210 xf.

kr

vè;k; 6
vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx
(Application of Derivatives)

v With the Calculus as a key, Mathematics can be successfully applied

to the explanation of the course of Nature — WHITEHEAD v

6.1 Hkwfedk (Introduction)

vè;k; 5 esa geus la;Dq r iQyuks]a izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuks]a vLi"V iQyuks]a pj?kkrkadh; iQyuksa
vkSj y?kq?kkrkadh; iQyuksa dk vodyt Kkr djuk lh[kk gSA izLrqr vè;k; esa] ge xf.kr dh
fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa esa vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx dk vè;;u djsaxs ;Fkk baftfu;fjax] foKku] lkekftd
foKku vkSj dbZ nwljs {ks=kA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ge lh[ksaxs fd fdl izdkj vodyt dk mi;ksx
(i) jkf'k;ksa osQ ifjorZu dh nj Kkr djus esa] (ii) fdlh ¯cnq ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac dh
lehdj.k Kkr djus esa] (iii) ,d iQyu osQ vkys[k ij orZu ¯cnq Kkr djus esa] tks gesa mu ¯cnqvksa
dks Kkr djus esa lgk;d gksrk gS ftu ij iQyu dk vf/dre ;k U;wure eku gksrk gSA ge mu
varjkyksa dks Kkr djus esa Hkh vodyt dk mi;ksx djsaxs] ftuesa ,d iQyu o/Zeku ;k ßkleku
gksrk gSA varr% ge oqQN jkf'k;ksa osQ lfUudV eku izkIr djus esa vodyt iz;qDr djsaxsA
6.2 jkf'k;ksa osQ ifjorZu dh nj (Rate of Change of Quantities)
ds
iqu% Lej.k dhft, fd vodyt ls gekjk rkRi;Z le; varjky t osQ lkis{k nwjh s osQ ifjorZu
dt
dh nj ls gSA blh izdkj] ;fn ,d jkf'k y ,d nwljh jkf'k x osQ lkis{k fdlh fu;e y = f ( x)
dy
dks larq"V djrs gq, ifjofrZr gksrh gS rks (;k f ′(x)), x osQ lkis{k y osQ ifjorZu dh nj dks
dx
dy 
iznf'kZr djrk gS vkSj dx  (;k f ′(x0 )) x = x 0 ij) x osQ lkis{k y dh ifjorZu dh nj dks
x= x0

iznf'kZr djrk gSA

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blosQ vfrfjDr] ;fn nks jkf'k;k¡ x vkSj y, t osQ lkis{k ifjofrZr gks jgh gksa vFkkZr~
x = f ( t ) vkSj y = g ( t ) gS rc Ük`a[kyk fu;e ls
dy dy dx dx
= , ;fn ≠ 0 izkIr gksrk gSA
dx dt dt dt
bl izdkj] x osQ lkis{k y osQ ifjorZu dh nj dk ifjdyu t osQ lkis{k y vkSj x osQ ifjorZu
dh nj dk iz;ksx djosQ fd;k tk ldrk gS A
vkb, ge oqQN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsaA
mnkgj.k 1 o`Ùk osQ {ks=kiQy osQ ifjorZu dh nj bldh f=kT;k r osQ lkis{k Kkr dhft, tc
r = 5 cm gSA
gy f=kT;k r okys o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy A = πr2 ls fn;k tkrk gSA blfy,] r osQ lkis{k A osQ ifjorZu
dA d dA
dh nj = ( π r 2 ) = 2 π r ls izkIr gSA tc r = 5 cm rks = 10 π gSA vr% o`Ùk dk
dr dr dr
{ks=kiQy 10π cm2/cm dh nj ls cny jgk gSA
mnkgj.k 2 ,d ?ku dk vk;ru 9 cm3 /s dh nj ls c<+ jgk gSA ;fn blosQ dksj dh yack;ha
10 cm gS rks blosQ i`"B dk {ks=kiQy fdl nj ls c<+ jgk gSA
gy eku yhft, fd ?ku dh ,d dksj dh yack;ha x cm gSA ?ku dk vk;ru V rFkk ?ku osQ i`"B
dk {ks=kiQy S gSA rc] V = x3 vkSj S = 6x2, tgk¡ x le; t dk iQyu gSA
dV
vc = 9 cm3/s ( fn;k gS)
dt
dV d 3 d dx
blfy, 9= = ( x ) = ( x3 ) ⋅ ( Ük`a[kyk fu;e ls)
dt dt dx dt
2 dx
= 3x ⋅
dt
dx 3
;k = 2 ... (1)
dt x
dS d d dx
vc = (6 x2 ) = (6 x 2 ) ⋅ ( Ük`a[kyk fu;e ls)
dt dt dx dt
 3  36
= 12x ⋅  2 = ((1) osQ iz;ksx ls)
x  x
dS
vr%] tc x = 10 cm, = 3.6 cm2/s
dt

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mnkgj.k 3 ,d fLFkj >hy esa ,d iRFkj Mkyk tkrk gS vkSj rjaxsa o`Ùkksa esa 4 cm/s dh xfr ls
pyrh gSaA tc o`Ùkkdkj rjax dh f=kT;k 10 cm gS] rks ml {k.k] f?kjk gqvk {ks=kiQy fdruh rsth
ls c<+ jgk gS\
gy f=kT;k r okys o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy A = πr2 ls fn;k tkrk gSA blfy, le; t osQ lkis{k {ks=kiQy
A osQ ifjorZu dh nj gS
dA d d dr dr
= (π r 2 ) = (π r 2) ⋅ = 2π r ( Üka`[kyk fu;e ls)
dt dt dr dt dt
dr
;g fn;k x;k gS fd = 4 cm
dt
blfy, tc r = 10 cm
dA
= 2π (10) (4) = 80π
dt
vr% tc r = 10 cm rc o`Ùk ls f?kjs {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy 80π cm 2/s dh nj ls c<+ jgk gSA
dy
AfVIi.kh x dk eku c<+us ls ;fn y dk eku c<+rk gS rks /ukRed gksrk gS vkSj x
dx
dy
dk eku c<+us ls ;fn y dk eku ?kVrk gS] rks Í.kkRed gksrk gSA
dx

mnkgj.k 4 fdlh vk;r dh yack;ha x, 3 cm/min dh nj ls ?kV jgh gS vkSj pkSMk+ bZ

y, 2 cm/min dh nj ls c<+ jgh gSA tc x = 10 cm vkSj y = 6 cm gS rc vk;r osQ (a) ifjeki vkSj
(b) {ks=kiQy esa ifjorZu dh nj Kkr dhft,A
gy D;ksafd le; osQ lkis{k yack;ha x ?kV jgh gS vkSj pkSM+kbZ y c<+ jgh gS rks ge ikrs gSa fd
dx dy
= – 3 cm/min vkSj = 2 cm/min
dt dt
(a) vk;r dk ifjeki P ls iznÙk gS] vFkkZr~
P = 2(x + y)

dP  dx dy 
blfy, = 2  +  = 2( −3 + 2) = −2 cm/min
dt  dt dt 
(b) vk;r dk {ks=kiQy A ls iznÙk gS ;Fkk
A=x.y

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dA dx dy
blfy, = ⋅y+ x⋅
dt dt dt
= – 3(6) + 10(2) (D;ksfa d x = 10 cm vkSj y = 6 cm)
= 2 cm2/min
mnkgj.k 5 fdlh oLrq dh x bdkb;ksa osQ mRiknu esa oqQy ykxr C(x) #i;s esa
C (x) = 0.005 x3 – 0.02 x2 + 30x + 5000
ls iznÙk gSA lhekar ykxr Kkr dhft, tc 3 bdkbZ mRikfnr dh tkrh gSA tgk¡ lhekar ykxr
(marginal cost ;k MC) ls gekjk vfHkizk; fdlh Lrj ij mRiknu osQ laiw.kZ ykxr esa rkRdkfyd
ifjorZu dh nj ls gSA
gy D;ksafd lhekar ykxr mRiknu osQ fdlh Lrj ij x bdkbZ osQ lkis{k laiw.kZ ykxr osQ ifjorZu
dh nj gSA ge ikrs gSa fd
dC
lhekar ykxr MC = = 0.005(3 x 2 ) − 0.02(2 x) + 30
dx
MC = 0.015(3 ) − 0.0 4(3) + 30
2
tc x = 3 gS rc
= 0.135 – 0.12 + 30 = 30.015
vr% vHkh"V lhekar ykxr vFkkZr ykxr izfr bdkbZ Rs 30.02 (yxHkx) gSA
mnkgj.k 6 fdlh mRikn dh x bdkb;ksa osQ foØ; ls izkIr oqQy vk; #i;s esa R(x) = 3x2 + 36x
+ 5 ls iznÙk gSA tc x = 5 gks rks lhekar vk; Kkr dhft,A tgk¡ lhekar vk; (marginal revenue
or MR) ls gekjk vfHkizk; fdlh {k.k foØ; dh xbZ oLrqvksa osQ lkis{k laiw.kZ vk; osQ ifjorZu
dh nj ls gSA
gy D;ksafd lhekar vk; fdlh {k.k foØ; dh xbZ oLrqvksa osQ lkis{k vk; ifjorZu dh nj gksrh
gSA ge tkurs gaS fd
dR
lhekar vk; MR = = 6 x + 36
dx
tc x = 5 gS rc MR = 6(5) + 36 = 66
vr% vHkh"V lhekar vk; vFkkZr vk; izfr bdkbZ Rs 66 gSA
iz'ukoyh 6-1
1. o`Ùk osQ {ks=kiQy osQ ifjorZu dh nj bldh f=kT;k r osQ lkis{k Kkr dhft, tcfd
(a) r = 3 cm gSA (b) r = 4 cm gSA

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2. ,d ?ku dk vk;ru 8 cm 3/s dh nj ls c<+ jgk gSA i`"B {ks=kiQy fdl nj ls c<+ jgk gS
tcfd blosQ fdukjs dh yack;ha 12 cm gSA
3. ,d o`Ùk dh f=kT;k leku :i ls 3 cm/s dh nj ls c<+ jgh gSA Kkr dhft, fd o`Ùk dk
{ks=kiQy fdl nj ls c<+ jgk gS tc f=kT;k 10 cm gSA
4. ,d ifjorZu'khy ?ku dk fdukjk 3 cm/s dh nj ls c<+ jgk gSA ?ku dk vk;ru fdl nj
ls c<+ jgk gS tcfd fdukjk 10 cm yack gS\
5. ,d fLFkj >hy esa ,d iRFkj Mkyk tkrk gS vksj rjaxsa o`Ùkksa esa 5 cm/s dh xfr ls pyrh
gSaA tc o`Ùkkdkj rjax dh f=kT;k 8 cm gS rks ml {k.k] f?kjk gqvk {ks=kiQy fdl nj ls c<+
jgk gS\
6. ,d o`Ùk dh f=kT;k 0-7 cm/s dh nj ls c<+ jgh gSA bldh ifjf/ dh o`f¼ dh nj D;k
gS tc r = 4.9 cm gS\
7. ,d vk;r dh yack;ha x, 5 cm/min dh nj ls ?kV jgh gS vkSj pkSM+kbZ y, 4 cm/min dh
nj ls c<+ jgh gSA tc x = 8 cm vkSj y = 6 cm gSa rc vk;r osQ (a) ifjeki (b) {ks=kiQy
osQ ifjorZu dh nj Kkr dhft,A
8. ,d xqCckjk tks lnSo xksykdkj jgrk gS] ,d iai }kjk 900 cm3 xSl izfr lsdaM Hkj dj
iqQyk;k tkrk gSA xqCckjs dh f=kT;k osQ ifjorZu dh nj Kkr dhft, tc f=kT;k 15 cm gSA
9. ,d xqCckjk tks lnSo xksykdkj jgrk gS] dh f=kT;k ifjorZu'khy gSA f=kT;k osQ lkis{k vk;ru
osQ ifjorZu dh nj Kkr dhft, tc f=kT;k 10 cm gSA
10. ,d 5 m yach lh<+h nhokj osQ lgkjs >qdh gSA lh<+h dk uhps dk fljk] tehu osQ vuqfn'k]
nhokj ls nwj 2 cm/s dh nj ls [khapk tkrk gSA nhokj ij bldh Å¡pkbZ fdl nj ls ?kV
jgh gS tcfd lh<+h osQ uhps dk fljk nhokj ls 4 m nwj gS?
11. ,d d.k oØ 6y = x3 +2 osQ vuqxr xfr dj jgk gSaA oØ ij mu ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft,
tcfd x-funsZ'kkad dh rqyuk esa y-funsZ'kkad 8 xquk rhozrk ls cny jgk gSA
1
12. gok osQ ,d cqycqys dh f=kT;k cm/s dh nj ls c<+ jgh gSA cqycqys dk vk;ru fdl
2
nj ls c<+ jgk gS tcfd f=kT;k 1 cm gS\
3
13. ,d xqCckjk] tks lnSo xksykdkj jgrk gS] dk ifjorZu'khy O;kl (2 x + 1) gSA x osQ lkis{k
2
vk;ru osQ ifjorZu dh nj Kkr dhft,A
14. ,d ikbi ls jsr 12 cm3 /s dh nj ls fxj jgh gSA fxjrh jsr tehu ij ,d ,slk 'kaoqQ cukrh
gS ftldh Å¡pkbZ lnSo vk/kj dh f=kT;k dk NBk Hkkx gSA jsr ls cus osQ 'kaoqQ dh Å¡pkbZ
fdl nj ls c<+ jgh gS tcfd Å¡pkbZ 4 cm gS\

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15. ,d oLrq dh x bdkb;ksa osQ mRiknu ls laca/ oqQy ykxr C (x) (#i;s esa)
C (x) = 0.007x3 – 0.003x2 + 15x + 4000
ls iznÙk gSA lhekar ykxr Kkr dhft, tcfd 17 bdkb;ksa dk mRiknu fd;k x;k gSA
16. fdlh mRikn dh x bdkb;ksa osQ foØ; ls izkIr oqQy vk; R (x) #i;ksa esa
R (x) = 13x2 + 26x + 15
ls iznÙk gSA lhekar vk; Kkr dhft, tc x = 7 gSA
iz'u 17 rFkk 18 esa lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,%
17. ,d o`Ùk dh f=kT;k r = 6 cm ij r osQ lkis{k {ks=kiQy esa ifjorZu dh nj gS%
(A) 10π (B) 12π (C) 8π (D) 11π
18. ,d mRikn dh x bdkb;ksa osQ foØ; ls izkIr oqQy vk; #i;ksa esa
R(x) = 3x2 + 36x + 5 ls iznÙk gSA tc x = 15 gS rks lhekar vk; gS%
(A) 116 (B) 96 (C) 90 (D) 126

6.3 o/Zeku (Increasing) vkSj ßkleku (Decreasing ) iQyu

bl vuqPNsn esa ge vodyu dk iz;ksx djosQ ;g Kkr djsaxs fd iQyu o/Zeku gS ;k ßkleku ;k
buesa ls dksbZ ugha gSA
f (x) = x2, x ∈ R }kjk iznÙk iQyu f ij fopkj dhft,A bl iQyu dk vkys[k vko`Qfr
6-1 esa fn;k x;k gSA

ewy ¯cnq osQ ck;ha vksj dk eku ewy ¯cnq osQ nk;ha vksj dk eku
x f (x) = x2 x f (x) = x2

–2 4 0 0
3 9 1 1
−
2 4 2 4
–1 1 1 1
1 1 3 9
−
2 4 2 4
0 0 2 4
tSls tSls ge ck¡, ls nk¡, vksj c<+rs vko`Qfr 6-1 tSls tSls ge ck¡, ls nk¡, vksj c<+rs
tkrs gaS rks vkys[k dh Å¡pkbZ ?kVrh tkrs gS rks vkys[k dh Å¡pkbZ c<+rh
tkrh gSA tkrh gSA

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loZizFke ewy ¯cnq osQ nk;ha vksj osQ vkys[k (vko`Qfr 6-1) ij fopkj djrs gSaA ;g nsf[k, fd
vkys[k osQ vuqfn'k tSls tSls ck,¡ ls nk,¡ vksj tkrs gSa] vkys[k dh Å¡pkbZ yxkrkj c<+rh tkrh gSA
blh dkj.k okLrfod la[;kvksa x > 0 osQ fy, iQyu o/Zeku dgykrk gSA
vc ewy ¯cnq osQ ck;ha vksj osQ vkys[k ij fopkj djrs gSaA ;gk¡ ge ns[krs gSa fd tSls tSls
vkys[k osQ vuqfn'k ck,¡ ls nk,¡ dh vksj tkrs gSa] vkys[k dh Å¡pkbZ yxkrkj ?kVrh tkrh gSA
iQyLo:i okLrfod la[;kvksa x < 0 osQ fy, iQyu ßkleku dgykrk gSA
ge vc ,d varjky esa o/Zeku ;k ßkleku iQyuksa dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ys"k.kkRed ifjHkk"kk nsaxsA
ifjHkk"kk 1 eku yhft, okLrfod eku iQyu f osQ izkar esa I ,d varjky gSA rc f
(i) varjky I esa o/Zeku gS] ;fn I esa x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) ≤ f (x2) lHkh x1, x2 ∈ I osQ fy,
(ii) varjky I esa fujarj o/Zeku gS] ;fn I esa x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1) < f (x2) lHkh x1 , x2 ∈ I osQ fy,
(iii) varjky I esa ßkleku gS] ;fn I esa x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1) ≥ f (x2) lHkh x1 , x2 ∈ I osQ fy,
(iv) varjky I esa fujarj ßkleku gS] ;fn I esa x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1) > f (x2 ) lHkh x1, x2 ∈ I
osQ fy,
bl izdkj osQ iQyuksa dk vkys[kh; fu:i.k vko`Qfr 6-2 esa nsf[k,A

vko`Qfr 6-2

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vc ge ,d ¯cnq ij o/Zeku ;k ßkleku iQyu dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaxsA

ifjHkk"kk 2 eku yhft, fd okLrfod ekuksa osQ ifjHkkf"kr iQyu f osQ izkar esa ,d ¯cnq x0 gS rc
x0 ij f o/Zeku] fujarj o/Zeku] ßkleku vkSj fujarj ßkleku dgykrk gS ;fn x0 dks varfoZ"V djus
okys ,d ,sls foo`Ùk varjky I dk vfLrRo bl izdkj gS fd I esa] f Øe'k% o/Zeku] fujarj
o/Zeku] ßkleku vkSj fujarj ßkleku gS
vkb, bl ifjHkk"kk dks o/Zeku iQyu osQ fy, Li"V djrs gSaA
x0 ij f o/Zeku dgykrk gS ;fn ,d varjky I = (x0 – h, x0 + h), h > 0 dk vfLrRo bl
izdkj gS fd x1 , x2 ∈ I osQ fy,
x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) ≤ f (x2)
vU; n'kkvksa dk blh izdkj ls Li"Vhdj.k fn;k tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k 7 fn[kkb, fd iznÙk iQyu f(x) = 7x – 3, R ij ,d fujarj o/Zeku iQyu gSA
gy eku yhft, R esa x1 vkSj x2 dksbZ nks la[;k,¡ gSa] rc
x1 < x2 ⇒ 7x1 < 7x2
⇒ 7x1 – 3 < 7x2 – 3
⇒ f (x1) < f (x2)
bl izdkj] ifjHkk"kk 1 ls ifj.kke fudyrk gS fd R ij f ,d fujarj o/Zeku iQyu gSA
vc ge o/Zeku vkSj ßkleku iQyuksa osQ fy, izFke vodyt ijh{k.k izLrqr djsxa As bl ijh{k.k
dh miifÙk esa vè;k; 5 esa vè;;u dh xbZ eè;eku izes; dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
izes; 1 eku yhft, fd f varjky [a,b] ij larr vkSj foo`Ùk varjky (a,b) ij vodyuh; gSA rc
(a) [a,b] esa f fujarj o/Zeku gS ;fn izR;sd x ∈ (a, b) osQ fy, f ′(x) > 0 gSA
(b) [a,b] esa f fujarj ßkleku gS ;fn izR;sd x ∈ (a, b) osQ fy, f′(x) < 0 gSA
(c) [a,b] esa f ,d vpj iQyu gS ;fn izR;sd x ∈ (a, b) osQ fy, f ′(x) = 0 gSA
miifÙk (a) eku yhft, x1, x2 ∈ [a, b] bl izdkj gSa fd x1 < x2 rc eè; eku izes; ls x1 vkSj
x2 osQ eè; ,d ¯cnq c dk vfLrRo bl izdkj gS fd
f (x2) – f(x1) = f ′(c) (x2 – x1)
vFkkZr~ f (x2) – f(x1) > 0 ( D;ksafd f ′(c) > 0 )
vFkkZr~ f (x2 ) > f (x 1)
bl izdkj] ge ns[krs gSa] fd
[ a ,b ] oQs lHkh x1 , x2 oQs fy, x1 < x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 )
vr% [a,b] esa f ,d o/Zeku iQyu gSA
Hkkx (b) vkSj (c) dh miifÙk blh izdkj gSA ikBdksa osQ fy, bls vH;kl gsrq NksM+k tkrk gSA

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fVIi.kh
(i) bl lnaHkZ esa ,d vU; lkekU; izes; osQ vuqlkj ;fn fdlh varjky osQ vaR; fcanqvksa osQ
vfrfjDr f ' (x) > 0 tgk¡ x , varjky esa dksbZ vo;o gS vkSj f ml varjky esa larr gS rc
f dks fujarj oèkZeku dgrs gSaA blh izdkj ;fn fdlh varjky osQ vaR; fcanqvksa osQ flok;
f1 (x) < 0 tgk¡ x varjky dk dksbZ vo;o gS vkSj f ml varjky esa larr gS rc f dks fujarj
ßkleku dgrs gSaA
(ii) ;fn dksbZ iQyu fdlh varjky I esa fujarj oèkZeku ;k fujarj ßkleku gS rks fuf'pr :i ls
f ml varjky I esa oèkZeku ;k ßkleku gSA ijUrq] bldk foijhr dFku dk lR; gksuk
vko';d ugha gSA
mnkgj.k 8 fn[kkb, fd iznÙk iQyu f ,
f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x, x ∈ R
R ij fujarj o/Zeku iQyu gSA
gy è;ku nhft, fd
f ′(x) = 3x2 – 6x + 4
= 3(x2 – 2x + 1) + 1
= 3(x – 1)2 + 1 > 0, lHkh x ∈ R osQ fy,
blfy, iQyu f , R ij fujarj o/Zeku gSA
mnkgj.k 9 fl¼ dhft, fd iznÙk iQyu f(x) = cos x
(a) (0, π) esa fujarj ßkleku gS
(b) (π, 2π), esa fujarj o/Zeku gS
(c) (0, 2π) esa u rks o/Zeku vkSj u gh ßkleku gSA
gy è;ku nhft, fd f ′(x) = – sin x
(a) pw¡fd izR;sd x ∈ (0, π) osQ fy, sin x > 0, ge ikrs gSa fd f ′(x) < 0 vkSj blfy,
(0, π) esa f fujarj ßkleku gSA
(b) pw¡fd izR;sd x ∈ (π, 2π) osQ fy, sin x < 0, ge ikrs gSa fd f ′(x) > 0 vkSj blfy,
(π, 2π) esa f fujarj o/Zeku gSA
(c) mijksDr (a) vkSj (b) ls Li"V gS fd (0, 2π) esa f u rks o/Zeku gS vkSj u gh ßkleku gSA
mnkgj.k 10 varjky Kkr dhft, ftuesa f (x) = x2 – 4x + 6 ls iznÙk iQyu f
(a) fujarj o/Zeku gS (b) fujarj ßkleku gS

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 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 219

gy ;gk¡
f (x) = x2 – 4x + 6

;k f ′(x) = 2x – 4

blfy,] f ′(x) = 0 ls x = 2 izkIr gksrk gSA vc

¯cnq x = 2 okLrfod js[kk dks nks vla;qDr varjkyksa]
uker% (– ∞, 2) vkSj (2, ∞) (vko`Qfr 6-3) esa foHkDr vko`Qfr 6-3
djrk gSA varjky (– ∞, 2) esa f ′(x) = 2x – 4 < 0 gSA
blfy,] bl varjky esa] f fujarj ßkleku gSA varjky (2, ∞ ) , esa f ′(x ) > 0 gS] blfy, bl
varjky esa iQyu f fujarj o/Zeku gSA
mnkgj.k 11 os varjky Kkr dhft, ftuesa f (x) = 4x3 – 6x2 – 72x + 30 }kjk iznÙk iQyu f,
(a) fujarj o/Zeku (b) fujarj ßkleku gSA
gy ;gk¡
f (x) = 4x3 – 6x2 – 72x + 30
;k f ′(x) = 12x2 – 12x – 72
= 12(x2 – x – 6) vko`Qfr 6-4
= 12(x – 3) (x + 2)

blfy, f ′(x) = 0 ls x = – 2, 3 izkIr gksrs gSaA x = – 2 vkSj x = 3 okLrfod js[kk dks rhu
vla;qDr varjkyksa] uker% (– ∞, – 2), (– 2, 3) vkSj (3, ∞) esa foHkDr djrk gS (vko`Qfr 6-4)A
varjkyksa (– ∞, – 2) vkSj (3, ∞) esa f ′(x) /ukRed gS tcfd varjky (– 2, 3) esa f ′(x)
½.kkRed gSA iQyLo:i iQyu f varjkyksa (– ∞, – 2) vkSj (3, ∞) esa fujarj o/Zeku gS tcfd varjky
(– 2, 3) esa iQyu fujarj ßkleku gSA rFkkfi f, R ij u rks o/Zeku gS vkSj u gh ßkleku gSA

varjky f ′ (x) dk fpÉ iQyu f dh izo`Qfr

(– ∞, – 2) (–) (–) > 0 f fujarj o/Zeku gS

(– 2, 3) (–) (+) < 0 f fujarj ßkleku gS

(3, ∞) (+) (+) > 0 f fujarj o/Zeku gS

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 π
mnkgj.k 12 va r jky Kkr dhft, ftues a iz n Ùk iQyu f (x) = sin 3x, x ∈ 0, 
 2
esa (a) o/Zeku gSA (b) ßkleku gSA
gy Kkr gS fd
f (x) = sin 3x vko`Qfr 6-5
;k f ′(x) = 3cos 3x

π 3π  π
blfy,, f′(x) = 0 ls feyrk gS cos 3x = 0 ftlls 3x = , (D;ksafd x ∈ 0, 
2 2  2

 3π  π π π  π
⇒ 3x ∈ 0,  ) izkIr gksrk gSA blfy,] x = vkSj gSA vc ¯cnq x = , varjky  0, 
 2  6 2 6  2
 π π π
dks nks vla;qDr varjkyksa  0,  vkSj  ,  esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
 6  6 2
 π
 π π
iqu% lHkh x ∈  0, 6  osQ fy, f ′(x ) > 0 D;ksafd 0 ≤ x < ⇒ 0 ≤ 3 x < vkSj lHkh
  6 2
 π π
x ∈ ,  osQ fy, f ′( x ) < 0 D;ksafd π < x ≤ π ⇒ π < 3 x ≤ 3π
6 2 6 2 2 2
 π  π π
blfy,] varjky  0,  esa f fujarj o/Zeku gS vkSj varjky  ,  esa fujarj ßkleku gSA
 6 6 2
π
blosQ vfrfjDr fn;k x;k iQyu x = 0 rFkk x = ij larr Hkh gSA blfy, izes; 1 osQ }kjk , f,
6
 π π π
 0, 6  esa o/Zeku vkSj  6 , 2  esa ßkleku gSA
   
mnkgj.k 13 varjky Kkr dhft, ftuesa f (x) = sin x + cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π }kjk iznÙk iQyu f,
fujarj o/Zeku ;k fujarj ßkleku gSA
gy Kkr gS fd
f(x) = sin x + cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
;k f ′(x) = cos x – sin x
π 5π
vc f ′(x ) = 0 ls sin x = cos x ftlls gesa x = , izkIr gksrs gSaA D;ksafd 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π ,
4 4

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 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 221

π 5π  π
¯cnq x = vkSj x = varjky [0, 2π] dks rhu vla;qDr varjkyksa] uker% 0, 4 ,
4 4 
 π 5π   5π 
 ,  vkSj  , 2π  esa foHkDr djrs gSaA
4 4  4 
vko`Qfr 6-6
 π   5π 
è;ku nhft, fd f ′( x) > 0 ;fn x ∈ 0,  ∪  , 2 π
 4  4 

 π  5π
 
vr% varjkyksa  0,  vkSj  , 2π  esa iQyu f fujarj o/Zeku gSA
 4 4 

 π 5π 
vkSj f ′( x) < 0, ;fn x ∈  , 
4 4 
 π 5π 
vr% f varjky  ,  esa fujarj ßkleku gSA
4 4

varjky f ′( x) dk fpÉ iQyu dh izo`Qfr

 π
0, 4  >0 f o/Zeku gS


 π 5π 
 ,  <0 f ßkleku gS
4 4

 5π 
 , 2π  >0 f o/Zeku gS
4 

iz'ukoyh 6-2
1. fl¼ dhft, R ij f (x) = 3x + 17 ls iznÙk iQyu fujarj o/Zeku gSA
2. fl¼ dhft, fd R ij f (x) = e2 x ls iznÙk iQyu fujarj o/Zeku gSA
3. fl¼ dhft, f (x) = sin x ls iznÙk iQyu
 π π 
(a)  0,  esa fujarj o/Zeku gS (b)  , π  esa fujarj ßkleku gS
 2 2 
(c) (0, π) esa u rks o/Zeku gS vkSj u gh ßkleku gSA

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4. varjky Kkr dhft, ftuesa f (x) = 2x2 – 3x ls iznÙk iQyu f

(a) fujarj o/Zeku (b) fujarj ßkleku
5. varjky Kkr dhft, ftuesa f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 36x + 7 ls iznÙk iQyu f
(a) fujarj o/Zeku (b) fujarj ßkleku
6. varjky Kkr dhft, ftuesa fuEufyf[kr iQyu f fujarj o/Zeku ;k ßkleku gS%
(a) f (x) x 2 + 2x + 5 (b) f (x)10 – 6x – 2x2
(c) f (x) –2x3 – 9x2 – 12x + 1 (d) f (x) 6 – 9x – x2
(e) f (x) (x + 1)3 (x – 3)3
2x
7. fl¼ dhft, fd y = log(1 + x ) − , x > – 1, vius lai.w kZ izkra esa ,d o/Zeku iQyu gSA
2+ x
8. x osQ mu ekuksa dks Kkr dhft, ftuosQ fy, y = [x (x – 2)]2 ,d o/Zeku iQyu gSA
 π 4 sin θ
9. fl¼ dhft, fd 0,  esa y = − θ , θ dk ,d o/Zeku iQyu gSA
 2 (2 + cos θ)
10. fl¼ dhft, fd y?kqx.kdh; iQyu (0, ∞) esa fujarj o/Zeku iQyu gSA
11. fl¼ dhft, fd (– 1, 1) esa f(x) = x2 – x + 1 ls iznÙk iQyu u rks o/Zeku gS vkSj u gh
ßkleku gSA
 π
12. fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu ls iQyu  0,  esa fujarj ßkleku gS ?
 2
(A) cos x (B) cos 2x (C) cos 3x (D) tan x
13. fuEufyf[kr varjkyksa esa ls fdl varjky esa f(x) = x100 + sin x –1 }kjk iznÙk iQyu f fujarj
ßkleku gS\
π   π
(A) (0,1) (B)  , π  (C)  0,  (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugh
2   2
14. a dk og U;wure eku Kkr dhft, ftlosQ fy, varjky [1, 2] esa f (x) = x2 + ax + 1 ls
iznÙk iQyu fujarj o/Zeku gSA
1
15. eku yhft, [–1, 1] ls vla;qDr ,d varjky I gks rks fl¼ dhft, fd I esa f ( x) = x +
x
ls iznÙk iQyu f] fujarj o/Zeku gSA
 π π 
16. fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu f (x) = log sin x ,  0,  esa fujarj o/Zeku vkSj  , π  esa
 2 2 
fujarj ßkleku gSA

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 223

 π  3π 
17. fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu f (x) = log cos x  0,  esa fujarj o/Zeku vkSj  , 2π  esa
 2  2 
fujarj ßkleku gSA
18. fl¼ dhft, fd R esa fn;k x;k iQyu f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 100 o/Zeku gSA
19. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl varjky esa y = x2 e–x o/Zeku gS\
(A) (– ∞, ∞) (B) (– 2, 0) (C) (2, ∞) (D) (0, 2)

6.4 Li'kZ js[kk,¡ vkSj vfHkyac (Tangents and Normals)

bl vuqPNsn esa ge vodyu osQ iz;ksx ls fdlh oØ osQ ,d fn, gq, ¯cnq ij Li'kZ js[kk vkSj
vfHkyac osQ lehdj.k Kkr djsaxsA
Lej.k dhft, fd ,d fn, gq, ¯cnq (x0, y0 ) ls tkus okyh rFkk ifjfer izo.krk (slope) m
okyh js[kk dk lehdj.k
y – y0 = m (x – x0) ls izkIr gksrk gSA
è;ku nhft, fd oØ y = f (x) osQ ¯cnq (x0, y0) ij Li'kZ js[kk dh
dy 
izo.krk [ = f ′( x0 )] ls n'kkZbZ tkrh gSA blfy,
dx ( x 0 , y 0 )

(x0, y0 ) ij oØ y = f (x) dh Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k

y – y0 = f ′(x0)(x – x0) gksrk gSA
blosQ vfrfjDr] D;ksafd vfHkyac Li'kZ js[kk ij yac gksrk gS
−1
blfy, y = f (x) osQ (x0 , y0) ij vfHkyac dh izo.krk gSA
f ′( x0 ) vko`Qfr 6-7
pw¡fd f ′ ( x 0 ) ≠ 0 gS] blfy, oØ y = f (x) osQ ¯cnq (x0, y0) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k
fuEufyf[kr gS%
−1
y – y0 = ( x − x0 )
f ′ ( x0 )
vFkkZr~ ( y − y0 ) f ′ ( x0 ) + ( x − x0 ) = 0

AfVIi.kh ;fn y = f (x) dh dksbZ Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k dh /u fn'kk ls θ dks.k cuk,¡] rc
dy
= Li'kZ js[kk dh io
z .krk = tan θ
dx

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fo'ks"k fLFkfr;k¡ (Particular cases)

(i) ;fn Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk 'kwU; gS] rc tanθ = 0 vkSj bl izdkj θ = 0 ftldk vFkZ gS fd
Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k osQ lekarj gSA bl fLFkfr esa] (x0, y 0) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k y = y0
gks tkrk gSA
π
(ii) ;fn θ → , rc tanθ → ∞, ftldk vFkZ gS fd Li'kZ js[kk x- v{k ij yac gS vFkkZr~ y- v{k
2
osQ lekarj gSA bl fLFkfr esa (x0, y0) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k x = x0 gksrk gS (D;ks\a )A
mnkgj.k 14 x = 2 ij oØ y = x3 – x dh Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk Kkr dhft,A
gy fn, oØ dh x = 2 ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk
dy 
= 3x − 1 x =2 = 11 gSA
2
dx  x =2

mnkgj.k 15 oØ y = 4 x − 3 − 1 ij mu ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft, ftu ij Li'kZ js[kk dh

2
izo.krk gSA
3
gy fn, x, oØ osQ fdlh ¯cnq (x, y) ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk
−1
dy 1 2
= (4 x − 3) 2 ⋅ 4 = gSA
dx 2 4x − 3
2
D;ksafd izo.krk fn;k gSA blfy,
3
2 2
=
4x − 3 3
;k 4x – 3 = 9
;k x=3
vc y = 4 x − 3 − 1 gSA blfy, tc x = 3, y = 4(3) − 3 − 1 = 2 gSA
blfy,] vfHk"V ¯cnq (3, 2) gSA
2
mnkgj.k 16 izo.krk 2 okyh lHkh js[kkvksa dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks oØ y + ( x − 3) = 0
dks Li'kZ djrh gSA
gy fn, oØ osQ ¯cnq (x,y) ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk
dy 2
= gSA
dx ( x − 3) 2
D;ksafd izo.krk 2 fn;k x;k gS blfy,]

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 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 225

2
=2
(x − 3)2
;k (x – 3)2 = 1
;k x– 3 =±1
;k x = 2, 4
vc x = 2 ls y = 2 vkSj x = 4 ls y = – 2 izkIr gksrk gSA bl izdkj] fn, oØ dh izo.krk
2 okyh nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡ gSa tks Øe'k% ¯cnqvksa (2] 2) vkSj (4] &2) ls tkrh gSA vr% (2] 2)
ls tkus okyh Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k%
y – 2 = 2(x – 2) gSA
;k y – 2x + 2 = 0
rFkk (4] &2) ls tkus okyh Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k
y – (– 2) = 2(x – 4)
;k y – 2x + 10 = 0 gSA

x 2 y2
mnkgj.k 17 oØ + = 1 ij mu ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft, ftu ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ (i) x- v{k
4 25
osQ lekarj gksa (ii) y-v{k osQ lekarj gksaA

x 2 y2
gy + = 1 dk x, osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij ge izkIr djrs gSa%
4 25

x 2 y dy
+ =0
2 25 dx

dy −25 x
;k =
dx 4 y

(i) vc] Li'kZ js [ kk x- v{k os Q leka r j gS ;fn mldh iz o .krk 'kw U ; gS ] ftlls
dy −25 x x 2 y2
=0⇒ = 0 izkIr gksrk gSA ;g rHkh laHko gS tc x = 0 gksA rc + =1
dx 4 y 4 25
ls x = 0 ij y2 = 25, vFkkZr~ y = ± 5 feyrk gSA vr% ¯cnq (0, 5) vkSj (0, – 5) ,sls gSa tgk¡
ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ x&v{k osQ lekarj gSaA

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4y
(ii) Li'kZ js[kk y- v{k osQ lekarj gS ;fn blosQ vfHkyac dh izo.krk 'kwU; gS ftlls =0,
25 x
x2 y 2
;k y = 0 feyrk gSA bl izdkj] + = 1 ls y = 0 ij x = ± 2 feyrk gSA vr% os ¯cnq
4 25
(2] 0) vkSj (&2] 0) gSa] tgk¡ ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ y-v{k osQ lekarj gSaA
x−7
mnkgj.k 18 oØ y = osQ mu ¯cnqvksa ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ Kkr dhft, tgk¡ ;g
( x − 2)( x − 3)
x- v{k dks dkVrh gSA

gy è;ku nhft, fd x-v{k ij y = 0 gksrk gSA blfy, tc y = 0 rc oØ osQ lehdj.k ls

x = 7 izkIr gksrk gSA bl izdkj oØ x- v{k dks (7, 0) ij dkVrk gSA vc oØ osQ lehdj.k dks x

osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij

dy 1 − y(2 x − 5)
=
( x − 2)( x − 3)
(D;ksa)
dx

dy  1− 0 1
;k  = (5)(4) = 20 izkIr gksrk gSA
dx  (7,0)

1
blfy,] Li'kZ js[kk dh (7, 0) ij izo.krk gSA vr% (7, 0) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k gS%
20
1
y−0= ( x − 7) ;k 20 y − x + 7 = 0 gSA
20
2 2
mnkgj.k 19 oØ x 3 + y 3 = 2 osQ ¯cnq (1, 1) ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
2 2
gy x 3 + y 3 = 2 dk x, osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij]
−1 −1
2 3 2 3 dy
x + y =0
3 3 dx
1
dy  y 3
;k = − 
dx x

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 227

dy 
blfy,] (1, 1) ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk = −1 gSA
dx  (1, 1)
blfy, (1]1) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k
y – 1 = – 1 (x – 1) ;k y + x – 2 = 0 gS
rFkk (1] 1) ij vfHkyac dh izo.krk
−1
= 1 gSA
(1]1)ij Li'khZ dh ioz.krk
blfy,] (1] 1) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k
y – 1 = 1 (x – 1) ;k y – x = 0 gSA
mnkgj.k 20 fn, x, oØ
x = a sin3 t , y = b cos3 t ... (1)
π
osQ ,d ¯cnq] tgk¡ t = gS] ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
2
gy (1) dk t osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij
dx dy
= 3a sin2 t cos t rFkk = −3bcos 2 t sin t
dt dt
dy
dy dt −3b cos2 t sin t −b cos t
;k = = =
dx dx 3 a sin 2 t cos t a sin t
dt
π
dy  −b cos
π 2=0
tc t = rc  π =
2 dx  t= π
2 a sin
2
π
vkSj tc t = , rc x = a rFkk y = 0 gS vr% t = π ij vFkkZr~ (a, 0) ij fn, x, oØ dh Li'kZ
2 2
js[kk dk lehdj.k y – 0 = 0 (x – a) vFkkZr~ y = 0 gSA

iz'ukoyh 6-3
1. oØ y = 3x – 4x osQ x = 4 ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk Kkr dhft,A
4

x −1
2. oØ y = , x ≠ 2 osQ x = 10 ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk Kkr dhft,A
x−2

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3. oØ y = x3 – x + 1 dh Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk ml ¯cnq ij Kkr dhft, ftldk

x-funsZ'kkad 2 gSA
4. oØ y = x3 –3x +2 dh Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk ml ¯cnq ij Kkr dhft, ftldk
x- funsZ'kkad 3 gSA
π
5. oØ x = a cos3 θ, y = a sin 3 θ osQ θ = ij vfHkyac dh izo.krk Kkr dhft,A
4
π
6. oØ x = 1 − a sin θ, y = b cos θ osQ θ =
2
ij vfHkyac dh izo.krk Kkr dhft,A
2
7. oØ y = x3 – 3x2 – 9x + 7 ij mu ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft, ftu ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ x&v{k
osQ lekarj gSA
8. oØ y = (x – 2)2 ij ,d ¯cnq Kkr dhft, ftl ij Li'kZ js[kk] ¯cnqvksa (2] 0) vkSj
(4] 4) dks feykus okyh js[kk osQ lekarj gSA
9. oØ y = x3 – 11x + 5 ij ml ¯cnq dks Kkr dhft, ftl ij Li'kZ js[kk y = x – 11 gSA
1
10. izo.krk – 1 okyh lHkh js[kkvksa dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks oØ y = , x ≠ – 1 dks
x −1
Li'kZ djrh gSA
1
11. izo.krk 2 okyh lHkh js[kkvksa dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks oØ y = , x ≠ 3 dks Li'kZ
x−3
djrh gSA
1
12. izo.krk 0 okyh lHkh js[kkvksa dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks oØ y = dks Li'kZ
x − 2x + 3
2

djrh gSA
x 2 y2
13. oØ + = 1 ij mu ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft, ftu ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡
9 16
(i) x-v{k osQ lekarj gS (ii) y- v{k osQ lekarj gS
14. fn, oØksa ij fufnZ"V ¯cnqvksa ij Li'kZ js[kk vkSj vfHkyac osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft,%
(i) y = x4 – 6x3 + 13x2 – 10x + 5 osQ (0, 5) ij
(ii) y = x4 – 6x3 + 13x2 – 10x + 5 osQ (1, 3) ij
(iii) y = x3 osQ (1, 1) ij
(iv) y = x2 osQ (0, 0) ij
π
(v) x = cos t, y = sin t osQ t = ij
4

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 229

15. oØ y = x2 – 2x +7 dh Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks

(a) js[kk 2x – y + 9 = 0 osQ lekarj gSA
(b) js[kk 5y – 15x = 13 ij yac gSA
16. fl¼ dhft, fd oØ y = 7x3 + 11 osQ mu ¯cnqvksa ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ lekarj gS tgk¡ x = 2
rFkk x = – 2 gSA
17. oØ y = x3 ij mu ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft, ftu ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk ¯cnq osQ
y- funsZ'kkad osQ cjkcj gSA
18. oØ y = 4x3 – 2x5, ij mu ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft, ftu ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ ewy ¯cnq ls gksdj
tkrh gSaA
19. oØ x2 + y2 – 2x – 3 = 0 osQ mu ¯cnqvksa ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tgk¡
ij os x-v{k osQ lekarj gSaA
20. oØ ay2 = x3 osQ ¯cnq (am 2, am3) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
21. oØ y = x3 + 2x + 6 osQ mu vfHkyacks osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks js[kk x + 14y + 4 = 0
osQ lekarj gSA
22. ijoy; y2 = 4ax osQ ¯cnq (at2, 2at) ij Li'kZ js[kk vkSj vfHkyac osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
23. fl¼ dhft, fd oØ x = y2 vkSj xy = k ,d nwljs dks ledks.k* ij dkVrh gS] ;fn
8k2 = 1 gSA

x2 y2
24. vfrijoy; − = 1 osQ ¯cnq (x0, y0) ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
a2 b2
25. oØ y = 3x − 2 dh mu Li'kZ js[kkvksa osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks js[kk 4 x − 2 y + 5 = 0 osQ
lekarj gSA
iz'u 26 vkSj 27 esa lgh mÙkj dk pquko dhft,
26. oØ y = 2x2 + 3 sin x osQ x = 0 ij vfHkyac dh izo.krk gS%
1 1
(A) 3 (B) (C) –3 (D) −
3 3
27. fdl ¯cnq ij y = x + 1, oØ y2 = 4x dh Li'kZ js[kk gS\
(A) (1, 2) (B) (2, 1) (C) (1, – 2) (D) (– 1, 2) gSA
6.5 lfUudVu (Approximation)
bl vuqPNsn esa ge oqQN jkf'k;ksa osQ lfUudV eku dks Kkr djus osQ fy, vodyksa dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
* nks oØ ijLij ledks.k ij dkVrs gSa ;fn muosQ izfrPNsnu ¯cnq ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ ijLij yac gksaA

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eku yhft, f : D → R, D ⊂ R, ,d iznÙk iQyu gS vkSj y = f (x ) nh xbZ oØ gSA

eku yhft, x esa gksus okyh fdlh vYi o`f¼ dks izrhd ∆x ls iz d V djrs gS a A Lej.k
dhft, fd x esa gqbZ vYi o`f¼ ∆x os Q la x r y esa gqbZ o`f¼ dks ∆y ls izdV djrs gS tgk¡
∆y = f (x + ∆x) – f (x) gSA ge vc fuEufyf[kr dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa%
(i) x osQ vody dks dx ls izdV djrs gSa rFkk
dx = ∆x ls ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSA
(ii) y osQ vody dks dy ls izdV djrs gSa rFkk
 dy 
dy = f ′(x) dx vFkok dy =   ∆x ls
 dx 
ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA
bl n'kk esa x dh rqyuk esa dx = ∆x vis{kko`Qr
NksVk gksrk gS rFkk ∆y dk ,d mi;qDr lfUudVu dy
gksrk gS vkSj bl ckr dks ge dy ≈ ∆y }kjk izdV
djrs gSaA
vko`Qfr 6-8
∆x, ∆y, dx vkSj dy osQ T;kferh; O;k[;k osQ
fy, vko`Qfr 6-8 nsf[k,A

AfVIi.kh mi;ZqDr ifjppkZ rFkk vko`Qfr dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ge ns[krs gSa fd ijra=k pj
(Dependent variable) dk vody pj dh o`f¼ osQ leku ugha gS tc fd Lora=k pj
(Independent variable) dk vody pj dh o`f¼ osQ leku gSA

mnkgj.k 21 36.6 dk lfUudVu djus osQ fy, vody dk iz;ksx dhft,A

gy y = x yhft, tgk¡ x = 36 vkSj eku yhft, ∆x = 0.6 gSA

rc ∆y = x + ∆x − x = 36.6 − 36 = 36.6 − 6

36.6 = 6 + ∆y
vc ∆y lfUudVr% dy osQ cjkcj gS vkSj fuEufyf[kr ls iznÙk gS%
 dy  1
dy =   ∆x = (0.6) ( D;kfasd y = x )
dx 2 x
1
= (0.6) = 0.05
2 36
bl izdkj] 36.6 dk lfUudV eku 6 + 0.05 = 6.05 gSA

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 231

1
mnkgj.k 22 (25) 3 dk lfUudVu djus osQ fy, vody dk iz;ksx dhft,A
1
gy eku yhft, y = x3 tgk¡ x = 27 vkSj ∆x = −2 gSA
1 1

rc ∆y = ( x + ∆x) 3 − x3
1 1 1
= (25) 3 − (27) 3 = (25) 3 −3
1
;k (25) = 3 + ∆y3

vc ∆y lfUudVr% dy osQ cjkcj gS vkSj

 dy 
dy =   ∆x
 dx 
1
1
= 2
(−2) (D; kasfd y = x 3 )
3
3x
1 −2
= 1
( −2) = = − 0.074
3 2
27
3 ((27) )
1
bl izdkj] (25) 3 dk lfUudV eku gS%
3 + (– 0. 074) = 2.926
mnkgj.k 23 f(3.02) dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft, tgk¡ f (x) = 3x2 + 5x + 3 gSA
gy eku yhft, x = 3 vkSj ∆x = 0.02 gSA
f (3. 02) = f (x + ∆x) = 3 (x + ∆x) 2 + 5(x + ∆x) + 3
è;ku nhft, fd ∆y = f (x + ∆x) – f (x) gSA
blfy, f (x + ∆x) = f (x) + ∆y
≈ f (x) + f ′(x) ∆x ( D;ksafd dx = ∆x)
≈ (3x + 5x + 3) + (6x + 5) ∆x
2

f (3.02) = (3(3)2 + 5(3) + 3) + (6(3) + 5) (0.02) (D;ksafd x =3, ∆x = 0.02)

= (27 + 15 + 3) + (18 + 5) (0.02)
= 45 + 0.46 = 45.46
vr% f(3.02) dk lfUudV eku 45-46 gSA

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mnkgj.k 24 x ehVj Hkqtk okys ?ku dh Hkqtk esa 2% dh o`f¼ osQ dkj.k ls ?ku osQ vk;ru esa
lfUudV ifjorZu Kkr dhft,A
gy è;ku nhft, fd
V = x3
 dV 
;k dV =   ∆x = (3x2) ∆x
 dx 
= (3x2) (0.02x) (D;ksafd x dk 2% = .02x)
= 0.06x m3 3

bl izdkj] vk;ru esa lfUudV ifjorZu 0.06 x3 m3 gS

mnkgj.k 25 ,d xksys dh f=kT;k 9 cm ekih tkrh gS ftlesa 0-03 cm dh =kqfV gSA blosQ vk;ru
osQ ifjdyu esa lfUudV =kqfV Kkr dhft,A
gy eku yhft, fd xksys dh f=kT;k r gS vkSj blosQ ekiu esa =kqfV ∆r gSA bl izdkj r = 9 cm
vkSj ∆r = 0.03 cmgSA vc xksys dk vk;ru V
4
V= π r 3 ls iznÙk gSA
3
dV
;k = 4π r 2
dr
 dV 
 ∆r = (4π r )∆r
2
blfy, dV = 
dr 
= [4π(9)2] (0.03) = 9.72π cm3
vr% vk;ru osQ ifjdyu esa lfUudV =kqfV 9.72π cm3 gSA

iz'ukoyh 6-4
1. vody dk iz;ksx djosQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dk lfUudV eku n'keyo osQ rhu LFkkuksa
rd Kkr dhft,%
(i) 25.3 (ii) 49.5 (iii) 0.6
1 1 1
(iv) (0.009) 3 (v) (0.999)10 (vi) (15) 4
1 1 1
(vii) (26) 3 (viii) (255) 4 (ix) (82) 4

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 233

1 1 1
(x) (401) 4 (xi) (0.0037) 2 (xii) (26.57) 3
1 3 1
(xiii) (81.5) 4 (xiv) (3.968) 2 (xv) (32.15)5

2. f (2.01) dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft, tgk¡ f (x) = 4x2 + 5x + 2 gSA

3. f (5.001) dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft, tgk¡ f(x) = x3 – 7x2 + 15 gSA
4. x m Hkqtk okys ?ku dh Hkqtk esa 1% o`f¼ osQ dkj.k ?ku osQ vk;ru esa gksus okyk lfUudV
ifjorZu Kkr dhft,A
5. x m Hkqtk okys ?ku dh Hkqtk esa 1% âkl osQ dkj.k ?ku osQ i`"B {ks=kiQy esa gksus okys lfUudV
ifjorZu Kkr dhft,A
6. ,d xksys dh f=kT;k 7 m ekih tkrh gS ftlesa 0-02 m dh =kqfV gSA blosQ vk;ru osQ
ifjdyu esa lfUudV =kqfV Kkr dhft,A
7. ,d xksys dh f=kT;k 9 m ekih tkrh gS ftlesa 0.03 cm dh =kqfV gSA blosQ i`"B {ks=kiQy
osQ ifjdyu esa lfUudV =kqfV Kkr dhft,A
8. ;fn f (x) = 3x2 + 15x + 5 gks] rks f (3.02) dk lfUudV eku gS%
(A) 47.66 (B) 57.66 (C) 67.66 (D) 77.66
9. Hkqtk esa 3% o`f¼ osQ dkj.k Hkqtk x osQ ?ku osQ vk;ru esa lfUudV ifjorZu gS%
(A) 0.06 x3 m3 (B) 0.6 x3 m 3 (C) 0.09 x3 m3 (D) 0.9 x3 m 3

6.6 mPpre vkSj fuEure (Maxima and Minima)

bl vuqPNsn esa] ge fofHkUu iQyuksa osQ mPpre vkSj fuEure ekuksa dh x.kuk djus esa vodyt
dh ladYiuk dk iz;ksx djsaxsA okLro esa ge ,d iQyu osQ vkys[k osQ orZu ¯cnqvksa (Turning
points) dks Kkr djsaxs vkSj bl izdkj mu ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr djsaxs ftu ij vkys[k LFkkuh; vf/dre
(;k U;wure) ij igq¡prk gSA bl izdkj osQ ¯cnqvksa dk Kku ,d iQyu dk vkys[k [khapus esa cgqr
mi;ksxh gksrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr ge ,d iQyu dk fujis{k mPpre eku (Absolute maximum
value) vksj fujis{k U;wure eku (Absolute minimum value ) Hkh Kkr djsaxs tks dbZ vuqiz;qDr
leL;kvksa osQ gy osQ fy, vko';d gSaA
vkb, ge nSfud thou dh fuEufyf[kr leL;kvksa ij fopkj djsa
(i) larjksa osQ o`{kksa osQ ,d ckx ls gksus okyk ykHk iQyu P(x) = ax + bx 2 }kjk iznÙk gS tgk¡
a,b vpj gSa vkSj x izfr ,dM+ esa larjs osQ o`{kksa dh la[;k gSA izfr ,dM+ fdrus o`{k
vf/dre ykHk nsxsa\

2015-16
234 xf.kr

x2
(ii) ,d 60 m Å¡ps Hkou ls gok esa isaQdh xbZ ,d xsan h ( x) = 60 + x − osQ }kjk
60
fu/kZfjr iFk osQ vuqfn'k pyrh gS] tgk¡ x Hkou ls xsan dh {kSfrt nwjh vkSj h(x) mldh
Å¡pkbZ gSA xsan fdruh vf/dre Å¡pkbZ rd igq¡psxh\
(iii) 'k=kq dk ,d vikps gsfydkWIVj oØ f (x) = x2 + 7 }kjk iznÙk iFk osQ vuqfn'k mM+ jgk gSA
¯cnq (1] 2) ij fLFkr ,d lSfud ml gsfydkWIVj dks xksyh ekjuk pkgrk gS tc gsfydkWIVj
mlosQ fudVre gksA ;g fudVre nwjh fdruh gS\
mi;qZDr leL;kvksa esa oqQN loZlkekU; gS vFkkZr~ ge iznÙk iQyuksa osQ mPpre vFkok fuEure
eku Kkr djuk pkgrs gSaA bu leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus osQ fy, ge fof/or ,d iQyu dk
vf/dre eku ;k U;wure eku o LFkkuh; mPpre o LFkkuh; fuEure osQ ¯cnqvksa vkSj bu
¯cnqvksa dks fu/kZfjr djus osQ ijh{k.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaxsA
ifjHkk"kk 3 eku yhft, ,d varjky I esa ,d iQyu f ifjHkkf"kr gS] rc
(a) f dk mPpre eku I esa gksrk gS] ;fn I esa ,d ¯cnq c dk vfLrRo bl izdkj gS fd
f (c ) ≥ f ( x) , ∀ x ∈ I
la[;k f (c) dks I esa f dk mPpre eku dgrs gSa vkSj ¯cnq c dks I esa f osQ mPpre eku
okyk ¯cnq dgk tkrk gSA
(b) f dk fuEure eku I esa gksrk gS ;fn I esa ,d ¯cnq c dk vfLrRo gS bl izdkj fd
f (c) ≤ f (x), ∀ x ∈ I
la[;k f (c) dks I esa f dk fuEure eku dgrs gSa vkSj ¯cnq c dks I esa f osQ fuEure eku
okyk ¯cnq dgk tkrk gSA
(c) I esa f ,d pje eku (extreme value) j[kus okyk iQyu dgykrk gS ;fn I esa ,d ,sls ¯cnq
c dk vfLrRo bl izdkj gS fd f (c), f dk mPpre eku vFkok fuEure eku gSA
bl fLFkfr esa f (c), I esa f dk pje eku dgykrk gS vkSj ¯cnq c ,d pje ¯cnq dgykrk gSA

vko`Qfr 6-9

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 235

AfVIi.kh vko`Qfr 6.9 (a), (b) vkSj (c) esa geus oqQN fof'k"V iQyuksa osQ vkys[k iznf'kZr
fd, gSa ftuls gesa ,d ¯cnq ij mPpre eku vkSj fuEure eku Kkr djus esa lgk;rk feyrh
gSA okLro esa vkys[kksa ls ge mu iQyuksa osQ tks vodfyr ugha gksrs gSaA mPpre @ fuEure eku
Hkh Kkr dj ldrs gSa] (mnkgj.k 27)A
mnkgj.k 26 f (x) = x2, x ∈ R ls iznÙk iQyu f osQ mPpre
vkSj fuEure eku] ;fn dksbZ gksa rks] Kkr dhft,A

gy fn, x, iQyu osQ vkys[k (vko`Qfr 6-10) ls ge dg ldrs

gSa fd f (x) = 0 ;fn x = 0 gS vkSj
f (x) ≥ 0, lHkh x ∈ R osQ fy,A

blfy,] f dk fuEure eku 0 gS vkSj f osQ fuEure eku

dk ¯cnq x = 0 gSA blosQ vfrfjDr vkys[k ls ;g Hkh ns[kk tk
ldrk gS fd iQyu f dk dksbZ mPpre eku ugha gS] vr% R
vko`Qfr 6-10
esa f osQ mPpre eku dk ¯cnq ugha gSA

AfVIi.kh ;fn ge iQyu osQ izkar dks osQoy [– 2, 1] rd lhfer djsa rc x = – 2 ij f

dk mPpre eku (– 2)2 = 4 gSA
mnkgj.k 27 f (x) = |x |, x ∈ R }kjk iznÙk iQyu f osQ
mPpre vkSj fuEure eku] ;fn dksbZ gks rks] Kkr dhft,A
gy fn, x, iQyu osQ vkys[k (vko`Qfr 6-11) ls
f (x) ≥ 0, lHkh x ∈ R vkSj f (x) = 0 ;fn x = 0 gSA
blfy,] f dk fuEure eku 0 gS vkSj f osQ fuEure
eku dk ¯cnq x = 0 gSA vkSj vkys[k ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS R
esa f dk dksbZ mPpre eku ugha gSA vr% R esa dksbZ mPpre
eku dk ¯cnq ugha gSA
vko`Qfr 6-11
fVIi.kh
(i) ;fn ge iQyu osQ izkar dks osQoy [– 2, 1] rd lhfer djsa] rks f dk mPpre eku
| – 2| = 2 gksxkA
(ii) mnkgj.k 27 esa è;ku nsa fd iQyu f , x = 0 ij vodyuh; ugha gSA

2015-16
236 xf.kr

mnkgj.k 28 f (x) = x, x ∈ (0, 1) }kjk iznÙk iQyu osQ mPpre vkSj fuEure eku] ;fn dksbZ gks
rks] Kkr dhft,A
gy fn, varjky (0] 1) esa fn;k iQyu ,d fujarj o/Zeku
iQyu gSA iQyu f osQ vkys[k (vko`Qfr 6-12) ls ,slk
izrhr gksrk gS fd iQyu dk fuEure eku 0 osQ nk;ha vksj
osQ fudVre ¯cnq vkSj mPpre eku 1 osQ ck;ha vksj osQ
fudVre ¯cnq ij gksuk pkfg,A D;k ,sls ¯cnq miyC/ gSa\
,sls ¯cnqvksa dks vafdr djuk laHko ugha gSA okLro esa] ;fn
x0
0 dk fudVre ¯cnq x0 gks rks < x0 lHkh x0 ∈(0,1)
2 vko`Qfr 6-12
x1 + 1
osQ fy, vkSj ;fn 1 dk fudVre ¯cnq x1 gks rks lHkh x1 ∈(0,1) osQ fy, > x1 gSA
2
blfy, fn, x, iQyu dk varjky (0] 1) esa u rks dksbZ mPpre eku gS vkSj u gh dksbZ fuEure
eku gSA
fVIi.kh ikBd ns[k ldrs gSa fd mnkgj.k 28 esa ;fn f osQ izkar esa 0 vkSj 1 dks lfEefyr dj
fy;k tk, vFkkZr f osQ izkar dks c<+kdj [0, 1] dj fn;k tk, rks iQyu dk fuEure eku
x = 0 ij 0 vkSj mPpre eku x = 1 ij 1 gSA okLro esa ge fuEufyf[kr ifj.kke ikrs gSa (bu
ifj.kkeksa dh miifÙk bl iqLrd osQ {ks=k ls ckgj gS)A
izR;sd ,dfn"V (monotonic) iQyu vius ifjHkkf"kr izkra osQ vaR; ¯cnqvksa ij mPpre@fuEure
xzg.k djrk gSA
bl ifj.kke dk vf/d O;kid :i ;g gS fd lao`Ùk varjky ij izR;sd larr iQyu osQ mPpre
vkSj fuEu"B eku gksrs gSaA

AfVIi.kh fdlh varjky I esa ,dfn"V iQyu ls gekjk vfHkizk; gS fd I esa iQyu ;k rks
o/Zeku gS ;k ßkleku gSA
bl vuqPNsn esa ,d lao`Ùk varjky ij ifjHkkf"kr iQyu osQ mPpre vkSj fuEure ekuksa osQ ckjs
esa ckn esa fopkj djsaxsA
vkb, vc vko`Qfr 6-13 esa n'kkZ, x, fdlh iQyu osQ vkys[k dk vè;;u djsaA nsf[k, fd
iQyu dk vkys[k ¯cnqvksa A, B, C rFkk D ij o/Zeku ls ßkleku ;k foykser% ßkleku ls o/Zeku
gksrk gSA bu ¯cnqvksa dks iQyu osQ orZu ¯cnq dgrs gSaA iqu% è;ku nhft, fd orZu ¯cnqvksa ij vkys[k
esa ,d NksVh igkM+h ;k NksVh ?kkVh curh gSA eksVs rkSj ij ¯cnqvksa A rFkk C esa ls izR;sd osQ lkehI;
(Neighbourhood)esa iQyu dk fuEure eku gS] tks mudh viuh&viuh ?kkfV;ksa osQ v/ksHkkxksa

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 237

vko`Qfr 6-13

(Bottom) ij gSA blh izdkj ¯cnqvksa B rFkk D esa ls izR;sd osQ lkehI; esa iQyu dk mPpre eku
gS] tks mudh viuh&viuh igkfM+;ksa osQ 'kh"kks± ij gSA bl dkj.k ls ¯cnqvksa A rFkk C dks LFkkuh;
fuEure eku (;k lkis{k fuEure eku) dk ¯cnq rFkk B vkSj D dks LFkkuh; mPpre eku (;k lkis{k
mPpre eku) osQ ¯cnq le>k tk ldrk gSA iQyu osQ LFkkuh; mPpre eku vkSj LFkkuh; fuEure
ekuksa dks Øe'k% iQyu dk LFkkuh; mPpre vkSj LFkkuh; fuEure dgk tkrk gSA
vc ge vkSipkfjd :i ls fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk nsrs gSaA
ifjHkk"kk 4 eku yhft, f ,d okLrfod ekuh; iQyu gS vkSj c iQyu f osQ izkar esa ,d vkarfjd
¯cnq gSA rc
(a) c dks LFkkuh; mPpre dk ¯cnq dgk tkrk gS ;fn ,d ,s l k h > 0 gS fd
(c – h, c + h) esa lHkh x osQ fy, f (c) ≥ f (x) gksA rc f (c), iQyu f dk LFkkuh; mPpre
eku dgykrk gSA
(b) c dks LFkkuh; fuEure dk ¯cnq dgk tkrk gS ;fn ,d ,slk h > 0 gS fd (c – h, c + h) esa lHkh
x osQ fy, f (c) ≤ f (x) gksA rc f (c), iQyu f dk LFkkuh; fuEure eku dgykrk gSA
T;kferh; n`f"Vdks.k ls] mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kk dk vFkZ gS fd ;fn x = c, iQyu f dk LFkkuh;
mPpre dk ¯cnq gS] rks c osQ vklikl dk vkys[k vko`Qfr 6-14(a) osQ vuqlkj gksxkA è;ku nhft,
fd varjky (c – h, c) esa iQyu f o/Zeku (vFkkZr~ f ′(x) > 0) vkSj varjky (c, c + h) esa iQyu
ßkleku (vFkkZr~ f ′(x) < 0) gSA
blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd f ′(c) vo'; gh 'kwU; gksuk pkfg,A

vko`Qfr 6-14

2015-16
238 xf.kr

blh izdkj] ;fn c , iQyu f dk LFkkuh; fuEure ¯cnq gS rks c osQ vklikl dk vkys[k
vko`Qfr 6-14(b ) osQ vuqlkj gksxkA ;gk¡ varjky (c – h, c) esa f ßkleku (vFkkZr~ f ′(x) < 0) gS
vkSj varjky (c, c + h) esa f o/Zeku (vFkkZr] f ′(x) > 0) gSA ;g iqu% lq>ko nsrk gS fd f ′(c)
vo'; gh 'kwU; gksuk pkfg,A
mi;qZDr ifjppkZ ls gesa fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk izkIr gksrh gS (fcuk miifÙk)A
s 2 eku yhft, ,d foo`Ùk varjky I esa f ,d ifjHkkf"kr iQyu gSA eku yhft, c ∈ I dksbZ
ize;
¯cnq gSA ;fn f dk x = c ij ,d LFkkuh; mPpre ;k ,d LFkkuh; fuEure dk ¯cnq gS rks f ′(c)
= 0 gS ;k f ¯cnq c ij vodyuh; ugha gSA
fVIi.kh mijksDr izes; dk foykse vko';d ugha gS fd lR; gks tSls fd ,d ¯cnq ftl ij
vodyt 'kwU; gks tkrk gS rks ;g vko';d ugha gS fd og LFkkuh; mPpre ;k LFkkuh; fuEure
dk ¯cnq gSA mnkgj.kr;k ;fn f (x) = x3 gks rks f ′(x) = 3x2 vkSj blfy, f ′(0) = 0 gSA ijUrq 0
u rks LFkkuh; mPpre vkSj u gh LFkkuh; fuEure ¯cnq gSA vko`Qfr 6-15

AfVIi.kh iQyu f osQ izkar esa ,d ¯cnq c, ftl ij ;k rks f ′(c) = 0 gS ;k f vodyuh;
ugha gS] f dk Økafrd ¯cnq ( Critical Point) dgykrk gSA è;ku nhft, fd ;fn f ¯cnq c ij
larr gS vkSj f ′(c) = 0 gS rks ;gk¡ ,d ,sls h > 0 dk vfLrRo gS fd varjky (c – h, c + h)
esa f vodyuh; gSA
vc ge osQoy izFke vodytksa dk iz;ksx djosQ LFkkuh; mPpre ¯cnq ;k LFkkuh; fuEure
¯cnqvksa dks Kkr djus dh fØ;kfof/ izLrqr djsaxsA
izes; 3 (izFke vodyt ijh{k.k) eku yhft, fd ,d iQyu f fdlh foo`Ùk varjky I ij
ifjHkkf"kr gSA eku yhft, fd f varjky I esa fLFkr Økafrd ¯cnq c ij larr gSA rc
(i) x osQ ¯cnq c ls gks dj c<+us osQ lkFk&lkFk] ;fn
f ′(x) dk fpß /u ls ½.k esa ifjofrZr gksrk gS
vFkkZr~ ;fn ¯cnq c osQ ck;ha vksj vkSj mlosQ i;kZIr
fudV osQ izR;sd ¯cnq ij f ′(x) > 0 rFkk c osQ
nk;ha vksj vkSj i;kZIr fudV osQ izR;sd ¯cnq ij
f ′(x) < 0 gks rks c LFkkuh; mPpre ,d ¯cnq gSA
(ii) x osQ ¯cnq c ls gks dj c<+us osQ lkFk&lkFk ;fn
f ′(x) dk fpÉ ½.k ls /u esa ifjofrZr gksrk gS]
vFkkZr~ ;fn ¯cnq c osQ ck;ha vksj vkSj mlosQ i;kZIr
fudV osQ izR;sd ¯cnq ij f ′(x) < 0 rFkk c osQ
nk;haa vksj vkSj mlosQ i;kZIr fudV osQ izR;sd ¯cnq
ij f ′(x) >0 gks rks c LFkkuh; fuEure ¯cnq gSA vko`Qfr 6-15

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 239

(iii) x osQ ¯cnq c ls gks dj c<+us osQ lkFk ;fn f ′(x) dk fpÉ ifjofrZr ugha gksrk gS] rks c u
rks LFkkuh; mPpre ¯cnq gS vkSj u LFkkuh; fuEure ¯cnqA okLro esa] bl izdkj osQ ¯cnq dks
ufr ifjorZu ¯cnq (Point of Inflection) (vko`Qfr 6-15) dgrs gSaA

AfVIi.kh ;fn c iQyu f dk ,d LFkkuh; mPpre ¯cnq gS rks f (c) iQyu f dk LFkkuh;
mPpre eku gSA blh izdkj] ;fn c iQyu f dk ,d LFkkuh; fuEure ¯cnq gS] rks f (c) iQyu f
dk LFkkuh; fuEure eku gSA vko`Qfr;k¡ 6-15 vkSj 6-16 ize;s 3 dh T;kferh; O;k[;k djrh gSA

vko`Qfr 6-16
mnkgj.k 29 f (x) = x3 – 3x + 3 }kjk iznÙk iQyu osQ fy, LFkkuh; mPpre vkSj LFkkuh; fuEure
osQ lHkh ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft,A
gy ;gk¡ f (x) = x3 – 3x + 3

;k f ′(x) = 3x2 – 3 = 3 (x – 1) (x + 1)
;k f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 vkSj x = – 1
bl izdkj] osQoy x = ± 1 gh ,sls Økafrd ¯cnq gSa tks f osQ LFkkuh; mPpre vkSj@;k LFkkuh;
fuEure laHkkfor ¯cnq gks ldrs gSaA igys ge x = 1 ij ijh{k.k djrs gSaA
è;ku nhft, fd 1 osQ fudV vkSj 1 osQ nk;haa vksj f′(x) > 0 gS vkSj 1 osQ fudV vkSj 1 osQ
ck;haa vksj f′(x) < 0 gSA blfy, izFke vodyt ijh{k.k }kjk x = 1] LFkkuh; fuEure ¯cnq gS vkSj
LFkkuh; fuEure eku f (1) = 1 gSA
x = – 1 dh n'kk esa] –1 osQ fudV vkSj –1 osQ ck;ha vksj f ′(x) > 0 vkSj &1 osQ fudV vkSj
&1 osQ nk;ha vksj f ′(x) < 0 gSA blfy, izFke vodyt ijh{k.k }kjk x = –1 LFkkuh; mPpre dk
¯cnq gS vkSj LFkkuh; mPpre eku f (–1) = 5 gSA

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x osQ eku f ′ ( x ) = 3( x − 1)( x + 1) dk fpÉ

nk;ha vksj (ekuk 1- 1) >0
1 osQ fudV
ck;ha vkjs (ekuk 0 - 9) <0

nk;ha vksj (ekuk – 0 - 9) <0

–1 osQ fudV
ck;ha vkjs (ekuk – 1-1) >0

mnkgj.k 30 f (x) = 2x3 – 6x2 + 6x +5 }kjk iznÙk iQyu f osQ LFkkuh; mPpre vkSj LFkkuh;
fuEure ¯cnq Kkr dhft,A
gy ;gk¡
f (x) = 2x3 – 6x2 + 6x + 5
;k f ′(x) = 6x2 – 12x + 6 = 6 (x – 1) 2
;k f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1
bl izdkj osQoy x = 1 gh f dk Økafrd ¯cnq gSA vc ge bl ¯cnq ij f osQ LFkkuh; mPpre
;k LFkkuh; fuEure osQ fy, ijh{k.k djsaxsA nsf[k, fd lHkh x ∈ R osQ fy, f ′(x) ≥ 0 vkSj fo'ks"k
:i ls 1 osQ lehi vkSj 1 osQ ck;haa vksj vkSj nk;ha vksj osQ ekuksa osQ fy, f ′(x) > 0 gSA blfy,
izFke vodyt ijh{k.k ls ¯cnq x = 1 u rks LFkkuh; mPpre dk ¯cnq gS vkSj u gh LFkkuh; fuEure
dk ¯cnq gSA vr% x = 1 ,d ufr ifjorZu (inflection) ¯cnq gSA

AfVIi.kh è;ku nhft, fd mnkgj.k 30 esa f ′(x) dk fpÉ varjky R esa dHkh Hkh ugha
cnyrkA vr% f osQ vkys[k esa dksbZ Hkh orZu ¯cnq ugha gS vkSj blfy, LFkkuh; mPpre ;k
LFkkuh; fuEure dk dksbZ Hkh ¯cnq ugha gSA
vc ge fdlh iznÙk iQyu osQ LFkkuh; mPpre vkSj LFkkuh; fuEure osQ ijh{k.k osQ fy, ,d
nwljh fØ;kfof/ izLrqr djsaxsA ;g ijh{k.k izFke vodyt ijh{k.k dh rqyuk esa izk;% ljy gSA
ize;s 4 eku yhft, fd f, fdlh varjky I esa ifjHkkf"kr ,d iQyu gS rFkk c ∈ I gSA eku yhft,
fd f, c ij nks ckj yxkrkj vodyuh; gSA rc
(i) ;fn f ′(c) = 0 vkSj f ″(c) < 0 rks x = c LFkkuh; mPpre dk ,d ¯cnq gSA
bl n'kk esa f dk LFkkuh; mPpre eku f (c) gSA
(ii) ;fn f ′ ( c ) = 0 vkSj f ″(c) > 0 rks x = c LFkkuh; fuEure dk ,d ¯cnq gSA
bl n'kk esa f dk LFkkuh; fuEure eku f (c) gSA
(iii) ;fn f ′(c) = 0 vkSj f ″(c) = 0 gS rks ;g ijh{k.k vliQy gks tkrk gSA
bl fLFkfr esa ge iqu% izFke vodyt ijh{k.k ij okil tkdj ;g Kkr djrs gSa fd c
mPpre] fuEure ;k ufr ifjorZu dk ¯cnq gSA

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 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 241

AfVIi.kh ¯cnq c ij f nks ckj yxkrkj vodyuh; gS blls gekjk rkRi;Z fd c ij f osQ
f}rh; vodyt dk vfLrRo gSA
mnkgj.k 31 f (x) = 3 + | x |, x ∈ R }kjk iznÙk iQyu f dk LFkkuh; fuEure eku Kkr dhft,A
gy è;ku nhft, fd fn;k x;k x = 0 ij vodyuh; ugha gSA bl izdkj f}rh; vodyt ijh{k.k
vliQy gks tkrk gSA vc ge izFke vodyt ijh{k.k djrs gSaA uksV dhft, fd 0 iQyu f dk ,d
Økafrd ¯cnq gSA vc 0 osQ ck;ha vksj] f (x) = 3 – x vkSj blfy, f ′(x) = – 1 < 0 gS lkFk gh 0
osQ nk;ha vksj] f (x) = 3 + x gS vkSj blfy, f ′(x) = 1 > 0 gSA vr,o] izFke vodyt ijh{k.k
}kjk x = 0, f dk LFkkuh; fuEure ¯cnq gS rFkk f dk LFkkuh; U;wure eku f (0) = 3 gSA
mnkgj.k 32 f (x) = 3x4 + 4x3 – 12x2 + 12 }kjk iznÙk iQyu f osQ LFkkuh; mPpre vkSj LFkkuh;
fuEure eku Kkr dhft,A
gy ;gk¡
f (x) = 3x4 + 4x3 – 12x2 + 12
;k f ′(x) = 12x3 + 12x2 – 24x = 12x (x – 1) (x + 2)
;k x = 0, x = 1 vkSj x = – 2 ij f ′(x) = 0 gSA
vc f ″(x) = 36x2 + 24x – 24 = 12 (3x2 + 2x – 1)

 f ′′(0) = −12 < 0

 ′′ vko`Qfr 6-17
vr%  f (1) = 48 > 0
 f ′′( −2) = 84 > 0

blfy,] f}rh; vodyt ijh{k.k }kjk x = 0 LFkkuh; mPpre ¯cnq gS vkSj f dk LFkkuh; mPpre
eku f (0) = 12 gSA tcfd x = 1 vkSj x = – 2 LFkkuh; fuEure ¯cnq gS vkSj LFkkuh; fuEure eku
f (1) = 7 vkSj f (–2) = –20 gSA
mnkgj.k 33 f (x) = 2x3 – 6x2 + 6x +5 }kjk iznÙk iQyu f osQ LFkkuh; mPpre vkSj LFkkuh;
fuEure osQ lHkh ¯cnq Kkr dhft,A
gy ;gk¡ ij
f(x) = 2x3 – 6x2 + 6x +5

 f ′( x) = 6 x − 12 x + 6 = 6( x − 1)
2 2

;k 
 f ′′( x) = 12( x − 1)

vc f ′(x) = 0 ls x = –1 izkIr gksrk gSA rFkk f ″(1) = 0 gSA blfy, ;gk¡ f}rh; vodyt ijh{k.k
vliQy gSA vr% ge izFke vodyt ijh{k.k dh vksj okil tk,¡xsA

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geus igys gh (mnkgj.k 30 ) esa ns[kk gS fd izFke vodyt ijh{k.k dh n`f"V ls x =1 u rks LFkkuh;
mPpre dk ¯cnq gS vkSj u gh LFkkuh; fuEure dk ¯cnq gS vfirq ;g ufr ifjorZu dk ¯cnq gSA
mnkgj.k 34 ,slh nks /u la[;k,¡ Kkr dhft, ftudk ;ksx 15 gS vkSj ftuosQ oxks± dk ;ksx
U;wure gksA
gy eku yhft, igyh la[;k x gS rc nwljh la[;k 15 – x gSA eku yhft, bu la[;kvksa osQ oxks±
dk ;ksx S(x) ls O;Dr gksrk gSA rc
S(x) = x2 + (15 – x)2 = 2x2 – 30x + 225

S′( x) = 4 x − 30
;k 
S′ ( x) = 4

izkIr gksrk gS rFkk S′   = 4 > 0 gSA blfy, f}rh; vodyt

15 15
vc S′(x) = 0 ls x =
2  2
15 15 15 15
ijh{k.k }kjk S osQ LFkkuh; fuEure dk ¯cnq x = gSA vr% tc la[;k,¡ vkSj 15 − = gks
2 2 2 2
rks la[;kvksa osQ oxks± dk ;ksx fuEure gksxkA
fVIi.kh mnkgj.k 34 dh Hkk¡fr ;g fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ,slh nks ?ku la[;k,¡ ftudk ;ksx
k k
k gS vkSj ftuosQ oxks± dk ;ksx U;wure gks rks ;s la[;k,¡ , gksaxhA
2 2
mnkgj.k 35 ¯cnq (0, c) ls ijoy; y = x2 dh U;wure nwjh Kkr dhft, tgk¡ 0 ≤ c ≤ 5 gSA
gy eku yhft, ijoy; y = x2 ij (h, k) dksbZ ¯cnq gSA eku yhft, (h, k) vkSj (0, c) osQ chp
nwjh D gSA rc
D = ( h − 0) 2 + ( k − c) 2 = h 2 + ( k − c) 2 ... (1)
D;ksafd (h, k) ijoy; y = x ij fLFkr gS vr% k = h gSA blfy, (1) ls
2 2

D ≡ D(k) = k + ( k − c) 2
1 + 2(k − c)
;k D′(k) =
k + ( k − c) 2

2c − 1
vc D′(k) = 0 ls k = izkIr gksrk gS
2

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 243

2c − 1 2c − 1
è;ku nhft, fd tc k < , rc 2( k − c ) + 1 < 0 , vFkkZr~ D′( k ) < 0 gS rFkk tc k >
2 2
2c − 1
rc 2(k − c) + 1 > 0 gS vFkkZr~ D′( k ) > 0 (bl izdkj izFke vodyt ijh{k.k ls k = ij
2
k fuEure gSA vr% vHkh"V U;wure nwjh

2
 2c − 1 2c − 1  2 c − 1  4c − 1
D = + − c = gSA
 2  2  2  2

AfVIi.kh ikBd è;ku nsa fd mnkgj.k 35 esa geus f}rh; vodyt ijh{k.k osQ LFkku ij
izFke vodyt ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k gS D;ksafd ;g ljy ,oa NksVk gSA
mnkgj.k 36 eku yhft, ¯cnq A vkSj B ij Øe'k% AP rFkk BQ nks mèokZ/j LraHk gSA ;fn
AP = 16 m, BQ = 22 m vkSj AB = 20 m gksa rks AB ij ,d ,slk ¯cnq R Kkr dhft, rkfd
RP2 + RQ2 fuEure gksA

gy eku yhft, AB ij ,d ¯cnq R bl izdkj gS fd

AR = x m gSA rc RB = (20 – x) m (D;ksfa d AB = 20 m)
vko`Qfr 6-18 ls
RP2 = AR2 + AP2
vkSj RQ2 = RB2 + BQ2
blfy, RP 2 + RQ2 = AR2 + AP2 + RB2 + BQ2
= x2 + (16)2 + (20 – x) 2 + (22)2 vko`Qfr 6-18
= 2x2 – 40x + 1140
eku yhft, fd S ≡ S(x) = RP2 + RQ2 = 2x2 – 40x + 1140 gSA

vr% S′(x) = 4x – 40 gSA

vc S′(x) = 0 ls x = 10 izkIr gksrk gS vkSj lHkh x osQ fy, S″(x) = 4 > 0 gS vkSj blfy,
S″(10) > 0 gSA blfy, f}rh; vodyt ijh{k.k ls x = 10, S dk LFkkuh; fuEure dk ¯cnq gSA
vr% AB ij R dh A ls nwjh AR = x = 10 m gSA
mnkgj.k 37 ;fn ,d leyac prqHkqZt osQ vk/kj osQ vfrfjDr rhuksa Hkqtkvksa dh yack;ha 10 cm
gS rc leyac prqHkqZt dk vf/dre {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

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gy vHkh"V leyac dks vko`Qfr 6.19 esa

n'kkZ;k x;k gSA AB ij DP rFkk CQ yac
[khafp,A eku yhft, AP = x cm gSA è;ku
nhft, fd ∆APD ≅ ∆BQC gS blfy,
QB = x cm gSA vkSj ikbFkkxksjl izes; ls]
DP = QC = 100 − x 2 gSA eku yhft,
leyac prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy A gSA vko`Qfr 6-19
vr% A ≡ A(x)
1
= ( lekarj Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksx) (Å¡pkbZ)
2

=
1
(2x + 10 + 10) 100 − x2( )
2
= ( x + 10) ( 100 − x2 )
+ ( 100 − x 2 )
( −2 x)
;k A′(x) = ( x + 10)
100 − x 2

−2 x2 − 10 x + 100
=
100 − x2
vc A′(x) = 0 ls 2x2 + 10x – 100 = 0, ftlls x = 5 vkSj x = –10 izkIr gksrk gSA
D;ksafd x nwjh dks fu:fir djrk gS blfy, ;g ½.k ugha gks ldrk gSA blfy, x = 5 gSA vc
( −2 x )
100 − x2 ( −4 x −10) − ( −2 x 2 − 10 x + 100)
2
100 − x 2
A″(x) =
100 − x2

2 x3 − 300 x − 1000
= 3 (ljy djus ij )
(100 − 2 2
x )

2(5)3 − 300(5) − 1000 −2250 −30

vr% A″(5) = 3
= = <0
75 75 75
(100 − (5) 2 ) 2
bl izdkj] x = 5 ij leyac dk {ks=kiQy vf/dre gS vkSj vf/dre {ks=kiQy
A (5) = (5 + 10) 100 − (5)2 = 15 75 = 75 3 cm 2 gSA

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 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 245

mnkgj.k 38 fl¼ dhft, fd ,d 'kaoqQ osQ varxZr egÙke oØi`"B okys yac o`Ùkh; csyu dh
f=kT;k 'kaoqQ dh f=kT;k dh vk/h gksrh gSA
gy eku yhft, 'kaoqQ osQ vk/kj dh f=kT;k OC = r vkSj Å¡pkbZ
OA = h gSA eku yhft, fd fn, gq, 'kaoqQ osQ varxZr csyu osQ
vk/kj osQ o`Ùk dh f=kT;k OE = x gS (vko`Qfr 6-20)A csyu dh
Å¡pkbZ QE osQ fy,%
QE EC
= (D;ksafd ∆QEC ~∆AOC)
OA OC
QE r − x
;k =
h r
h(r − x)
;k QE =
r
eku yhft, csyu dk oØi`"B S gS A rc vko`Qfr 6-20
2πxh ( r − x ) 2πh
S ≡ S(x) = = ( rx − x2 )
r r
 ′ 2πh
S ( x) = r ( r − 2 x)
;k 
S′ ( x) = − 4 πh
 r
r
vc S′(x) = 0 ls x = izkIr gksrk gSA D;ksafd lHkh x osQ fy, S″(x) < 0 gSA vr%
2
r r
S′   < 0 gSA blfy, x = , S dk mPpre ¯cnq gSA vr% fn, 'kaoqQ osQ varxZr egÙke oØ i`"B
 2 2
osQ csyu dh f=kT;k 'kaoqQ dh f=kT;k dh vk/h gksrh gSA
6.6.1 ,d lao`Ùk varjky esa fdlh iQyu dk mPpre vkSj fuEure eku (Maximum and
Minimum Values of a Function in a Closed Interval)
eku yhft, f (x) = x + 2, x ∈ (0, 1) }kjk iznÙk ,d izyu f gSA
è;ku nhft, fd (0] 1) ij iQyu larr gS vkSj bl varjky esa u rks bldk dksbZ mPpre eku
gS vkSj u gh bldk dksbZ fuEure eku gSA
rFkkfi] ;fn ge f osQ izkar dks lao`Ùk varjky [0, 1] rd c<+k nsa rc Hkh f dk 'kk;n dksbZ
LFkkuh; mPpre (fuEure) eku ugha gksxk ijarq bldk fuf'pr gh mPpre eku 3 = f (1) vkSj

2015-16
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fuEure eku 2 = f(0) gSaA x = 1 ij f dk mPpre eku 3] [0, 1] ij f dk fujis{k mPpre

eku (egÙke eku) (absolute maximum value) ;k lkoZf=kd vf/dre eku (global
maximum or greatest value) dgykrk gSA blh izdkj] x = 0 ij f dk fuEure eku 2] [0, 1]
ij f dk fujis{k fuEure eku (U;wure eku) (absolute minimum value) ;k lkoZf=kd U;wure
eku (global minimum or least value) dgykrk gSA
,d lao`Ùk varjky [a, b] ij ifjHkkf"kr fdlh larr iQyu f osQ laxr vko`Qfr 6.21 esa iznf'kZr
vkys[k ij fopkj dhft, fd x = b ij iQyu f dk LFkkuh; fuEure gS rFkk LFkkuh; fuEure
eku f (b) gSA iQyu dk x = c ij LFkkuh; mPpre ¯cnq gS rFkk LFkkuh; mPpre eku f (c) gSA

vko`Qfr 6-21
lkFk gh vkys[k ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd f dk fujis{k mPpre eku f (a) rFkk fujis{k fuEure
eku f (d) gSA blosQ vfrfjDr è;ku nhft, fd f dk fujis{k mPpre (fuEure) eku LFkkuh;
mPpre (fuEure) eku ls fHkUu gSA
vc ge ,d lao`Ùk varjky I esa ,d iQyu osQ fujis{k mPpre vkSj fujis{k fuEure osQ fo"k;
esa nks ifj.kkeksa (fcuk miifÙk) osQ dFku crk,¡xsA
izes; 5 eku yhft, ,d varjky I = [a, b] ij f ,d larr iQyu gSA rc f dk fujis{k mPpre
eku gksrk gS vkSj I esa de ls de ,d ckj f ;g eku izkIr djrk gS rFkk f dk fujis{k fuEure
eku gksrk gS vkSj I esa de ls de ,d ckj f ;g eku izkIr djrk gSA
izes; 6 eku yhft, lao`Ùk varjky I ij f ,d vodyuh; iQyu gS vkSj eku yhft, fd I dk
dksbZ vkarfjd ¯cnq c gSA rc
(i) ;fn c ij f fujis{k mPpre eku izkIr djrk gS] rks f ′(c) = 0
(ii) ;fn c ij f fujis{k fuEure eku izkIr djrk gS] rks f ′(c) = 0
mi;ZqDr izes;ksa osQ fopkj ls] fn, x, lao`Ùk varjky esa fdlh iQyu osQ fujis{k mPpre eku
vkSj fujis{k fuEure eku Kkr djus osQ fy, fof/ fuEufyf[kr gSaA

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 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 247

O;kogkfjd fof/ (Working Rule)

pj.k 1: fn, x, varjky esa f osQ lHkh Økafrd ¯cnq Kkr dhft, vFkkZr~ x osQ og lHkh eku Kkr
dhft, tgk¡ ;k rks f ′(x ) = 0 ;k f vodyuh; ugha gSA
pj.k 2: varjky osQ vaR; ¯cnq yhft,A
pj.k 3: bu lHkh ¯cnqvksa ij (pj.k 1 o 2 esa lwphc¼) f osQ ekuksa dh x.kuk dhft,A
pj.k 4: pj.k 3 esa x.kuk ls izkIr f osQ ekuksa esa ls mPpre vkSj fuEure ekuksa dks yhft,A ;gh
mPpre eku] f dk fujis{k mPpre eku vkSj fuEure eku] f dk fujis{k fuEure eku gksaxsA
mnkgj.k 39 varjky [1, 5] esa f (x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x +1 }kjk iznÙk iQyu osQ fujis{k mPpre
vkSj fujis{k fuEure ekuksa dks Kkr dhft,A
gy gesa Kkr gS
f (x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1
;k f ′(x) = 6x2 – 30x + 36 = 6 (x – 3) (x – 2)
è;ku nhft, f ′(x) = 0 ls x = 2 vkSj x = 3 izkIr gksrs gSaA
vc ge bu ¯cnqvksa vkSj varjky [1, 5] osQ vaR; ¯cnqvksa vFkkZr~ x = 1, x = 2, x = 3 vkSj
x = 5 ij f osQ eku dk ifjdyu djsaxsA vc%
f (1) = 2 (13) – 15(1 2) + 36 (1) + 1 = 24
f (2) = 2 (23) – 15(2 2) + 36 (2) + 1 = 29
f (3) = 2 (33) – 15(3 2) + 36 (3) + 1 = 28
f (5) = 2 (53) – 15(5 2) + 36 (5) + 1 = 56
bl izdkj] ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gSa fd varjky [1, 5] ij iQyu f osQ fy, x =5 ij fujis{k
mPpre eku 56 vkSj x = 1 ij fujis{k fuEure eku 24 gSA
4 1
mnkgj.k 40 f (x) = 12 x 3 − 6 x 3 , x ∈[−1, 1] }kjk iznÙk ,d iQyu f osQ fujis{k mPpre vkSj
fujis{k fuEure eku Kkr dhft,A
gy gesa Kkr gS fd
4 1
f (x) = 12 x 3 − 6 x 3
1
2 2(8 x − 1)
;k f ′(x) = 16 x 3 − 2
= 2
x3 x3

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1
bl izdkj f ′(x) = 0 ls x = izkIr gksrk gSA vkSj è;ku nhft, fd x = 0 ij f ′(x) ifjHkkf"kr
8
1 1
ugha gSA blfy, Økafrd ¯cnq x = 0 vkSj x = gSaA vc Økafrd ¯cnqvksa x = 0, vkSj varjky osQ
8 8
vaR; ¯cnqvksa x = –1 o x = 1 ij iQyu f osQ eku dk ifjdyu djus ls
4 1
f (–1) = 12 ( −13 ) − 6 ( −13 ) = 18
f (0) = 12 (0) – 6(0) = 0
4 1
 1
f   = 12  1  3 − 6  1  3 = − 9
 8    
8 8 4
4 1
f (1) = 12 (1 3 ) − 6(1 3 ) = 6
izkIr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gS fd x = – 1 ij f dk fujis{k mPpre
1 −9
eku 18 gS vkSj x = ij f dk fujis{k fuEure eku gSA
8 4
mnkgj.k 41 'k=kq dk ,d vikps gsfydkWIVj oØ y = x2 + 7 osQ vuqfn'k iznÙk iFk ij mM+ jgk gSA
¯cnq (3] 7) ij fLFkr ,d lSfud viuh fLFkfr ls U;wure nwjh ij ml gsfydkWIVj dks xksyh ekjuk
pkgrk gSA U;wure nwjh Kkr dhft,A
gy x osQ izR;sd eku osQ fy, gsfydkWIVj dh fLFkfr ¯cnq (x, x2 + 7) gSA blfy, (3, 7) ij fLFkr
lSfud vkSj gsfydkWIVj osQ chp nwjh ( x − 3)2 + ( x2 + 7 − 7)2 , vFkkZr~ ( x − 3)2 + x4 gSA
eku yhft, fd f (x) = (x – 3)2 + x4
;k f ′(x) = 2(x – 3) + 4x3 = 2(x – 1) (2x2 + 2x + 3)
blfy, f ′(x) = 0 ls x = 1 izkIr gksrk gS rFkk 2x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 ls dksbZ okLrfod ewy izkIr ugha
gksrk gSA iqu% varjky osQ vaR; ¯cnq Hkh ugha gS] ftUgsa ml leqPp; esa tksM+k tk, ftuosQ fy, f ′
dk eku 'kwU; gS vFkkZr~ osQoy ,d ¯cnq] uker% x = 1 gh ,slk gSA bl ¯cnq ij f dk eku
f (1) = (1 – 3)2 + (1)4 = 5 ls iznÙk gSA bl izdkj] lSfud ,oa gsfydkWIVj osQ chp dh nwjh
f (1) = 5 gSA
è;ku nhft, fd 5 ;k rks mPpre eku ;k fuEure eku gSA D;ksafd
f (0) = (0 − 3)2 + (0)4 = 3 > 5 gSA
blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk fd f ( x) dk fuEure eku 5 gSA vr% lSfud vkSj gsfydkWIVj osQ
chp dh fuEure nwjh 5 gSA

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 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 249

iz'ukoyh 6-5
1. fuEufyf[kr fn, x, iQyuksa osQ mPpre ;k fuEure eku] ;fn dksbZ rks] Kkr dhft,%
(i) f (x) = (2x – 1) 2 + 3 (ii) f (x) = 9x2 + 12x + 2
(iii) f (x) = – (x – 1)2 + 10 (iv) g (x) = x3 + 1
2. fuEufyf[kr fn, x, iQyuksa osQ mPpre ;k fuEure eku] ;fn dksbZ gksa] rks Kkr dhft,%
(i) f (x) = |x + 2 | – 1 (ii) g (x) = – | x + 1 | + 3
(iii) h (x) = sin(2x) + 5 (iv) f (x) = | sin 4x + 3|
(v) h (x) = x + 1, x ∈ (– 1, 1)
3. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa osQ LFkkuh; mPpre ;k fuEure] ;fn dksbZ gksa rks] Kkr dhft, rFkk
LFkkuh; mPpre ;k LFkkuh; fuEure eku] tSlh fLFkfr gks] Hkh Kkr dhft,A
(i) f (x) = x2 (ii) g (x) = x3 – 3x
π
(iii) h (x) = sin x + cos x, 0 < x <
2
(iv) f (x) = sin x – cos x, 0 < x < 2π
x 2
(v) f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 9x + 15 (vi) g ( x) = + , x >0
2 x
1
(vii) g ( x) = (viii) f ( x) = x 1 − x , 0 < x < 1
x +2
2

4. fl¼ dhft, fd fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa dk mPpre ;k fuEure eku ugha gS%

(i) f (x) = ex (ii) g (x) = log x
(iii) h (x) = x + x + x +1
3 2

5. iznÙk varjkyksa esa fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa osQ fujis{k mPpre eku vkSj fujis{k fuEure eku Kkr dhft,A
(i) f (x) = x3, x ∈ [– 2, 2] (ii) f (x) = sin x + cos x , x ∈ [0, π]
1  9
(iii) f (x) = 4 x − x 2 , x ∈  −2,  (iv) f ( x) = ( x − 1) 2 + 3, x ∈[ −3,1]
2  2
6. ;fn ykHk iQyu p(x) =41 – 72x – 18x2 ls iznÙk gS rks fdlh daiuh }kjk vftZr mPpre
ykHk Kkr dhft,A
7. varjky [0, 3] ij 3x4 – 8x3 + 12x2 – 48x + 25 osQ mPpre eku vksj fuEure eku Kkr dhft,A
8. varjky [0, 2π] osQ fdu ¯cnqvksa ij iQyu sin 2x viuk mPpre eku izkIr djrk gS\
9. iQyu sin x + cos x dk mPpre eku D;k gS?

2015-16
250 xf.kr

10. varjky [1, 3] esa 2x3 – 24x + 107 dk egÙke eku Kkr dhft,A blh iQyu dk varjky
[–3, –1] esa Hkh egÙke eku Kkr dhft,A
11. ;fn fn;k gS fd varjky [0, 2] esa x = 1 ij iQyu x4 – 62x2 + ax + 9 mPpre eku izkIr
djrk gS] rks a dk eku Kkr dhft,A
12. [0, 2π] ij x + sin 2x dk mPpre vkSj fuEure eku Kkr dhft,A
13. ,slh nks la[;k,¡ Kkr dhft, ftudk ;ksx 24 gS vkSj ftudk xq.kuiQy mPpre gksA
14. ,slh nks /u la[;k,¡ x vkSj y Kkr dhft, rkfd x + y = 60 vkSj xy3 mPpre gksA
15. ,slh nks /u la[;k,¡ x vkSj y Kkr dhft, ftudk ;ksx 35 gks vkSj xq.kuiQy x2 y5 mPpre gksA
16. ,slh nks /u la[;k,¡ Kkr dhft, ftudk ;ksx 16 gks vkSj ftuosQ ?kuksa dk ;ksx fuEure gksA
17. 18 cm Hkqtk osQ fVu osQ fdlh oxkZdkj VqdM+s ls izR;sd dksus ij ,d oxZ dkVdj rFkk bl
izdkj cusa fVu osQ iQydksa dks eksM+ dj <Ddu jfgr ,d lanwd cukuk gSA dkVs tkus okys
oxZ dh Hkqtk fdruh gksxh ftlls lanwd dk vk;ru mPpre gks\
18. 45 cm × 24 cm dh fVu dh vk;rkdkj pknj osQ dksuksa ij oxZ dkVdj rFkk bl izdkj
cusa fVu osQ iQydksa dks eksM+dj <Ddu jfgr ,d lanwd cukuk gSA dkVs tkus okys oxZ dh
Hkqtk fdruh gksxh ftlls lanwd dk vk;ru mPpre gksA
19. fl¼ fdft, fd ,d fn, o`Ùk osQ varxZr lHkh vk;rksa esa oxZ dk {ks=kiQy mPpre gksrk gSA
20. fl¼ fdft, fd iznÙk i`"B ,oa egÙke vk;ru osQ csyu dh Å¡pkbZ] vk/kj osQ O;kl osQ
cjkcj gksrh gSA
21. 100 cm3 vk;ru okys fMCcs lHkh can csyukdkj (yac o`Ùkh;) fMCcksa esa ls U;wure i`"B
{ks=kiQy okys fMCcs dh foek,¡ Kkr fdft,A
22. ,d 28 cm yacs rkj dks nks VqdM+ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkuk gSA ,d VqdM+s ls oxZ rFkk nwljs
os o`Ùk cuk;k tkuk gSA nksuksa VqdM+ksa dh yack;ha fdruh gksuh pkfg, ftlls oxZ ,oa o`Ùk dk
lfEefyr {ks=kiQy U;wure gks\
23. fl¼ dhft, fd R f=kT;k osQ xksys osQ varxZr fo'kkyre 'kaoqQ dk vk;ru] xksys osQ vk;ru
8
dk gksrk gSA
27
24. fl¼ dhft, fd U;wure i`"B dk fn, vk;ru osQ yac o`Ùkh; 'kaoqQ dh Å¡pkbZ] vk/kj dh
f=kT;k dh 2 xquh gksrh gSA
25. fl¼ dhft, fd nh gqbZ fr;Zd Å¡pkbZ vkSj egÙke vk;ru okys 'kaoqQ dk v/Z 'kh"kZ dks.k
tan −1 2 gksrk gSA

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 251

26. fl¼ dhft, fd fn, gq, i`"B vkSj egÙke vk;ru okys yac o`Ùkh; 'kaoqQ dk v/Z 'kh"kZ dks.k

 1
sin −1   gksrk gSA
 3

iz'u la[;k 27 ls 29 esa lgh mÙkj dk pquko dhft,A

27. oØ x2 = 2y ij (0, 5) ls U;wure nwjh ij fLFkr ¯cnq gS%
(A) (2 2, 4) (B) (2 2, 0) (C) (0, 0) (D) (2, 2)

1− x + x 2
28. x, osQ lHkh okLrfod ekuksa osQ fy, dk U;wure eku gS%
1+ x + x 2
1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D)
3
1
29. [ x ( x − 1) + 1] 3 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 dk mPpre eku gS%
1
 1 3 1
(A)   (B) (C) 1 (D) 0
 3 2

fofo/ mnkgj.k
mnkgj.k 42 ,d dkj le; t = 0 ij ¯cnq P ls pyuk izkjaHk djosQ ¯cnq Q ij #d tkrh gSA
dkj }kjk t lsoaQM esa r; dh nwjh] x ehVj esa
2 t
x = t  2 −  }kjk iznÙk gSA
 3

dkj dks Q rd ig¡qpus esa yxk le; Kkr dhft, vkSj P rFkk Q osQ chp dh nwjh Hkh Kkr dhft,A
gy eku yhft, t lsdaM esa dkj dk osx v gSA
 t
vc x = t2  2 − 
 3
dx
;k v= = 4t – t2 = t(4 – t)
dt
bl izdkj v = 0 ls t = 0 ;k t = 4 izkIr gksrs gSaA

2015-16
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vc P vkSj Q ij dkj dk osx v = 0 gSA blfy, Q ij dkj 4 lsoaQMksa esa igq¡psxhA vc 4 lsoaQMksa
esa dkj }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh fuEufyf[kr gS%
2 4  2 32
x] t = 4 = 4  2 −  = 16   = m
 3   3 3
mnkgj.k 43 ikuh dh ,d Vadh dk vkdkj] mèokZ/j v{k okys ,d mYVs yac o`Ùkh; 'kaoQq gS ftldk
'kh"kZ uhps gSA bldk v¼Z 'kh"kZ dks.k tan–1 (0.5) gSA blesa 5 m 3/min dh nj ls ikuh Hkjk tkrk gSA
ikuh osQ Lrj osQ c<+us dh nj ml {k.k Kkr dhft, tc Vadh esa ikuh
dh Å¡pkbZ 10 m gSA
gy eku yhft, fd r, h vkSj α vko`Qfr 6-22 osQ vuqlkj gSA rc
r
tan α = gSA
h

−1  r 
blfy, α = tan   = tan– 1 (0.5) (fn;k gS)
h
r h
vr% = 0.5 ;k r =
h 2 vko`Qfr 6-22
eku yhft, 'kaoqQ dk vk;ru V gSA rc
2
1 1 h πh3
V= π r 2h = π   h =
3 3 2 12

dV d  πh 3  dh
vr% =  ⋅ ( Ük`a[kyk fu;e }kjk)
dt dh  12  dt
π 2 dh
= h
4 dt
dV
vc vk;ru osQ ifjorZu dh nj vFkkZr~ = 5 cm3/min vkSj h = 4 m gSA
dt
π 2 dh
blfy, 5 = (4) ⋅
4 dt
dh 5 35  22 
;k = = m/min  π = 
dt 4π 88  7 
35
vr% ikuh osQ Lrj osQ mBus dh nj m/min gSA
88

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 253

mnkgj.k 44 2 m Å¡pkbZ dk vkneh 6 m Å¡ps fctyh osQ [kaHks ls nwj 5 km/h dh leku pky
ls pyrk gSA mldh Nk;k dh yack;ha dh o`f¼ nj Kkr dhft,A
gy vko`Qfr 6-23 esa] eku yhft,] AB ,d fctyh
dk [kaHkk gSA B ¯cnq ij cYc gS vkSj eku yhft, fd
,d fo'ks"k le; t ij vkneh MN gSA eku yhft,
AM = l m vkSj O;fDr dh Nk;k MS gSA vkSj eku
yhft, MS = s m gSA
è;ku nhft, fd ∆ASB ~ ∆MSN
MS MN
;k =
AS AB
vko`Qfr 6-23
;k AS = 3s
[(D;ksafd MN = 2 m vkSj AB = 6 m (fn;k gS)]
bl izdkj AM = 3s – s = 2s gSA ijUrq AM = l ehVj gSA
blfy, l = 2s
dl ds
vr% = 2
dt dt
dl 5
D;ksafd = 5 km/h gSA vr% Nk;k dh yack;ha esa o`f¼ km/h dh nj ls gksrh gSA
dt 2
mnkgj.k 45 oØ x2 = 4y osQ fdlh ¯cnq ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks ¯cnq (1] 2) ls
gksdj tkrk gSA
gy x2 = 4y dk] x osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij%
dy x
=
dx 2
eku yhft, oØ x2 = 4y osQ vfHkyac osQ laioZQ ¯cnq osQ funsZ'kkad (h, k) gSaA vc (h, k) ij Li'kZ
js[kk dh izo.krk
dy  h
dx  ( h, k ) = 2

−2
⇒ (h, k) ij vfHkyac dh izo.krk = gSA
h

2015-16
254 xf.kr

blfy, (h, k) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k gS

−2
y–k= ( x − h) ... (1)
h
ijarq ;g ¯cnq (1, 2) ls xqtjrk gSA ge ikrs gSa fd
−2 2
2− k = (1 − h) ;k k = 2 + (1 − h) ... (2)
h h
D;ksfa d (h, k) oØ x2 = 4y ij fLFkr gSA blfy,
h 2 = 4k ... (3)
vc (2) o (3), ls h = 2 vkSj k = 1 izkIr gksrk gSA h vkSj k osQ bu ekuksa dks (1) esa j[kus ij vfHkyac
dk vHkh"V lehdj.k fuEufyf[kr izkIr gksrk gSA
−2
y −1 = ( x − 2) ;k x + y = 3
2
mnkgj.k 46 oØ y = cos(x + y), – 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π dh Li'kZ js[kkvksa osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft,
tks js[kk x + 2y = 0 osQ lekarj gS
gy y = cos(x + y) dk x, osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij]
dy − sin ( x + y )
=
dx 1 + sin ( x + y )

− sin ( x + y )
;k (x, y) ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk =
1 + sin ( x + y )

−1
pw¡fd fn, x, oØ dh Li'kZ js[kk x + 2y = 0 osQ lekarj gS ftldh izo.krk gSA vr%
2
− sin( x + y) −1
=
1 + sin( x + y) 2
;k sin (x + y) = 1
π,
;k x + y = nπ + (– 1) n n ∈ Z,
2
 n π
rc y = cos (x + y) = cos  n π + (−1)  , n ∈ Z,
2
= 0 lHkh n ∈ Z osQ fy,

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 255

3π π
iqu% D;ksafd − 2π ≤ x ≤ 2 π , blfy, x = − vkSj x = gSA vr% fn, x, oØ osQ osQoy
2 2
3π π 
¯cnqvksa  − , 0 vkSj  , 0  ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡] js[kk x + 2y = 0 osQ lekarj gaSA blfy, vHkh"V
 2  2
Li'kZ js[kkvksa osQ lehdj.k
−1  3π 
y– 0 = x+  ;k 2 x + 4 y + 3π = 0
2  2 
−1 π
vkSj y– 0 = x−  ;k 2 x + 4 y − π = 0 gSA
2 2
mnkgj.k 47 mu varjkyksa dks Kkr dhft, ftuesa iQyu
3 4 4 3 36
f (x) = x − x − 3 x2 + x + 11
10 5 5
(a) fujarj o/Zeku (b) fujarj ßkleku gSA
gy gesa Kkr gS fd
3 4 4 3 36
f (x) = x − x − 3 x2 + x + 11
10 5 5
3 4 36
;k f ′(x) = (4 x3 ) − (3 x2 ) − 3(2 x) +
10 5 5
6
= ( x −1) ( x + 2) (x − 3) (ljy djus ij)
5
vc f ′(x) = 0 ls x = 1, x = – 2, vkSj x = 3 izkIr gksrs
gSaA x = 1, – 2, vkSj 3 okLrfod js[kk dks pkj vla;qDr
varjkyksa uker% (– ∞, – 2), (– 2, 1), (1, 3) vkSj (3, ∞) esa vko`Qfr 6-24
foHkDr djrk gSA (vko`Qfr 6.24)
varjky (– ∞, – 2) dks yhft, vFkkZr~ tc – ∞ < x < – 2 gSA
bl fLFkfr esa ge x – 1 < 0, x + 2 < 0 vkSj x – 3 < 0 izkIr djrs gSaA
(fo'ks"k :i ls x = –3 osQ fy, nsf[k, fd] f′(x) = (x – 1) (x + 2) (x – 3)
= (– 4) (– 1) (– 6) < 0) blfy,] tc – ∞ < x < – 2 gS] rc f ′(x) < 0 gSA
vr% (– ∞, – 2) esa iQyu f fujarj ßkleku gSA
varjky (–2, 1), dks yhft, vFkkZr~ tc – 2 < x < 1 gSA
bl n'kk esa x – 1 < 0, x + 2 > 0 vkSj x – 3 < 0 gSA

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( fo'ks"k :i ls x = 0, osQ fy, è;ku nhft, fd] f ′(x) = (x – 1) (x + 2) (x – 3) = (–1)

(2) (–3) = 6 > 0)
blfy, tc – 2 < x < 1 gS] rc f ′(x) > 0 gSA
vr% (&2] 1) esa iQyu f fujarj o/Zeku gSA
vc varjky (1,3) dks yhft, vFkkZr~ tc 1 < x < 3 gSA bl n'kk esa fd x – 1 > 0, x + 2 > 0
vkSj x – 3 < 0 gSA
blfy,] tc 1 < x < 3 gS] rc f ′(x) < 0 gSA
vr% (1, 3) esa iQyu f fujarj ßkleku gSA var esa varjky (3, ∞), dks yhft, vFkkZr~ tc
3 < x < ∞ gS A bl n'kk esa x – 1 > 0, x + 2 > 0 vkSj x – 3 > 0 gS A blfy, tc
x > 3 gS rks f ′(x) > 0 gSA
vr% varjky (3, ∞) esa iQyu f fujarj o/Zeku gSA

mnkgj.k 48 fl¼ dhft, fd f (x) = tan–1 (sin x + cos x), x > 0 ls iznÙk iQyu f ,  0, π  esa
 4
fujarj o/Zeku iQyu gSA
gy ;gk¡
f (x) = tan–1 (sin x + cos x), x > 0
1
;k f ′(x) = (cos x − sin x)
1 + (sin x + cos x)2
cos x − sin x
= (ljy djus ij)
2 + sin 2 x
 π
è;ku nhft, fd  0, 4  esa lHkh x osQ fy, 2 + sin 2x > 0 gSA
blfy, f ′(x) > 0 ;fn cos x – sin x > 0
;k f ′(x) > 0 ;fn cos x > sin x ;k cot x > 1
π
vc cot x > 1 ;fn tan x < 1, vFkkZr~] ;fn 0 < x <
4

blfy, varjky  0, π  esa f ′(x) > 0 gSA

 4
π
vr%  0,  esa f ,d fujarj o/Zeku iQyu gSA
 4 

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 257

mnkgj.k 49 3 cm f=kT;k dh ,d o`Ùkkdkj fMLd dks xeZ fd;k tkrk gSA izlkj osQ dkj.k bldh
f=kT;k 0.05 cm/s dh nj ls c<+ jgh gSA og nj Kkr dhft, ftlls bldk {ks=kiQy c<+ jgk gS
tc bldh f=kT;k 3.2 cm gSA
gy eku yhft, fd nh xbZ r'rjh dh f=kT;k r vkSj bldk {ks=kiQy A gSA
rc A = π r2
dA dr
;k = 2 πr ( Üak`[kyk fu;e }kjk)
dt dt
dr
vc f=kT;k dh o`f¼ dh lfUudV nj = dr = ∆t = 0.05 cm/s gSA
dt
blfy, {ks=kiQy esa o`f¼ dh lfUudV nj fuEukafdr gS
dA
dA = (∆t )
dt
 dr 
= 2πr  ∆t  = 2πr (dr)
 dt 
= 2π (3.2) (0.05) (r = 3.2 cm)
= 0.320π cm2/s
mnkgj.k 50 ,sY;wfefu;e dh 3 m × 8 m dh vk;rkdkj pknj osQ izR;sd dksus ls leku oxZ dkVus
ij cus ,Y;wfefu;e osQ iQydksa dks eksM+dj <Ddu jfgr ,d lanwd cukuk gSA bl izdkj cus lanwd
dk vf/dre vk;ru Kkr dhft,A
gy eku yhft, fd vyx fd, x, oxZ dh Hkqtk dh yack;ha x m gS] rc ckDl dh Å¡pkbZ x,
yack;ha 8 – 2x vkSj pkSM+kbZ 3 – 2x (vko`Qfr 6.25) gSA ;fn lanwd dk vk;ru V(x) gS rc

vko`Qfr 6-25
V(x) = x (3 2x) (8 – 2x)

 V′( x) = 12 x2 − 44 x + 24 = 4( x − 3)(3x − 2)
= 4x3 – 22x2 + 24x,vr% 
 V′ ( x) = 24 x − 44

2015-16
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2
vc V′(x) = 0 ls x = vkSj x = 3 izkIr gksrk gSA ijUrq x ≠ 3 (D;ksa? )
3
2
blfy, x=
3
2  2
vc V′′   = 24   − 44 = −28 < 0
3  3
2 2
blfy, x = mPpre dk ¯cnq gS vFkkZr~ ;fn ge pknj osQ izR;sd fdukjs ls m Hkqtk osQ oxZ
3 3
gVk nsa vkSj 'ks"k pknj ls ,d land
w cuk, rks land
w dk vk;ru vf/dre gksxk tks fuEufyf[kr gS%
3 2
 2  2 2  2  200 3
V   = 4   − 22   + 24   = m
 3  3 3  3  27
 x 
mnkgj.k 51 ,d fuekZrk Rs  5 −  izfr bdkbZ dh nj ls x bdkb;k¡ csp ldrk gSA
100
x 
x bdkb;ksa dk mRikn ewY; Rs  + 500 gSA bdkb;ksa dh og la[;k Kkr dhft, tks mls
5
vf/dre ykHk vftZr djus osQ fy, cspuh pkfg,A
gy eku yhft, x bdkb;ksa dk foØ; ewY; S (x) gS vkSj x bdkb;ksa dk mRikn ewY; C (x) gSA
rc ge ikrs gSa
 x  x2
S(x) =  5 −  x = 5 x −
 100  100
x
vkSj C (x) = + 500
5
bl izdkj] ykHk iQyu P(x) fuEukafdr }kjk iznÙk gSA
x2 x
P(x) = S( x) − C ( x ) = 5 x − − − 500
100 5
24 x2
vFkkZr~ P(x) = x − − 500
5 100
24 x
;k P′(x) = −
5 50
−1 −1
vc P′(x) = 0 ls x = 240 izkIr gksrk gS vkSj P′′( x) = . blfy, P′′(240) = < 0 gSA
50 50

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 259

bl izdkj x = 240 mPpre dk ¯cnq gSA vr% fuekZrk vf/dre ykHk vftZr dj ldrk gS ;fn
og 240 bdkb;k¡ csprk gSA

vè;k; 6 ij fofo/ iz'ukoyh

1. vodyt dk iz;ksx djosQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft,%
1
1
(a)  17  ( 33) − 5
4
(b)
 81 

log x
2. fl¼ dhft, fd f (x) = }kjk iznÙk iQyu x = e ij mPpre gSA
x
3. fdlh fuf'pr vk/kj b osQ ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt dh leku Hkqtk,¡ 3 cm/s dh nj ls ?kV
jgha gSA ml le; tc f=kHkqt dh leku Hkqtk,¡ vk/kj osQ cjkcj gSa] mldk {ks=kiQy fdruh
rsth ls ?kV jgk gSA
4. oØ x2 = 4y osQ ¯cnq (1] 2) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
5. fl¼ dhft, fd oØ x = a cosθ + aθ sinθ, y = a sinθ – aθ cosθ osQ fdlh ¯cnq θ
ij vfHkyac ewy ¯cnq ls vpj nwjh ij gSA
6. varjky Kkr dhft, ftu ij
4 sin x − 2 x − x cos x
f ( x) =
2 + cos x
ls iznÙk iQyu f (i) fujarj o/Zeku (ii) fujarj ßkleku gSA
1
7. varjky Kkr dhft, ftu ij f ( x) = x3 + , x ≠ 0 ls iznÙk iQyu
x3

(i) o/Zeku (ii)ßkleku gSA

x2 y2
8. nh?kZo`Ùk + = 1 osQ varxZr ml lef}ckgq f=kHkqt dk egÙke {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,
a2 b2
ftldk 'kh"kZ nh?kZ v{k dk ,d fljk gSA
9. vk;rkdkj vk/kj o vk;rkdkj nhokjksa dh 2 m xgjh vkSj 8 m3 vk;ru dh ,d fcuk
<Ddu dh Vadh dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA ;fn Vadh osQ fuekZ.k esa vk/kj osQ fy, Rs 70/m2
vkSj nhokjksa ij Rs 45/m2 O;; vkrk gS rks fuEure [kpZ ls cuh Vadh dh ykxr D;k gS\

2015-16
260 xf.kr

10. ,d o`Ùk vkSj ,d oxZ osQ ifjekiksa dk ;ksx k gS] tgk¡ k ,d vpj gSA fl¼ dhft, fd muosQ
{ks=kiQyksa dk ;ksx fuEure gS] tc oxZ dh Hkqtk o`Ùk dh f=kT;k dh nqxquh gSA
11. fdlh vk;r osQ Åij cus v/Zo`Ùk osQ vkdkj okyh f[kM+dh gSA f[kM+dh dk laiw.kZ ifjeki
10 m gSA iw.kZr;k [kqyh f[kM+dh ls vf/dre izdk'k vkus osQ fy, f[kM+dh dh foek,¡ Kkr
dhft,A
12. f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa ls a vkSj b nwjh ij f=kHkqt osQ d.kZ ij fLFkr ,d ¯cnq gSA fl¼ dhft,
2 2 3
fd d.kZ dh U;wure yack;ha (a 3 + b 3 ) 2 gSA
13. mu ¯cnqvksa dks Kkr dhft, ftu ij f (x) = (x – 2)4 (x + 1)3 }kjk iznÙk iQyu f dk]
(i) LFkkuh; mPpre ¯cnq gS (ii) LFkkuh; fuEure ¯cnq gS
(iii) ur ifjorZu ¯cnq gSA
14. f (x) = cos2 x + sin x, x ∈ [0, π] }kjk iznÙk iQyu f dk fujis{k mPpre vkSj fuEure eku
Kkr dhft,A
15. fl¼ dhft, fd ,d r f=kT;k osQ xksys osQ varxZr mPpre vk;ru osQ yac o`Ùkh; 'kaoqQ dh
4r
Å¡pkbZ gSA
3
16. eku yhft, [a, b] ij ifjHkkf"kr ,d iQyu f gS bl izdkj fd lHkh x ∈ (a, b) osQ fy,
f ′(x) > 0 gS rks fl¼ dhft, fd (a, b) ij f ,d o/Zeku iQyu gSA
17. fl¼ dhft, fd ,d R f=kT;k osQ xksys osQ varxZr vf/dre vk;ru osQ csyu dh Å¡pkbZ
2R
gSA vf/dre vk;ru Hkh Kkr dhft,A
3
18. fl¼ dhft, fd v¼Z'kh"kZ dks.k α vkSj Å¡pkbZ h osQ yac o`Ùkh; 'kaoqQ osQ varxZr vf/dre
vk;ru osQ csyu dh Å¡pkbZ] 'kaoqQ osQ Å¡pkbZ dh ,d frgkbZ gS vkSj csyu dk vf/dre
4 3 2
vk;ru πh tan α gSA
27
19 ls 24 rd osQ iz'uksa osQ lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
19. ,d 10 m f=kT;k osQ csyukdkj Vadh esa 314 m3 /h dh nj ls xsgw¡ Hkjk tkrk gSA Hkjs x,
xsgw¡ dh xgjkbZ dh o`f¼ nj gS%
(A) 1 m/h (B) 0.1 m/h
(C) 1.1 m/h (D) 0.5 m/h

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 261

20. oØ x = t2 + 3t – 8, y = 2t2 – 2t – 5 osQ ¯cnq (2,– 1) ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk gS%

22 6 7 −6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 7 6 7
21. js[kk y = mx + 1, oØ y2 = 4x dh ,d Li'kZ js[kk gS ;fn m dk eku gS%
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D)
2
22. oØ 2y + x2 = 3 osQ ¯cnq (1,1) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k gS%
(A) x + y = 0 (B) x – y = 0
(C) x + y +1 = 0 (D) x – y = 1
23. oØ x2 = 4y dk ¯cnq (1,2) ls gks dj tkus okyk vfHkyac gS%
(A) x + y = 3 (B) x – y = 3
(C) x + y = 1 (D) x – y = 1
24. oØ 9y = x ij os ¯cnq tgk¡ ij oØ dk vfHkyac v{kksa ls leku var% [kaM cukrk gS%
2 3

 8  −8 
(A)  4, ±  (B)  4, 
 3 3

 3  3
(C)  4, ±  (D)  ± 4, 
 8  8

lkjka'k
® ;fn ,d jkf'k y ,d nwljh jkf'k x osQ lkis{k fdlh fu;e y = f ( x) dks larq"V djrs
dy
gq, ifjofrZr gksrh gS rks (;k f ′( x ) ) x osQ lkis{k y osQ ifjorZu dh nj dks fu:fir
dx
dy 
djrk gS vkSj dx  (;k f ′(x0 ) ) x = x0 ij) x osQ lkis{k y osQ fu:fir dh nj dks
x =x0

fu:fir djrk gSA

® ;fn nks jkf'k;k¡ x vkSj y, t osQ lkis{k ifjofrZr gks jgh gksa vFkkZr~ x = f (t ) vkSj y = g (t ) ,
rc Üka`[kyk fu;e ls
dy dy dx dx
= , ;fn ≠0
dx dt dt dt

2015-16
262 xf.kr

® ,d iQyu f
(a) varjky [a, b] eas o/Zeku gS ;fn
[a, b] eas x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) ≤ f (x2 ), lHkh x1, x2 ∈ (a, b) osQ fy,
fodYir% ;fn izR;sd x ∈ [a, b] osQ fy, f ′(x) ≥ 0, gSA
(b) varjky [a, b] esa ßkleku gS ;fn
[a, b] esa x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1) ≥ f (x2), lHkh x1, x2 ∈ (a, b) osQ fy,
fodYir% ;fn izR;sd x ∈ [a, b] osQ fy, f ′(x) ≤ 0 gSA
® oØ y = f (x) osQ ¯cnq (x0, y0) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k
dy 
y − y0 = (x − x0 ) gSA
dx  ( x0 ,y 0 )

dy
® ;fn ¯cnq ( x0 , y0 ) ij
dx
dk vfLrRo ugha gS] rks bl ¯cnq ij Li'kZ js[kk y-v{k osQ
lekarj gS vkSj bldk lehdj.k x = x0 gSA
dy 
=0
® ;fn oØ y = f (x) dh Li'kZ js[kk x = x0 ij] x&v{k osQ lekarj gS] rks dx  x =x0 gSA

® oØ y = f (x) osQ ¯cnq ( x0 , y0 ) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k

−1
y − y0 = ( x − x0 ) gSA
dy 
dx  ( x0 ,y0 )

dy
® ;fn ¯cnq ( x0 , y0 ) ij
dx
= 0 rc vfHkyac dk lehdj.k x = x0 gSA

dy
® ;fn ¯cnq ( x0 , y0 ) ij
dx
dk vfLrRo ugha gS rc bl ¯cnq ij vfHkyac x-v{k osQ
lekarj gS vkSj bldk lehdj.k y = y0 gSA
® eku yhft, y = f (x) vkSj ∆x, x esa NksVh o`f¼ gS vkSj x dh o`f¼ osQ laxr y esa o`f¼
∆y gS vFkkZr~ ∆y = f (x + ∆x) – f (x) rc
 dy 
dy = f ′(x ) dx ;k dy =   ∆x
 dx 

2015-16
 vodyt osQ vuqiz;ksx 263

tc dx = ∆x vis{kko`Qr cgqr NksVk gS rks ;g ∆y dk ,d vPNk lfUudVu gSA bls ge

dy ≈ ∆y osQ }kjk fu:fir djrs gSaA

® iQyu f osQ izkar esa ,d ¯cnq c ftl ij ;k rks f ′(c) = 0 ;k f vodyuh; ugha gS]
f dk Økafrd ¯cnq dgykrk gSA

® izFke vodyt ijh{k.k eku yhft, ,d foo`Ùk varjky I ij iQyu f ifjHkkf"kr gSA
eku yhft, I esa ,d Økafrd ¯cnq c ij iQyu f larr gS rc
(i) tc x ¯cnq c osQ ck;ha vksj ls nk;ha vksj c<+rk gS rc f ′(x) dk fpÉ /u ls ½.k
esa ifjofrZr gksrk gS vFkkZr~ c osQ ck;haa vksj vkSj i;kZIr fudV izR;sd ¯cnq ij ;fn
f ′(x) > 0 rFkk c osQ nk;haa vksj vkSj i;kZIr fudV izR;sd ¯cnq ij ;fn f ′(x) <
0 rc c LFkkuh; mPpre dk ,d ¯cnq gSA
(ii) tc x ¯cnq c osQ ck;ha vksj ls nk;ha vksj c<+rk gS rc f ′(x) dk fpÉ ½.k ls
/u esa ifjofrZr gksrk gS vFkkZr~ c osQ ck;haa vksj vkSj i;kZIr fudV izR;sd ¯cnq ij
;fn f ′(x) < 0 rFkk c osQ nk;haa vksj vkSj i;kZIr fudV izR;sd ¯cnq ij ;fn f ′(x) >
0 rc c LFkkuh; fuEure dk ,d ¯cnq gSA
(iii) tc x ¯cnq c osQ ck;ha vksj ls nk;ha vksj c<+rk gS rc f ′(x) ifjofrZr ugha gksrk
gS rc c u rks LFkkuh; mPpre dk ¯cnq gS vkSj u gh LFkkuh; fuEure dk ¯cnqA
okLro esa bl izdkj dk ¯cnq ,d ufr ifjorZu ¯cnq gSA
® f}rh; vodyt ijh{k.k eku yhft, ,d varjky I ij f ,d ifjHkkf"kr iQyu gS
vkSj c ∈ I gSA eku yhft, f, c ij yxkrkj nks ckj vodyuh; gSA rc
(i) ;fn f ′(c) = 0 vkSj f ″(c) < 0 rc x = c LFkkuh; mPpre dk ,d ¯cnq gSA
f dk LFkkuh; mPpre eku f (c) gSA
(ii) ;fn f ′(c) = 0 vkSj f ″(c) > 0 rc x = c LFkkuh; fuEure dk ,d ¯cnq gSA bl
fLFkfr esa f dk LFkkuh; fuEure eku f (c) gSA
(iii) ;fn f ′(c) = 0 vkSj f ″(c) = 0, rc ;g ijh{k.k vliQy jgrk gSA
bl fLFkfr esa ge iqu% okil izFke vodyt ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj ;g
Kkr djrs gSa fd c mPpre] fuEure ;k ufr ifjorZu dk ¯cnq gSA
® fujis{k mPpre vkSj fujis{k fuEure ekuksa dks Kkr djus dh O;kogkfjd fof/ gS%
pj.k 1: varjky esa f osQ lHkh Økafrd ¯cnq Kkr dhft, vFkkZr~ x osQ os lHkh eku Kkr
dhft, tgk¡ ;k rks f ′(x) = 0 ;k f vodyuh; ugha gSA

2015-16
264 xf.kr

pj.k 2: varjky osQ vaR; ¯cnq yhft,A

pj.k 3: (pj.k 1 o 2 ls izkIr) lHkh ¯cnqvksa ij f osQ ekuksa dh x.kuk dhft,A
pj.k 4: pj.k 3 esa x.kuk ls izkIr f osQ lHkh ekuksa esa ls mPpre vkSj fuEure ekuksa
dks yhft,A ;gh mPpre eku] f dk fujis{k mPpre eku vkSj fuEure eku] f dk
fujis{k fuEure eku gksaxsA

—v—

2015-16