = .1412
H0 : p = .19 H1 : p  .19  = .04
The lower limit of the acceptance region is zL -1.75 or
. .
̅ L =  - z.04 / =.19 – 1.75  = .1155
̅ . .
Since z =    = -1.15,  - 1.75(or ̅  .1155), we don’t
/ . . /
reject H0, Grant’s Western distribution is not significantly worse than its
eastern distribution.

8-39 n = 350 ̅ = .39

H0 : p = .41 H1 : p  .41  = .02
The limits of the acceptance region are zCRIT =  2.33, or
. .
̅ crit = p  z.01 / =.41  2.33  = (.3493, .4707)
̅ . .
Since z =    = -0.76,  - 2.33(or .3493  ̅  .4707),
/ . . /
We don’t reject Ho. The proportion of loans made to women has not
changed significantly.

8-40 a) n = 180 ̅ = 17/180 = .0944

H0 : p = .151 H1 : p  .151  = .05
The lower limit of the acceptance region is Z L = - 1.64, or
. .
̅ L =  - z.05 / =.151 – 1.64  = .1072
̅ . .
Since z =    = -2.12,  - 1.64(or ̅  .1072),
/ . . /

they should reject Ho' Spray users are significantly less susceptible to
colds.
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b) At  = .02, the lower limit of the acceptance region is zL = - 2.05, or

. .
̅ L =  - z.05 / =.151 – 2.05  = 0.0963
Again z < - 2.05 (p < .0963), so the same conclusion holds.

c) Not necessarily. Although the users of the spray seem to be

significantly less susceptible to colds, we do not know that other
relevant factors have been controlled for in the experiment, nor have
we been told anything about potential side-effects of the spray which
might counterbalance its effectiveness in reducing susceptibility to
colds.

8-41 n = 175 ̅ = 101/175 = .5771

H0 : p = .5 H1 : p  .5  = .01
The upper limit of the acceptance region is ZU =2.33, or
. .
̅ U =  - z.01 / =.5 + 2.33  = .5881
̅ . .
Since z =    = -2.04,  - 2.33(or ̅  .5771 < .5881),
/ . . /
We do not reject H0.The data do not provide significant support for
the theory.
8-42 n = 3000 ̅ = 950/3000 = .3167
H0 : p = .35 H1 : p  .35  = .05
The lower limit of the acceptance region is Z L = - 1.645, or
. .
̅ U =  - z.05 / =.35 + 1.645  = .3357
̅ . .
Since z =    = -3.82,  - 1.645(or ̅  .3357),we
/ . . /
should reject H0.The proportion of skeptical people is significantly
less than it was last year.

8-43 n = 187 ̅ = 157/187 = .8396

H0 : p = .86 H1 : p  .86  = .01
The limits of the acceptance region are ZCRIT= ± 2.58, or
. .
̅ crit = p  x.05 / =.86 + 2.58  = (.7915, . 9255)
̅ . .
Since z =    = -.80,  - 2.58(or ̅ = .8396),
/ . . /

155 
 
 

We do not reject H0 Rick's claim is valid. The proportion of totally

satisfied customers has not changed significantly.

8-44 s = 8.4 n=6 ̅ =94.3

H0 :  = .100 H1 :   100  = .05
The lower limit of the acceptance region is tL = -t5, .05 = -2.015, or
̅ L =  - t5, .05 s/√ = 100 – 2.015(8.4)/ √6 = 93.09
̅   .
Since z =    = - 1.662,  - 2.015(or ̅  93.09), we do
/√ . /√
not reject H0.

8-45 s² =4.2(s = 2.049) n = 25 ̅ =52

H0 :  = 65 H1 :   65  = .01
The limits of the acceptance region are t CRI1= ± t24, .005 = ± 2.797, or
̅ crit =   t24, .005 s/√ = 65  2.797(2.049)/ √25 = (63.85, 66.15)
̅  
Since z =    = - 31.7,  - 2.797(or ̅  63.85), we reject H0.
/√ . /√

8-46 s = 49,000 n = 12 ̅ =780,000

H0 :  = 825,000 H1 :   825,000  = .05
The lower limit of the acceptance region is tL = - t 11 , .05 = - 1.796
̅ L =   t11, .05 s/√ =825,000 – 1.796(49,000)/ √12 = $799,595
̅   , ,
Since z =    = - 3.181,  - 1.796(or ̅  799,595),
/√ , /√
we reject H0.average appraised value of homes in the area is
significantly less than $825,000.

8-47 s = 42 n = 60 ̅ = 101

H0 :  = 75 H1 :   75  = .02
The upper limit of the acceptance region is tu = t59 , .02 =2.05, or
̅ U =  + t59, .02 s/√ = 75 + 2.05(42)/ √60 = 86.12
(with 59 df, we use the normal table)
̅  
Since t =    = 4.795  2.05(or ̅  86.12), we reject Ho.
/√ /√
On average, the women in the program have blood pressures
significantly higher than the recommended level.

8-48 s² =16.2(s = 4.025) n = 95 ̅ =7.2

H0 :  = 8.1 H0 :   8.1  = .01

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The lower limit of the acceptance region is tL = - t94 , .01 = - 2.33, or

̅ L =  + t94, .01 s/√ = 8.1 + 2.33(4.025)/ √95 = 7.14 hours
(with 94 df, we use the normal table)
̅   . .
Since t =    = - 2.179  - 2.33(or ̅  7.14), we do not
/√ . /√
reject H0. The new terminals are not significantly easier to learn to
operate.

8-49 s = 4.65 n = 13 ̅ = 21.60

H0 :  = 18 H1 :   18  = .01
The upper limit of the acceptance region is tU = t12 , .01 = 2.681, or
̅ U =  + t12, .01 s/√ = 18 + 2.681(4.65)/ √13 = $21.46
̅   .
Since t =    = 2.791  2.68(or ̅  21.46), we reject Ho'
/√ . /√
It appears that a budget crisis was unlikely.

8-50 s = 2.7 n = 18 ̅ =12.4

H0 :  = .10 H1 :   10  = .01
The limits of the acceptance region are tcrit=: ± tI1, .005 = ± 2.898, or
̅ crit =   t17, .005 s/√ = 10  2.898(2.7)/ √18 = (8.16, 11.84) pounds
̅   .
Since z =    = 3.771,  2.898(or ̅  11.84), we reject H0.
/√ . /√
The claim does not appear to he valid.

8-51 s = 41.3 n =16 x = 5040

At $2.50 per widget, there must be more than 12500/2.5 = 5000 widgets per
batch on average to be profitable. Hence our hypotheses 'are Ho : J1. =:
5000 vs. HI : J1. > 5000. Testing at a = .025, the upper limit of the
acceptance region is tu =t15, .025 = 2.131, or
̅ U =  + t15, .025 s/√ = 5000 + 2.131(41.3)/ √16 = 5022.0
̅  
Since t =    = 3.874  2.131(or ̅  5022), we reject Ho.
/√ . /√
So, XCo should conclude that its widget operation is profitable.

8-52 a) Let PNY = proportion of homeless people in New York eity

PDe = proportion of homeless people in Washington, D.C.
Ho : PNY =PDe HI: PNY =P PDe
b) Let flA = mean sales after the promotion
flB = mean sales before the promotion
Ho : f.lA = fJB HI : flA > flH
c) Let J.i = average annual snowfall in the 1980's
157 
 
 

Ho: fl =B HI: J.i =P 8

d) Let fl =: average mpg for the model
Ho : fJ = 34 HI : IJ < 34

8-53 Ho : IJ = 28 H1 : IJ < 28
A Type I error would not be serious for the patient. A particular battery
would not be installed even though it would last long enough. A Type II
error could be serious. After installation, this battery might run down before
the scheduled operation, thus endangering the patient's life.

8-54 No, because each of the sample means is equally distant from the
hypothesized mean and, therefore, equally likely to lead to rejection or
acceptance of the null hypothesis.

8-55 s = 1.5 n = 23 ̅ =4.3

H0 :  = 3.4 H1 :   3.4  = .01
The upper limit of the acceptance region is t u = t 22, .01 = 2.508, or
̅ U =   t 22, .01 s/√ = 3.4  2.508(1.5)/ √23 = 4.18
̅   . .
Since z =    = 2.877,  2.508(or ̅ = 4.3  4.18),
/√ . /√
We should reject H0 the average number of passengers has increased
significantly.

8-56 From exercise 8-28, we have (T =2100, n =25, H0:  = 14500, H1 : 

< 14500 At  = .10, the lower limit of the acceptance region is
 - z.10 /√ =14500 – 1.28(2100)/ √25 = 13962.4 hours
.
a) P( ̅  13962.4   = 14000) =p 
/√
=p(z  -0.09) = .5 - .0359 =.4641
.
b) P( ̅  13962.4   = 13500) =p 
/√
=p(z  1.10) = .5 + .3643 = .8643
.
c) P( ̅  13962.4   = 13000) =p 
/√
= p(z  2.29) = .5 + .4890 = .9890

8-57 n = 120 ̅ = 16/20 = .1333

H0 : p = .05 H1 : p .05  = .01
The upper limit of the acceptance region is Zu = 2.33, or
. .
̅ U = p + z.01 =.05 + 2.33  = .0964

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̅ . .
Since z =    = 4.19  2.33(or ̅ = .0964),
/ . . /
we reject Ho. Significantly more stocks than usual did set new highs
that day.

8-58 n = 8000 ̅ = 18/8000 = .00225

H0 : p = .003 H1 : p .003  = .10
The lower limit of the acceptance region is ZL = - 1.28, or
. .
̅ L = p - z.10 =.003 - 1.28  = .00222
̅ . .
Since z =    = -1.23  -1.28(or ̅  .00222
/ . . /

we do not reject Ho. The new procedures have not significantly

reduced the fraction of lost mail.

8-59
a) 2P(z > 2.15) = 2(.5000 - ,4842) = .0316
b) P(z > 1.6) = (.5000 - .4452) =.0548
c) P{z < -2.33) = (.5000 - ,4901) = .0099

8-60 Let p = the proportion of closed-end equity funds selling at a discount.

n = 15 ̅ = 6/15 = 0.4
H0 : p = 0.5 H1 : p 0.5  = .01
The lower limit of the acceptance region is zL = - 2.33, or
. .
̅ L = p - z.01 =0.5 – 2.33  = .0.1992
̅ . .
Since z =    = -0.77  - 2.33(or ̅  .0.1992)
/ . . /
we do not reject Ho. The proportion of closed-end equity funds selling at a
discount is not significantly less than the proportion selling at a premium.

8-61  = 13.5 n = 70 ̅ =86.3

H0 :  = 84 H1 :   32  = .02
The upper limit of the acceptance region is
̅ U =   z.05 s/√ = 84  1.64(13.5)/ √70 = 86.65 F

Since x < 86.65· F, we do not reject Ho. The mean temperature is not
significantly higher than 84· F, so the plant should not be cited.

159 
 
 

8-62  = 1.5 n = 200 ̅ =31.7

H0 :  = 32 H1 :   32  = .02
The lower limit of the acceptance region is ZL = - 2.05, or
̅ L=  - z.02 /√ = 32 - 2.05(1.5)/ √200 = (31.7826) ounces
̅   .
Since z =    = - 2.83  - 2.05(or ̅  31.7829), we reject
/√ . /√
H0 there is significant evidence that the bottles are being underfilled.

8-63  = 68 n = 90 ̅ =218.77
H0 :  = 235 H1 :  ≠ 235
.
P( ̅ ≤ 218.77 or ̅ ≥ 251.23  H0) = 2p
√
=2p(z ≥ 2.26) = 2( .5- .4881) = .0238
Thus, for all a S; .0238, we would accept Ho and conclude that the
average fare is not significantly different from $235.
8-64 N = 2400 n = 300 ̅ =57/300 = .19
H0 :  = .15 H1 :  .15  = .05
The upper limit of the acceptance region is Zu = 1.64, or
. .
̅ U = p + z.05 = .15 +1.64 = .1816
̅ . .
Since z = = . .
= 2.07  1.64 (or ̅  .1816), they

should reject H0and open the store.

8-65  = 2.4 n= 16 ̅ = 28.25

H0 : µ = 32 H1 : µ  32 α = .10
The lower limit of the acceptance region is Zl= z.lO = -1.28, or
̅ L= µ - z.01 s/√ = 32 – 1.28(2.4) √16 = 31.23
̅ .
Since z =    = -6.25  - 1.28(or ̅ < 31.23),
/√ . /√
We do not reject H0. We should agree with the tax collector-sales
have decreased significantly.
8-66 n = 250 ̅ = 194/250 = .7760
H0 : p = .72 H1 : p >.72 α = .02
The upper limit of the acceptance region is zrJ = 2.05, or
. .
̅ L= p - z.02 = .72 + 2.05  = .7782

160 
 
 

̅ . .
Since z =    = 1.97  2.05(or ̅ = .7760 < .7782),
/ . . /
we do not reject H0. The survey does not support the editor's belief.

8-67  = 1250 n=29 ̅ = 23000 µH0 = 23500

µ ± 2 ̅ = µ ± 2/√ =23500 ± 2(1250)/ √29
= 23500 ± 464.24 = (23035.76, 23964.24)
Since x < 23035.76, the company's claim of equal average pay for men and
women is not supported by the data.

8-68 s = 19.48 n = 18 ̅ = 87.61

H0 :  = 77.38 H1 :  > 77.38  = .025
The upper limit of the acceptance region is tu== t17, .025 == 2.110, or
̅ U =  + t17, .025 s/√ = 77.38 +2.110(19.48)/ √18 = $87.07 or
̅   . .
Since z =    = 2.28 > 2.110 (or ̅ > 87.07),
/√ . /√
We reject H0 and conclude that

Drive-a-Lemon's average total charge is significantly higher than the

average total charge at the major national chains. However, this need not
indicate that Drive-a-Lemon's rates are not lower than the rates of the major
chains. For example, suppose Drive-a-Lemon has offices only in New York
and Chicago. The $77.38 average total charge established by the survey
includes charges incurred in other areas which are significantly less
expensive than New York and Chicago, and these charges could account for
the low average. To validate its claim, Drive-a Lemon should look at
average total charges for the national chains on rentals made in Drive-a
Lemon's service area.

8-69 From exercise 8-26, we have u = 5.75, n =25, and xCRIT =42.59.
. .
a) P( ̅ ≤ 42.59   = 41.95) =p
. /√
=p(z ≤ .56) = .5 + .2123 =.7123
. .
b) P( ̅ ≤42.59   = 42.95) =p
. /√
=p(z ≤ -.31) = .5 - .1217 = .3783
. .
c) P( ̅ ≤ 42.59   = 43.95) =p
. /√
=p(z ≤‐1.18) = .5 + .3810 = .1190

161 
 
 

8-70 N = 2500 n = 250 ̅ = .13

H0 : p = .18 H1 : p ≠ .18 α = .05
. .
 ̅= = = .0231
The limits of the acceptance region are zCRIT= ± 1.96, or
CRIT = P  Z.025  = .18  1.96(.0231) = (.1347, .2253)
  . .
Since t =    = -2.16  - 1.96 (or  .1347), we reject H0.
.
Her belief is not reasonable

8-71 From exercise 8-28, we have (j = 2100, n = 25, and xCRIT =:. 13521.4.
.
a) P( ̅  13521.4   = 14000) =p 
/√
=p(z  - 1.14) = .5 - .3729 =.1271
.
b) P( ̅  13521.4   = 13500) =p 
/√
=p(z  .05) = .5 + .0199 = .5199
.
c) P( ̅  13521.4   = 13000) =p 
/√
=p(z  1.24) = .5 + .3925 = .8925

8-72 n = 60 ̅ = .75
H0 : p = .85 H1 : p  .85 α = .04
The lower limit of the acceptance region is zL= - 1.75, or
. .
̅ = p - z.04 = .85 – 1.75  = .7693
̅ . .
Since z =    = - 2.17  - 1.75 (or ̅  .7693),
/ . . /

We reject H0. Her accuracy is significantly less than the asserted 85%.

8-73 From exercise 8-26, we have  = 5.75, n= 25, H0 :  = 44.95,

H1 :  < 44.95 At = .05, the lower limit of the acceptance region is
 - z.05 /√ = 44.95 – 1.64(5.75)/ √25 = $43.06
. .
a) P( ̅ ≤ 43.06   = 41.95) =p
. /√
=p(z ≤ .97) = .5 + .3340 =.8340
. .
b) P( ̅ ≤43.06   = 42.95) =p
. /√
=p(z ≤ .10) = .5 - .0398 = .5398

162 
 
 

. .
c) P( ̅ ≤ 43.06   = 43.95) =p
. /√
=p(z ≤ ‐ .77) = .5 - .2794 = .2206

8-74 n = 1500 ̅ = 295/1500 = .1967

H0 : p = .18 H1 : p > .18 α = .02
The upper limit of the acceptance region is Zu = 2.05, or
. .
̅ U = p + z.02 = .18 + 2.05  = .2003
̅ .  .
Since z =    = 1.68  2.05(or ̅ < .2003),
/ . . /

We do not reject H0. The proportion of parents who redeem the coupon has
not significantly increased. However, there is nothing we can say about the
proportion who use the supplement.

8-75 N = 5000 n = 500 ̅ = .43

H0 : p = .48 H1 : p  .48 α = .01
The lower limit of the acceptance region is zL= - 2.33, or
. .
̅ L = p- z.01 = .48 – 2.33 = .4306
̅ . .
Since z = = . .
= -2.36  - 2.33 (or ̅  .4306),

We reject H0. The Company has fallen significantly below its target of a
48% market share.

8-76  = 2.7 n = 36 ̅ = 12.4

H0 :  = 11.6 H1 :  > 11.6  = .01
The upper limit of the acceptance region is zU = 2.33, or
̅ U =  + z.01 /√ = 11.6 + 2.33(2.7)/ √36 = 12.6485
̅   . .
Since x =    = 1.78  2.33 (or ̅  12.6485),
 /√ . /√
We do not reject H0. The Machines at Casino World do not have a
significantly lower payoff frequency.

163