• Engineering vibrations means the behavior of: dynamic systems.

• A collection of interesting elements for which there are cause-and-effect

relationships among the variables: System.
• At which, variables are time-dependent: Dynamic.
• use mathematical equations to describe the system: Model.
• Determine the system response to various inputs & initial conditions, by solving
the above equations: Solving the model
• system:
➢ Translational (Mechanical).
➢ Rotational (Mechanical).
➢ Electrical.
➢ Electromechanical.
➢ Thermal.
➢ Fluid.
• By the following methods, we can Generate Equations of motion:
➢ Newton’s Law.
➢ D’Alembert’s Law.
➢ Energy Methods.
➢ Lagrange’s Equation.
• Used to Linearize equation of motion solution: Taylor Series Expansion.
• It is considered a design parameter for vibratory systems:
➢ Stability.
➢ Logarithmic Decrement.
➢ Overshoot, Settling Time, etc.
• It is a useful tool for predictive maintenance, diagnostics, and many other
uses: Vibration profile analysis.
• It is used to monitor and analyze critical machines, equipment, and systems:
predictive maintenance.
• The following techniques is predictive maintenance techniques:
➢ Vibration analysis.
➢ Ultrasonics.
➢ Thermography.
➢ Tribology.
➢ Process monitoring.
➢ Visual inspection.
• A motion that repeats itself after a period of time: Vibration.
• It is a repetitive, periodic, or oscillatory response of a mechanical system:
Vibration.
• The time-history of vibration may be considered: sinusoidal or simple
harmonic in form.
• The science and engineering of vibration involve two broad categories of
applications:
➢ Elimination or suppression of undesirable vibrations.
➢ Generation of the necessary forms and quantities of useful vibrations.
• Th following is considered as Undesirable and harmful types of vibration:
➢ Structural motions generated due to earthquakes.
➢ Dynamic interactions between vehicles and bridges or guide ways.
➢ Noise generated by construction equipment.
➢ Vibration transmitted from machinery to its supporting structures or
environment, and damage, malfunction, and failure due to dynamic
loading, unacceptable motions, and fatigue caused by vibration.
➢ Effects of vibration on human body: discomfort, fatigue, loss of
efficiency, ...
• Th following is considered as Undesirable and harmful types of vibration:
➢ Vibrations generated by musical instruments.
➢ Devices used in physical therapy and medical applications.
➢ Vibrators used in industrial mixers.
➢ Vibratory material removers such as drills and polishers (finishers).
➢ Washing machines.
➢ Clocks, Watches.
• It is the time interval after which the motion is repeated itself: Period of
vibration (T) (second).
• It is the motion completed in one time period: Cycle
• It is the number of cycles of oscillation in one second: Frequency (f) (Hz).
• It is defined as ω = 2πf: Angular frequency (rad/s).
• It is the difference between its maximum value and its minimum value:
Amplitude (A).
• When no external forces acts on a body, after giving it an initial displacement,
then the body is said to be under: free or natural vibrations.
• It is the frequency of the free vibrations: Natural frequency (ωn).
• when the system vibrates under the influence of external forces, the vibrations
is said to be: forced vibrations.
• when the frequency of the external force is the same as that of the natural
vibrations, resonance takes place.
• At which amplitudes of vibrations may be dangerously large: Resonance.
• Damping: is the resistance to the vibrations.
• Linear system: A system is linear if for every element in the system the
response is proportional to the excitation.
• The number of independent coordinates necessary to describe the configuration
of a system: Degrees-of-freedom.
• Undamped vibration: If no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other
resistance during oscillation.
• Damped vibration: If any energy is lost from the system.
• Linear vibration: If all the basic components of a vibratory system (spring,
mass, damper) behave linearly.
• Nonlinear vibration: If any of the basic components behave nonlinearly
• Deterministic vibration: If vibration follows an established pattern so that the
value of the vibration at any designated future time is completely predictable
from the past history.
• Random vibration: If its future value is unpredictable except on the basis of
probability.
• It is a type of vibration where the mass vibrates parallel to its axis:
Longitudinal vibration.
• It is a type of vibration where the mass vibrates perpendicular to its axis:
Transverse vibration.
• It is a type of vibration where the mass vibrates around its axis: Torsional
vibration.
• A means for storing potential energy (spring or elasticity)
• A means for storing kinetic energy (mass or inertia)
• A means by which energy is gradually lost (damper)
• A means for system excitation (force).
• In the linear spring the change in the length of the spring is proportional to the
force acting along its length.
• A mass is a rigid body whose acceleration x ̈ according to Newton’s second law
is proportional to the resultant F of all forces acting on the mass
• Damper: In the viscous damper the applied force is proportional to the relative
velocity of its connection points.
• For parallel springs the deflection is the same in all springs but the total force
is the sum of the forces exerted in the springs.
• For series springs the forces exerted in the springs is the same but each spring
have its deflection and the sum of these deflections give the total deflection.
• The more common sources of vibration for:
➢ Rotating machinery.
➢ Machinery undergoing reciprocating and/or linear motion.
• A rotating machine has one or more machine elements that turn with a shaft,
such as rolling-element bearings, impellers, and other rotors.
• Reciprocating linear-motion machines incorporate components that move
linearly in a reciprocating fashion to perform work.
• Methods of vibration control may be grouped into three broad categories:
➢ Reduction at the Source.
➢ Balancing of Moving Masses.
➢ Balancing of Magnetic Forces.
➢ Control of Clearances.
• Vibration analysis can be carried out most conveniently by adopting the
following three-stage approach:
➢ Stage I: Devise a mathematical or physical model of the structure to be
analyzed.
➢ Stage II: From the model, write the equations of motion.
➢ Stage III: Evaluate the structure response to a relevant specific excitation.
• Simple harmonic motion is:
➢ A motion that is neither driven nor damped.
➢ A periodic motion, as it repeats itself at standard intervals in a specific
manner - described as being sinusoidal, with constant amplitude.
➢ It is characterized by its amplitude, period and its phase which depends
on displacement as well as velocity of the moving object.
• It is the motion in which the acceleration of the oscillator is proportional to, and
opposite in direction to the displacement from its equilibrium position: simple
harmonic motion.
• The displacement of simple harmonic motion is given by:

• The mass is allowed to travel only along the spring elongation direction Such
systems are called: Single Degree-of-Freedom systems (SDOF)