Kako se gradi pasiv u engleskom
jeziku?
Pasiv se gradi od glagola to be (u vremenu u kom je glavni glagol u
aktivnoj rečenici) i participa prošlog (past participle) glavnog glagola.
Subjekat aktivne rečenice postaje agens (vršilac radnje) u pasivnoj, i
često se izostavlja. Ukoliko se ne izostavlja, uvodi se predlogom by, i
najčešće se nalazi na kraju pasivne rečenice.
aktiv: My grandfather planted this tree.
pasiv: This tree was planted by my grandfather.
aktiv pasiv
He delivers the The letters are
Present Simple
letters. delivered.
He is delivering the The letters are being
Present Continuous
letters. delivered.
He has delivered the The letters have
Present Perfect
letters. been delivered.
He delivered the The letters were
Past Simple
letters. delivered.
He was The letters were
Past Continuous
delivering the letters. being delivered.
He had delivered the The letters had been
Past Perfect
letters. delivered.
He will deliver the The letters will be
Future Simple
letters. delivered.
He is going to The letters are going
BE GOING TO
deliver the letters. to be delivered.
He can deliver the The letters can be
Modals
letters. delivered.
He has to deliver the The letters have to
Infinitive
letters. be delivered.
Kada se pasiv upotrebljava?
Pasiv se upotrebljava:
1. kada je vršilac radnje nepoznat, nevažan ili očigledan iz
konteksta:
Jane was shot. (Ne zna se ko ju je upucao.)
This church was built in 1815. (Vršilac radnje nije bitan.)
He has been arrested. (Vršilac radnje je očigledan.)
2. u cilju ljubaznijeg ili formalnijeg izražavanja:
The car hasn’t been cleaned. (ljubaznije)
(You haven’t cleaned the car. – manje ljubazno)
3. kada je radnja bitnija nego vršilac radnje, npr., u slučaju
procesa, uputstava, događaja, izveštaja, naslova, novinskih
članaka, i reklama:
30 people were killed in the earthquake.
4. kada se stavlja akcenat na vršioca radnje:
The new library will be opened by the Queen.
Vršilac radnje
Kada želimo da kažemo ko je vršilac radnje, koristimo predlog by i ime
(by Peter), imenicu (by the teacher) ili zamenicu u objekatskom obliku (by
him) na kraju rečenice. Vršilac radnje se spominje samo ukoliko je bitan
za dati kontekst:
Our house was designed by a famous architect.
Vršilac radnje se izostavlja:
1. ukoliko je nepoznat
Our car was stolen last night. (Ne znamo ko ga je ukrao.)
2. ukoliko nas ne zanima ko je vršilac radnje ili isti nije bitan
He has been taken to hospital. (Ono što je bitno jeste sam događaj.)
3. ukoliko se može zaključiti iz konteksta ko je vršilac radnje
The murderer was arrested last night. (Nije potrebno napomenuti da je
uhapšen od strane policije.)
4. ukoliko je subjekat aktivne rečenice somebody, people, they, you,
itd.
Someone broke the window. → The window was broken.
Iz aktiva u pasiv
Promena rečenice iz aktiva u pasiv:
objekat aktivne rečenice postaje subjekat pasivne
Agatha Christie wrote this book. → This book was written by Agatha
Christie.
glagol prelazi iz aktivnog oblika u pasivni, dok glagolsko vreme
ostaje nepromenjeno
subjekat aktivne rečenice postaje agens (vršilac radnje) u pasivnoj.
Stavljamo ga na kraj rečenice, uz predlog by.
By ili with?
Predlog by upotrebljavamo uz vršioca radnje:
The door was opened by Mr Black. (Mr Black = vršilac radnje)
Predlog with upotrebljavamo uz instrument, predmet ili materijal koji se
koristi u okviru određene radnje:
The door was opened with a key. (a key = predmet koji je upotrebljen)
The omelette was made with eggs, cheese and peppers. (eggs, cheese
and peppers = materijal koji je upotrebljen)
Glagoli sa dva objekta
Ukoliko glagol koji se javlja u rečenici ima dva objekta (npr., give
somebody something), aktivnu rečenicu možemo promeniti u pasivnu na
jedan od sledeća dva načina:
nepravi (indirektni) objekat postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice
pravi (direktni) objekat postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice
Rick gave me (nepravi objekat) this book (pravi objekat).
1. I was given this book by Rick.
2. This book was given to me by Rick.
Neki od glagola koji imaju dva objekta: give, tell, send, show, bring,
write, offer, pay, itd.
Ukoliko se nepravi objekat nalazi posle glagola u pasivnoj rečenici, ispred
tog objekta stoji predlog to.
The e-mail was sent to Richard.
Ukoliko je nepravi objekat aktivne rečenice lična zamenica u
objekatskom obliku, prilikom transformacije aktivne rečenice u pasivnu
ova zamenicu prelazi u svoj subjektaski oblik.
John gave her the flowers. → She was given the flowers.
