Designation: C 1116-97 A M E R IC AN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AN~ MATERIALS

100 !3Bn Harbw Or, West Canshahccken PA 19428

Repmted from the Annual Bmk of ASTM Standards. Copyi-qht ASTM

Standard Specification for

Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Shotcrete’
This standard IS issued under the fixed designation C I 116; the number immediately followng the deslgna~mn md~ates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses Indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscnpt epsilon (c) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

I. Scope C 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of

I. 1 This specification covers all forms of fiber-reinforced Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or SO-mm Cube
concrete that are delivered to a purchaser with the ingredi- Specimens)*
ents uniformly mixed, and that can be sampled and tested at C 138 Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield, and Air
the point of delivery. It does not cover the placement, Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete3
consolidation, curing, or protection of the fiber-reinforced C 143 Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement Con-
concrete after delivery to the purchaser. Crete3
1.2 Certain sections of this specification are also appli- C 150 Specification for Portland Cement4
cable to fiber-reinforced concrete intended for shotcreting by C 172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete3
the dry-mix process when sampling and testing of concrete is C 173 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
possible only at the point of placement. In this case, the Concrete by the Volumetric Method3
sections dealing with batching plant, mixing equipment, C 19 1 Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic
mixing and delivery, and measurement of workability and Cement by Vicat Needle4
air content, are not applicable. C 192 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
1.3 This specification does not cover thin-section glass Specimens in the Laboratory3
tiber-reinforced concrete manufactured by the spray-up pro- C 23 1 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
cess that is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee Concrete by the Pressure Method3
C27.40. C 260 Specitication for Air-Entraining Admixtures f o r
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be Concrete3
regarded as the standard. C 330 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Struc-
1.5 The following precautionary statement pertains only tural Concrete3
to the test method portion, Sections 15 and 18, of this C 387 Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Mate-
specification: This sCandard does nut purport to address a/l of rials for Mortar and Concrete3
Che safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the C 494 Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Con-
responsibility of Che user of this standard to establish appro- -Crete3
pnate safety and health pradices and determine the applica- C 567 Test Method for Unit Weight of Structural Light-
hi11t.v oJ~rt?gulaCory limitalions prior to use. weight Concrete3
C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements4
C 618 Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
2. Referenced Documents Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
2.1 .XSTM Standards: Portland Cement Concrete3
A 820 Specification for Steel Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced C 637 Specification for Aggregates for Kadiation-Shielding
Concrete2 Concrete3
C 31 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test C 666 Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid
Specimens in the Field3 Freezing and Thawing3
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates 3 C 684 Test Method for Making, Accelerated Curing, and
C 39 Test Method for Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Testing of Concrete Compression Test Specimens3
Specimens3 C 685 Specification for Concrete Made by Volumetric
C 42 Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores Batching and Continuous Mixing 3
and Sawed Beams of Concrete 3 C 887 Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Mate-
C 78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete rials for Surface Bonding Mortar5
(Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)3 C 995 Test Method for Time of Flow of Fiber-Reinforced
C 94 Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete3 Concrete Through Inverted Slump Cone’
C 1017 Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in
Producing Flowing Concrete3
I This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-9 on C 1018 Test Method for Flexural Toughness and First-
Concrete and Concrete Ag.gregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Crack Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using
CO9.42 on Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.
Current edmon approved June 10, 1997. Published June 1998. OrigmaJly
published as C I I I6 - 89. Last previous edition C I I16 - 95.
~.4nnuol Book 0/.4STM Srandards, Vol 01.04. 4 Anma/ Book ofASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
’ .4nnuol Book o/ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. ‘Annual Book o/AST~W Sfandards, Vol 04.05
 48 c 1116
Beam with Third-Point Loading)’ 4.1.1 Type’ I Steel Fiber-Reinjtirced Concrete or Shot-
C LO77 Practice for Laboratories Testing Concrete and Crete-Contains stainless steel, allo) steel, or carbon steel
Concrete .4ggregates for Use in Construction and Cri- fibers, (see Kate 1).
teria for Laborarory Evaluation3 NOTE I-Steel fibers are not easily damaged by the mixing 0~
C I I41 Specitication for Admixtures for Shotcrete shotcreting processes and are chemically compatible with the normally
C I240 Specification for Silica Fume for Cse in Hydraulic- alkaline environment wlthin cement paste. Carbon steel librrs ~111 roust
Cement Concrete and Mortar) under conditions that cause rusting of conventional steel, for example,
D 5 I:! Test Methods for Chloride Ion in Watefl in the near-surface pofition of concrete subject to carbonation.
D 5 16 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in Wate8 4.1.2 Type II Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete or Shot-
’ ’ ~1 CI Standards and Reports.
-.- crate-Contains alkali-resistant glass fibers, (see Note 3).
71 I. 1 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for NOTE 2-Glass fibers m concrete or shotcrete subjected to wetting,
Normal and Heavyweight Concrete’ humid atmosphere, or contact with moist ground have the potential to
2 1 1.2 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for react with the alkalies present in cement paste thereby weakening the
Structural Lightweight Concrete’ fibers. They also tend to become embrittled by hydration products
Z1.l Recommended Practice for Evaluation of Strength penetrating the fiber bundles and filling the Interstitial spaces between
Test Results of Concrete’ the individual glass filaments. Both mechanisms cause reductions in
506.1 R, State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber-Reinforced strength, toughness. and impact resistance with age. The alkali-resistant
(AR) types of glass fiber developed for use with cement are more
Shotcrete’ resistant to alkalies than the E-glass and other types not marketed
506.2 Specification for Materials, Proportioning and Ap- specifically for use in cement, and should be used in conjunction with
plication of Shotcrete’ established techniques for suppressing the alkali-sihca reaction, for
506 R, Guide for Shotcreting’ example, use of a low-alkali cement or a mineral admixture, or both.
544.3R Guide for Specifying, Mixing, Placing and Fin- However, even the use of AR-glass fibers does not prevent deterioration
ishing Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete’ in glass fiber-reinforced concrete exposed to moisture for a long period
of time, but only slows the rate at which it occurs.
7.3 AASHTU Standard.. Glass fibers can be damaged by conventional concrete mixing
T26 Test Method for Solids Content of Wash Water8 processes employing coarse aggregate, but have been used in shotcrete
and in other cementltious matrices such as mechanically mixed ma-
3. Terminology sonry mortar (see Specification C X87) and thin-section glass tiber-
reinforced concrete prepared by the spray-up process (under the
3. I Dejnitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee C27.40).
3. I. I fibers-slender and elongated filaments in the form
of bundles, networks, or strands of any natural or manufac- 4.1.3 Type III Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Concrete or
tured material that can be distributed throughout freshly Shotcrete-Contains virgin homopolymer polypropylene ti-
mixed concrete. bers or other synthetic fibers for which documentary evi-
3.1.2 manufacturer-the contractor, subcontractor, sup- dence can be produced confirming their long-term resistance
plier, or producer who furnishes the fiber-reinforced con- to deterioration when in contact with the moisture and
crete. alkalies present in cement paste or the substances present in
3.1.3 purchaser-the owner or representative thereof. air-entraining and chemical admixtures, (see Notr 3 and
4.2).
4. Classification N~-rc: 3-Fibers composed of some polymers may deteriorate when
4.1 This specification classifies fiber-reinforced concrete in contact with moisture, alkalies, or some of the Ingredients of chemical
admixtures.
or shotcrete by the material type of the fiber incorporated.
The performance of a fiber-reinforced concrete or shotcrete 4.2 When the purchaser chooses to permit the use of
depends strongly upon the susceptibility of the fibers to fibers other than those complying with the classifications in
physical damage during the mixing or shotcreting process, 4. I, for example: natural fibers, metallic fibers other than
their chemical compatibility with the normally alkaline steel, carbon fibers, etc., the producer shall show evidence
environment within cement paste, and their resistance to satisfactory to the purchaser that the type of fiber proposed
service conditions encountered within untracked concrete or for use does not react adversely with the concrete or
as a consequence of cracking, involving, for example, carbon shotcrete matrix, including the constituents of any admix-
dioxide, chlorides or sulphates in solution with water and tures present, or with the surrounding environment in the
oxygen or ultraviolet light in the atmosphere. The magnitude cracked matrix, causing deterioration in mechanical proper-
of improvements in the mechanical properties of the con- ties with age under the exposure conditions anticipated in the
crete or shotcrete imparted by fibers also reflects the material application.
characteristics of the fiber type with fibers having a high
modulus of elasticity and tensile strength being more effec- 5. Basis of Purchase
tive on an equivalent volume basis than fibers of low 5.1 The basis of purchase for conventionally mixed fiber-
modulus and strength. reinforced concrete shall be the cubic yard or cubic metre of
freshly mixed and unhardened material as discharged from
the mixer.
6.1 onuul Book cf:rST.bf Siundurds.
Vol I I .O I. 5.2 The volume of freshly mixed and unhardened mate-
’ Available from American Concrete Institute, PO Box 19150, Detroit, MI, rial in a given batch shall be determined from the total
J8?19.
* AvarIable from Amencan Association of State Highway and Transportation weight of the batch divided by the unit weight in pounds per
OtTiinals. Washington DC cubic foot or kilograms per cubic metre. The total weight of

2
the batch shall be calculated either as the sum of the weights 30 s. Mixtures with a time oi flow less than 8 s should bc evaluated In
of all materials. including water, entering the batch, or as the terms of slump because the time of flow IS too shon IO determlnr Nlth
net weight of the concrete in the batch as delivered. The unit satisfactory preclslon. or may not be determinablr because the fiber-
reinforced concrete flows frcelv through the inverted cone.
Lxeighr shall be determined in accordance with Test Method
I- I.38 or C 567 from the average of at least three measurc- 6.1.5 Air content when air-entrainment is required. based
mcnts, each on a different sample. Sampling shall be in on the air content ot’samples taken at the point of discharge,
accordance with Practice C 172. or when appropriate the point of placement, subject to the
.N)IE a-It should be understood that the volume of hardened tolerances hereinafter specified;
xmcrete may be. or may appear to be, less than expected due 10 waste 6.1.5.1 Air-entrainment shall not be specified for shot-
3116 spillage. over-excavation. spreading forms, some loss of entrained crt‘tc placed by the dry process.
air. or sertlemrnt of wcr mixtures. none of which are the responsibility of
XOTE b--In srlecting the specitied au content, the purchaser should
the manufacturer.
consider the exposure condltlons 10 which the concrete will be subjected.
5.3 The basis of purchase for fiber-reinforced shotcrete Air ronrenrs less than shown in Table I may not produce adequate
shall normally be the cubic yard or cubic metre. For wet-mix resistance 10 freezing and rhawmg. Air contents higher than the levels
shotcrete, the volume shall be calculated from the quantities shown may reduce strength ulthout contributmg further to freeze-thaw
resistance.
delivered and the unit weight. For dry-mix shotcrete, the
volume shall be calculated from the weights of constituent 6.1.6 When structural lightweight concrete is specified,
materials mixed and their respective specific gravities. At the the purchaser shall specify the unit weight as wet weight,
option of the purchaser, where the surface to be shotcreted is air-dry weight. or oven-dry weight.
plane and a uniform finished thickness of shotcrete is
NOTE ?--The umt &eight of freshly mixed lightweight concrete, thal
specified. the basis of purchase shall be the square yard or is the onl! unn weight determinable at the time of delivery, is always
square metre. higher than the air-dry or oven-dry weight. Definitions of, and methods
for determtning or calculating air-dry and oven-dry weights of light-
6. Ordering Information weight concrete are covered in Test Method C 567.
6. I The purchaser shall specify the following: 6. I .7 One of the following Alternatives, I, 2, or 3, shall be
6. I. 1 Type of fiber-reinforced concrete or shotcrete re- used as the basis for determining the proportions of the
quired. See Section 4. fiber-reinforced concrete or fiber-reinforced shotcrete of the
6.1.2 Type of cement at the purchaser’s option, otherwise quality required.
the cement shall be Type I meeting the requirements of 6.2 Alfern~tive ~Vumber I.
Specification C 150; 6.2. I When the purchaser assumes responsibility for mix-
6.1.3 Types of fine and coarse aggregate at the purchaser’s ture proportioning, the following parameters shall also be
option, otherwise the awegates shall be normal weight specified by the purchaser:
meeting the requirements of Specification C 33; 6.2.1.1 The cement content in pounds per cubic yard (or
6.1.4 Slump or time of flow required at the point of kilograms per cubic metrc),
delivery, or when appropriate the point of placement, subject 6.2.1.2 If mineral admixtures are required, the type, and
to the tolerances hereinafter specified; amounts to be used in pounds per cubic yard (or kilograms
6.1.4.1 Slump shall be specified when it is anticipated to per cubic metre), or in percentages by weight of cement,
be 2 in. (50 mm) or more, and time of flow shall be specified 6.2. I .3 The maximum allowable amount of mixing water
when slump is anticipated to be less than 2 in. (50 mm). in gallons per cubic yard or litres per cubic metre, including
Slump or time of flow shall not be specified for shotcrete surface moisture on the aggregates, but excluding water
placed by the dry process. absorbed by the aggregate,
NOTE 5-The time of flow of fiber-reinforced concrete through an 6.2. I .4 If air-entraining admixtures are required, the type,
Inverted slump cone, determined in accordance with Test Method name, and dosage range to be used to achieve the specified
C 995. IS a better indicator than slump (Test Method C 143) of the air content, (see 6.1.4),
appropriate level of workability for fiber-reinforced concrete placed by 6.X1.5 If chemical admixtures are required, the type,
vibration because such concrete can exhibit very low slump due to the name, and dosage range to be used, and:
presence of fibers and still be easily consolidated. Mixtures with a time
of flow of 8 to 15 s are readily consolidated by vibration. Consolidation 6.2.1.6 The type of fibers to be used and the amount in
becomes more difficult with increase in time of flow, and is extremely pounds per cubic yard (or kilograms per cubic metre), [see
difficult even when using internal vibration if the time of flow exceeds Classification Section).

TABLE 1 Recommended Total Air Content for Air-Entrained Concrete’~8

Total Ar Content, %
Nominal MaxImum Sizes of Aggregate, In. (mm)
Exposure CondinonC
% (9.5) ‘h (12.5) % (19.0) 1 (25.0) 1% (37.5) 2 (50.0) 3 (75.0)

Mild 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5

Mcderate 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.5
Severe 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 55 5.0 4.5

4 For aJr_entramed concrete, when specified.

a Unless exposure wndttlons dictate othet-&.e. air contents mcommended above may be reduced by up to 1 X for concretes with specified compressive strength. f,.
al 5OCG psi (34.5 MPa) or above.
c For descripbon of exposure conditions, refer to ACI 211 .I, Tabte 5.3.3 with attention to accompanymg footnotes.

3
 f$b C 1116
SUTL: I--The dosage of air-entraining, water-reducing (including purchaser. The manufacturer shall also furnish evidence
high-range), accelerating, and retarding admixtures needed to satisfy the satisfactory to the purchaser that the materials to be used and
matcnal performance requirements varies. Therefore, dosage ranges
should be speclficd to ensure that the material performance require- the proportions selected will produce fiber-rernforced con-
ments can be met. crete or shotcrete of the quality specified.
SUIT! Y-The purchaser, in selecting requirements for which he 6.4 AItcrnutive IVumber 3.
assumes responslblliry should ylve consideration to requirements for 6.4. I When the purchaser requires the manufacturer to
borkablhty, placeability. durability, surface texture, and density. The assume responsibility for mixture proportioning with the
purchaser is referred to AC1 Practices 21 1.1 and 21 1.2 for selecting minimum allowable cement content specified (see Note 9).
proportlons that will result in concrete suitable for various types of the purchaser shall also specify the following:
srructures and conditions of exposure, and to AC1 Report 544.3R for
~elecllng concrete and fiber parameters suitable for fiber-reinforced 6.4.1.1 Requirements for flexural toughness, or first-crack
concrete. For guldancr on selecting proportions for fiber-reinforced strength. or both, determined in accordance with Test
shotcrete, the purchaser is referred to AC1 Reports 506.lR and 506.R Method C 1018, or, at the option of the purchaser, for
dind ACI Speclticarion 506.7. flexural strength determined in accordance with T e s t
6.1.7 At the request of the purchaser, the manufacturer Method C 78, using samples obtained at the point of
shall. prior to the actual delivery of concrete. furnish a discharge, or when appropriate the pomt of placement. At
statement to the purchaser giving the sources, specific the option of the purchaser, compressive strength (Test
gravities, sieve analyses, and saturated surf&e-dry weights of Method C 39) shall be specified when the flexural require-
fine and coarse aggregates, and the amount of mixing water ments are considered inadequate for ensuring the quality of
per cubic yard or cubic metre that will be used in the the matrix of the fiber-reinforced concrete. Unless acceler-
manufacture of each class of concrete ordered by the ated curing and testing in accordance with the warm water or
purchaser. boiling water procedures of Test Method C 684 is specified,
6.3 .4lttwutwe .Ywnber 2. tests shall be performed after standard moist curing in
6.3.1 When the purchaser requires the manufacturer to accordance with Practices C 3 1 or C 192 at 28 days, or such
assume full responsibility for mixture proportioning (see other ages as are specified by the purchaser (see Notes IO and
Note 9), the purchaser shall also specify the following: II).
6.3.1.1 Requirements for flexural toughness, or first-crack 6.4.1.2 Minimum cement content in pounds per cubic
strength, or both, determined in accordance with Test yard (or kilograms per cubic metre).
\Iethod C 1018, or. at the option of the purchaser, for 6.4.1.3 If admixtures are required, the type, name, and
tlexural strength determined in accordance with Test dosage to be used. The cement content shall not be reduced
Method C 78. using samples obtained at the point of when admixtures are used.
discharge, or when appropriate at the point of placement. At N O T E I2-Alternative Number 3 can be distinctive and useful only if
the option of the purchaser, compressive strength (Test the designated minimum cement content is at about the same level that
Method C 39) shall be specified when the flexural require- would ordinarily be required for the mechanical properties. aggregate
ments are considered inadequate for ensuring the quality of size. and workability specified. It must be an amount that will be
suficient to ensure durability under expected service conditions, as well
the matrix of the fiber-reinforced concrete. Unless acceler-
as satisfactory surface texture and density. For additional information
ated curing and testing in accordance with the warm water or refer to AC1 Practices 2 I I. I and 2 I I .2.
boiling water procedures of Test Method C 684 is specified,
tests shall be performed after standard moist curing in 6.4.2 At the request of the purchaser, the manufacturer
accordance with Practices C 3 1 or C 192 at 28 days, or such shall, prior to the actual delivery of the concrete, furnish a
other ages as are specified by the purchaser. statement to the purchaser giving the sources. sw’cific
gravities, sieve analyses and saturated surface-dry weights of
NOTE IO-The level of toughness achieved in any mixture is
pnmanly a function of the type, length, and amount of !ibers employed,
fine and coarse aggregates, the dry weights of cement and
so it is recommended that, when specifying requirements for flexural mineral admixtures, the type, dimensions, and weight of
toughness. the requirements be stated in terms of one of the four levels fibers, the quantities, types and names of chemical and
of performance Identified in the Performance Requirements section of air-entraining admixtures (if any), and the amount of mixing
this Specification. water per cubic yard or cubic metre that will be used in the
N OTE I I-While first-crack strength is affected by the type and manufacture of each class of concrete ordered by the
amount of fibers. It IS more dependent on the characteristics of the purchaser. The manufacturer shall also furnish evidcncc
mortar or concrete matrix, so it is recommended that the purchaser,
when specifying first-crack srrenglh. consider factors known to influence satisfactory to the purchaser that the materials to be used and
the strength of normal concrete such as, water-cement ratio, aggregate the proportions selected will produce fiber-reinforced con-
maxImum size, and the presence of chemical or mineral admixtures. crete or shotcrete of the quality specified.
6.3.2 At the request of the purchaser, the manufacturer 6.5 The proportions arrived at by Alternatives 1, 2, or 3
for each class of fiber-reinforced concrete or shotcrete
shall, prior to the actual delivery of concrete, furnish a
statement to the purchaser giving the sources, specific approved for use in a project shall be assigned a designation
gravities, sieve analyses, and saturated surface-dry weights of to facilitate identification of each mixture delivered to the
project. A certified copy of the proportions of all mixtures as
fine and coarse aggregates, the dry weights of cement and
mineral admixtures, the type, dimensions, and weight of
established in Alternatives 1, 2. and 3 shall be kept on tile by
fibers, the quantities, types and names of chemical and the manufacturer.
air-entraining admixtures (if any), and the amount of mixing
water per cubic yard or cubic metre that will be used in the 7. Materials and Manufacture
manufacture of each class of concrete ordered by the 7.1 In the absence of designated applicable specifications

4
 ## Cl116

covering requirements for quality of materials, the following TABLE 3 Chemical Limitations for Wash Water Used as Mixing
specifications shall govern: Water
7 1. I Ccmml-Cement shall conform to Specification Limits Test Method”
C 150 or C 595. Chemcal requrrements. maxlmum concentratron
7.1 .Z .-lgSrcgufes--Aggregates shall conform IO Specifica- in mlxrng water, ppmB
Chloride as Cl ppm: D 512
[Ions C 33. C 330, or C 637 consistent with the type of Prestressed concrete or In bridge decks SOOC
concrete required, Other reinforced concrete in most 1 oco=
7. I .3 J4’utcr: environments or cnntammg alummum
embedments or dlssrmllar metals or with
7.1.3.1 The mixing water shall be clear and apparently
stay-In-place gatvanrzed metal forms
clean. If it contains quantities of substances that discolor it or Sulfate as SO,. ppm 3000 0 516
make it smell or taste unusual or objectionable or cause Alkalies as (Na,O + 0.658 K,O), ppm 600
suspicion, it shall not be used unless service records of Total sol&. ppm 50 000 AASHTO T26
concrete made with it or other information indicates that ir is * Other test methods that have been demonstrated to yreld comparable resL!ts
not injurious to the quality of the concrete. Water of may be used.
a Wash water reused as mtxmg water In concrete may exceed the listed
questionable quality shall be subject to the acceptance concentrations of chloride and sulfate if It can be shown that the wncentratlon
criteria of Table 2. calculated in the total mixing water, Including mixing water on the aggrqates and
7.1.3.2 Wash water from mixer washout operations may other sources, does not exceed the stated Ilmlts.
c For conditions allowing usw of CaCI, acceleratw as an admlxture. the
be used as mixing water provided tests of wash warer comply chlonde lrmltation may be warved by the purchaser
with the physical tests of Table 2. Wash water shall be tested
at a weekly interval for approximately 4 weeks, and there-
after at a monthly interval provided that no single test bers, shall comply with the packaging and marking require-
exceeds the applicable limit. Optional chemical requirements ments of Specification C 387 and shall be accepted for use
In accordance with Table 3 may be specified by the pur- provided that after addition of water, the resulting liber-
chaser when appropriate for the construction. The testing reinforced concrete or shotcrete meets the performance
frequency for chemical limits shall be as given above unless requirements of this specification.
otherwise specified by the purchaser.
9. Batching Plant
NOTE I3-When recycled wash water is used, attention should be 9.1 Batching plant used for the preparation of batch-
given to effects on the dosage rate and batching sequence of air-
entraining and other chemical admixtures, and a uniform amount mixed fiber-reinforced concrete shall comply with the appli-
should be used in consecutive batches. cable requirements of Specification C 94.
7. I .4 .~dmj.~~~~es-Admixtures for conventionally mixed N OTE 14-A vibrating screen or other device for separating fibers
may be required to avoid clumping of some types of Bbers prior to
fiber-reinforced concrete shall conform to Specifications
mixing with concrete.
C 260, C 618, C494, C 1017, C 1141, or C 1240, whichever
is applicable. 10. Mixing Equipment
7.1.5 Fibers-Fibers shall be capable of producing fiber-
reinforced concrete meeting the requirements of this specifi- 10.1 Mixers or agitators for batch-mixed fiber-reinforced
cation. Steel fibers shall conform to Specification A 820. concrete shall comply with the applicable requirements of
Specification C 94.
10.2 Mixers for continuously mixed fiber-reinforced con-
8. Measuring Materials crete shall comply with the applicable provisions of Specifi-
8.1 Except as otherwise specifically permitted by the cation C 685.
purchaser, cement, pozzolans, fine and coarse aggregates,
mixing water, and admixtures shall be measured in accor- 11. Mixing and Delivery
dance with the applicable requirements of Specification C 94 1 1.1 Batch-mixed fiber-reinforced concrete, whether pre-
or C 685. pared on site or at a location remote from the site, shall be
8.2 Fibers shall be measured by weight. When approved mixed and delivered to the point designated by the purchaser
by the purchaser, fibers may be measured in bags, boxes, or in accordance with the applicable requirements of Specilica-
like containers. Such bags, boxes, or containers shall be tion C 94.
sealed by the fiber manufacturer and shall have the weight 11.2 Continuously mixed fiber-reinforced concrete.
contained therein clearly marked. No fraction of an unsealed whether prepared on site or at a location remote from the
bag. box or like container delivered unsealed, or left over site, shall be mixed and delivered to the point designated by
from previous work, shall be used unless weighed. the purchaser in accordance with the applicable require-
8.3 Prepackaged, dry, combined materials, including fi- ments of Specification C 685.
Il.3 Fiber-reinforced concrete shall be free of fiber balls
TABLE 2 Acceptance Criteria for Questionable Water SUpplkS when delivered.
Limits Teat Method
Compresswe strength, mn % conlrol 90 c 1094 12. Batch Ticket Information
at 7 days 12.1 The manufacturer of the fiber-reinforced concrete
Time of set, dewatlon from control. h: from 1 .OO early to c 191”
min 1.30 later shall furnish to the purchaser a delivery ticket or statement of
* Comparisons shall be based on fixed proportions and the same vdur~ of
particulars on which is printed, stamped, or written, infor-
test water compared to cwtrol mix using city watef or distilled water. mation in one of the following two alternative formats:

5
 r# c 1 1 1 6

IL I. I Butch-,Mi,dng Formal-The details identified in When the project specifications for time of flow arc written
the applicable requirements of Specification C 94, and de- as a “minimum” or “not less than” requirement:
tails of the type. brand, and amount of fibers used. Specified Time of Flow
12. I .? Continuous Mixing For-mar-The details identified If 15sorless If more than 15 s
in the applicable requirements of Specification C 685, and
PlusTolerance 5s IOS
details of the type. brand, and amount of fibers used. Minus Tolcrancc OS 0s

These tolerances apply only if one addition of water is

13. Inspection of Materials, Production, and Delivery
permitted on the job provided such addition does not
13. I The manufacturer shall afford the inspector all increase the water-cement ratio above the maximum per-
reasonable access, without charge, for making necessary mitted by the project specifications.
checks of the production facilities and for securing necessary
NOTE 15-The slump of a fiber-reinforced concrele IS ILFU than rhc
samples to determine if the materials used in the fiber- slump of an otherwise identical concrete wlthou[ fibers. The musnitude
reinforced concrete or shotcrete comply with the require- of the difference depends strongly on the amount and type of fibers. so it
ments of this specification. Inspection, sampling, and testing is recommended that trial mixtures representing the amount and type 01
shall not interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturing and fibers to be used in the work h prepared and tested to ensure that the
delivery operations. specified slump requirements are met. This cecommendaLion IS also
appropriate when workability is specified in terms of time of flow.
14. Sampling 16.1.2 When the project specifications for slump are not
14.1 The contractor shall afford the inspector all reason- written as a “maximum” or “not to exceed” requirement:
able access, without charge, for the procurement of samples Tolerances for Nominal Slumps
of freshly mixed fiber-reinforced concrete or shotcrete at the For Specified Slump of Tolerance
time of placement to determine compliance with the require- 2 in. (50 mm) and less *l/z in. (15 mm)
ments of this specification. 2 to 4 in. (SO co 100 mm) *I in. (25 mm)
14.2 Samples of batch-mixed tiber-reinforced concrete more than 4 in. (100 mm) *I l/a in. (40 mm)
shall be obtained in accordance with Practice C 172, except When the project specifications for time of flow are not
that wet-sieving shall not be permitted. Sampling for unifor- written as a “minimum” or “not less than” requirement:
mity tests shall be in accordance with Specification C 94. Tolerances for Time of Flow
14.3 Samples of continuously mixed fiber-reinforced con- For Specified Time of Flow of Toletancx
crete shall be obtained in accordance with the applicable
Btolss Ct3 s
requirements of Specification C 685, except that wet-sieving more than 15 s It5 s
shall not be permitted. Sampling for uniformity tests shall be
in accordance with Specification C 685. 16.2 Fiber-reinforced concrete shall be available within
the permissible range of slump or time of flow for a period of
15. Workability and Air Content Tests 30 min starting either on arrival at the job site or after the
permitted slump adjustment, whichever is later. The lirst and
15.1 Make tests for workability and air content at the time last G yd3 or I/4 m3 discharged are exempt from this
of placement at the option of the inspector as often as requirement. If the user is unprepared for discharge of the
necessary for control checks and acceptance purposes, and material at the job site. the manufacturer shall not be
always when specimens for tests on hardened concrete are responsible for failure to meet slump or time of flow
made. When water is added in accordance with the require- requirements after 30 min have elapsed beyond either the
ments of this specitication (see Tolerances in Workability actual arrival time at the job site or the requested delivery
Section), repeat all tests, and use the results of the second set time, whichever is later.
of tests to establish whether or not the requirements of this
specification are met. 17. Tolerance in Air Content
15.2 If the measured slump, time of flow, or air content 17.1 When air-entrainment is specified, the lotal air
fall outside the limits permitted by this specification, make a content measured using Test Method C 173 or Test Method
check test immediately on another portion of the same C 231 shall be within a tolerance of ~~1.5 of the specified
sample. If the results again fall outside the permitted limits, value in percent.
the material represented by the sample fails to meet the
requirements of this specification. 18. Acceptance Testing of Hardened Fiber-Reinforced Con-
crete or Shotcrete
16. Tolerances in Workability 18.1 Obtain material for the preparation of test specimens
16.1 Unless other tolerances are included in the project in accordance with the sampling section of this specification.
specifications, the following shall apply to all forms of 18.2 When flexural toughness parameters, or first-crack
fiber-reinforced concrete except dry-mix shotcrete. strength, or both, are used as the basis for acceptance of
16. I. I When the project specifications for slump are fiber-reinforced concrete or shotcrete, make, condition, and
written as a “maximum” or “not to exceed” requirement: test sets of test specimens in accordance with Test Method
Specified Slump C 1018.
113 in. (75 mm) or less If more than 3 in. (75 mm) 18.3 When flexural strength is used as the basis for
Plus Tolerance 0 0 acceptance, make sets of at least three test specimens in
!+I i nus Tolerance IV2 in. (40 mm) 2% in. (65 mm) accordance with the requirements for sampling and condi-

6
 4# Cl116

tluning given in Test Method C IO1 8, and test in accordance evidence of improper sampling. molding, handling, curing.
with the applicable requirements of Test Methods C 42 or or testing, and the mean of the property values for the
C 7X. Test specimens representing thin sections, as defined in remaining test specimens shall be considered the test result.
Test hlelhod C 1018. or specimens representing fiber-rein- Ifmorc than one specimen in the s-et is deemed defective on
forced bhotcrete of an); thickness, shall be rested as cast or this basis. the test result shall be rejected.
placed without being turned on their sides before placement
on the support system. Acceptance shall not be based on 21. Performance Requirements
tlexural strength alone when toughness is important. 2 1.1 Unless specifically excluded by the purchaser when
ordering material in accordance with Alternatives Number -7
NOTE I4-Trst Method C 1018 provides for the determination of
flrxural strength when required bp the purchaser. For many wpe- or 3, fiber-reinforced concrete or shotcrete prepared i n
amount fiber combinations, the flexural strength is not significantly accordance with this specification shall meer the following
greater than the first-crack strength. requirements:
18.4 When compressive strength is used as part of the 2 I .2 For flexural toughness parameters defined in accor-
basis for acceptance of fiber-reinforced concrete. make sets of dance with Test Method C IOItl, the test results shall equal
at least two test specimens in accordance with the applicable or exceed the specified values at the applicable test age.
requirements of Practices C 3 1 and C 192 and condition and NOTE 17-A toughness requirement should not be specified when

test in accordance with Test Methods C 39 or C 42. Accep- fibers are used only lo control plastk shrinkage cracking.
tance shall not be based on compressive strength alone. 21.3 When first-crack strength, flexural strength, or com-
18.5 The testing laboratory performing acceptance tests pressive strength are performance requirements, the test
shall comply with the requirements of Practice C 1077. results shall equal or exceed the specified values at the
applicable test age.
19. Frequency of Tests 7 I .4 When the fiber-reinforced concrete is to be exposed
19. I The frequency of tests on hardened fiber-reinforced to cycles of freezing and thawing. and the purchaser requires
concrete or shotcrete shall be in accordance with the evidence of satisfactory durability. such evidence shall be
following requirements: provided by the manufacturer. A proven record of satisfac-
19.1. I Batch-Mixing-Tests shall be made with a fre- tory freeze-thaw durability for concrete with or without
quency of not less than one test for each I50 yd3 (I 15 m3). fibers, made using the same air content, aggregates, and
Each test shall be made from a separate batch. On each day mixture proportions as the fiber-reinforced concrete speci-
fiber-reinforced concrete is mixed, at least one test shall be fied for the work, shall be considered acceptable evidence
made for each class of material. when the concrete has been in place for at least two winters.
19.1.2 Continuous &1iring-Tests shall be made for each In the absence of such a record, satisfactory durability shall
25 yd3 ( L9 m’) or fraction thereof, or whenever significant be demonstrated for the fiber-reinforced concrete proposed
changes have been made in the proportioning controls. On for the work by the attainment of an average durability factor
each day fiber-reinforced concrete is mixed, at least one test of at least 80 70 for a set of three specimens tested according
shall be made for each class of material. to Procedure A of Test Method C 666.
I 9.1.3 Shotcrete-Tests shall be made for each 50 yd3 (38 22. Failure to Meet Requirements
m3j placed using specimens sawed or cored from the
22.1 When fiber-reinforced concrete or shotcrete fails to
structure or from corresponding test panels. On each day meet the requirements of this specification. the manufacturer
fiber-reinforced shotcrete is prepared, at least one test shall and the purchaser shall confer to determine whether agree-
be made for each class of material. ment can be reached as to what adjustment, if any shall be
19.2 The representative of the purchaser shall ascertain made. If agreement on a mutually satisfactory adjustment
and record the delivery-ticket number or equivalent informa- cannot be reached by the manufacturer and the purchuscr. a
tion and the exact location in the work at which the material decision shall be made by a panel of three qualilicd cngi-
represented by each test is deposited. neers, one ofwhom shall be designated by the purchawr. one
by the manufacturer, and the third chosen bv thcx two
20. Calculation of Test Results
members of the panel. The question of responsibility for the
20. I A test result shall be based on the mean of the cost of such arbitration shall be determined by the panel. Its
property values for a set of hardened concrete test specimens decision shall be binding, except as modified by a court
constituting a test unit as defined herein or in the applicable decision.
test method.
10.2 Anv individual test specimen in a set constituting a 23. Keywords
test unit, ai defined herein or in the applicable test method. 23. I accuracy; certification: fibers; fiber-reinforced con-
shall be deemed defective and discarded if it shows definite crete, materials for; scales; testing; toughness

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and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration al a meeting of rhs responstbk
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wews known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Owe. West Conshohocken, PA 19428.